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Knowledge Sufficiency of Airline Personnel and Passengers in Times of Emergency Situations
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Pampanga High School

Senior High School Department
City of San Fernando, Pampanga
Knowledge Sufficiency of Airline Personnel and
Passengers in Times of Emergency Situations
Jan Joshue S. Manalang
Vincent Denize G. Koyanagi
John Paul Antonio P. Lazaro
Yajz Airam C. Labung
November 2018
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PAMPANGA HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
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ABSTRACT
One of the most common ways of transportation is by air through commercial flights.
The estimated number of people that fly each year is 4.1 billion and he expects that this number
will increase up to 7.8 billion by the year 2036.
In line with the large number of passengers every year is the quality standard tests
undergone by aircrafts transporting not just passengers but as well as export goods. Mechanical
malfunctions can still occur besides this. According to Aviation Safety Network (2018), there
are 10 fatal airline accidents and 44 airliner fatalities during the year 2017.
Through purposive sampling, airline passengers and airline officials were acquired. With
the aid of an online semi-structured questionnaire, participants were able to accomplish the
undertaking. Based from the responses of the participants, one of them have experienced an in-
flight emergency situation. In line with this, the participants recommend to airline companies a
more comprehensive briefing with the use of audio-visual materials especially for the elders.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ……………………………………………………..……………………..........i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………...........ii
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………...iii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………..…………………...…...1
Background of the Study………………………………………..….…..…………1
Statement of the Problem...………………………………….………………........1
Research Hypotheses…………………………………………….………..............2
Significance of the Study……………………………………………….……........2
Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………...………….........3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………….......................4
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………...……………………..9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………12
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………….......................19
References……………………………………….…………………………………...…...20
Keypoint Coding for OPa……………………….…………………………………..…...22
Keypoint Coding for PPa……………………….…………………………………..…....23
Keypoint Coding for PPb……………………….…………………………………..…....24
Categories…………………………………………………………………………………25
APPENDICES
A. Photo Credits………………………………………………..…………26
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Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Commercial flights are considered one of the most common ways to transportation these
days. A person can go to very far places by riding airplanes. Furthermore, these form of
transportation allows individuals to even transport goods from other countries. According to
Hugh M. (2018), the estimated number of people that fly each year is 4.1 billion and he expects
that this number will increase up to 7.8 billion by the year 2036. This is one of the reasons why
the demand for bigger and larger planes grew higher over the past few years.
Even though every manufactured plane undergoes quality standards testing procedures,
accidents can still happen. Others even lead to plane crashes that can kill a lot of lives.
According to Aviation Safety Network (2018), there are 10 fatal airline accidents and 44 airliner
fatalities during the year 2017. These numbers may be considered low but the fact that there are
still people that die due to aircraft accidents each year this is something to be concerned of. That
is why the researchers want to find out if airline passengers are equipped with the sufficient
knowledge in facing emergency situations before, during and after flights.
B. Statement of the Problem
Airline emergencies are events that are hard to predict. Even though a lot of emergency
standards are being employed there is still no 100% guarantee that every flight will not
experience an emergency situation. For this reason, this study will be conducted in order to
assess, if airline passengers have sufficient knowledge on aircraft emergency situations.
Specifically, the study seeks to achieve the following objective:
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General Research Question: Do airline passengers have the sufficient knowledge during
emergency situations?
Specific Research Questions:
 What factors affect the sufficiency of the knowledge of airline passengers?
 Are the demonstrations and pamphlets showing correct instructions before, during
and after the take-off and landing enough to increase the knowledge of
passengers?
 Are the emergency procedures enough to provide safety for passengers during
emergency situations?
C. Hypothesis
a) Ho (Null Hypothesis):
Airline passengers do not have the sufficient knowledge procedures during
aircraft emergency situations
b) H1 (Alternative Hypothesis):
Airline passengers have the sufficient knowledge procedures during aircraft
emergency situations.
D. Significance of the Study
 Airline Passengers- they can be informed with the proper knowledge on the do’s and
don’ts during airline emergency situations.
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 Airline companies and aircraft manufacturers- they can use the study as a basis for
implementing or disseminating the knowledge during emergency situations.
 Future researchers- they can use this study as a guide for other future researches
especially to those who will be dealing with airline emergency procedures.
E. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study attempts to know if airline passengers have sufficient knowledge in
dealing with emergency situations. It will only focus on individuals who have a valid
passport and experienced riding in commercial airlines alone. The study will not cover
other individuals who have a passport but haven’t experienced riding a commercial flight.
It will only assess the passenger’s knowledge and will not aim to change any rules and
regulations during airline related emergency situations. The inquisition was done from
March 8 up to March 15, 2019 through online with the use of Google Docs Online
Survey Form because it doesn’t require the presence of participants. The researchers were
only able to interview 1 airline official and 2 airline passengers due to the insufficient
time to look for other available participants.
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Chapter 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Simulation
The field of persuasive technology has solely begun to inquire on how virtual simulation
of risks can be utilized to alter people’s attitudes and behaviors with respect to personal safety.
The study to self-efficacy was extended first, which is known to be a predictor of performances
in the future and as well as an essential factor for persuasion attempts which displays a negative
aftereffect on people’s health. Second, the interactivity of the virtual simulation was increased,
by designing and executing a full serious activity, in which the user can learn about the different
perspective in how to maintain safety, the effects of virtual simulation on the user’s knowledge
was also analyzed. Third, the paper focused on the problems that serious activities and
persuasive technology have never been tested before such as educating passengers about
personal safety in aircraft evacuations. The experiment proved that by just doing serious
activities for a limited period of time significantly improved the knowledge and self-efficacy of
the participants (Chittaro L., 2018).
This paper proposes a new simulation model for emergency evacuation of civil aircraft.
Its distinct features and advantages are twice than that of the existing models: (1) passengers'
critical physical characteristics, such as their gender, age, waist size, and disabilities gender, age,
and disabilities, which impact the mobility and exit time of individual evacuee from a statistical
viewpoint, are taken into consideration in the new model. (2) Enhancements are made to improve
the accuracy and precision of the simulation model from three aspects. First, to simulate
movements of individual passengers in an emergency evacuation process, the staggered mesh
discretization method together with the agent-based approach is utilized. Second, if the
passengers are moving in the same direction, each node discretized to represent cabin space in
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the new model can contain more than one passenger. Finally, each individual passenger is able to
change his/her evacuation route in a real-time manner based upon the distance from the current
position to the target exit and the queue length. The proposed simulation model is demonstrated
on Boeing 767-300 aircraft which proved its effectiveness (Miyoshi, T., Nakayasu, H., Ueno, Y.,
& Patterson, P., 2018).
The aim of this study was to amplify previous studies of accidents in the aviation
industry to include environmental, supervisory, specific aircrew and organizational factors
associated with two types of commercial aviation (air carrier and commuter/ on-demand)
accidents using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Background:
Human Factor Analysis and Classification System is a theoretically based tool for examining and
analyzing accidents and incidents involving or associated with human errors. Preceding studies
has shown that HFACS can be reliably utilized to distinguish human factors trends involved with
general aviation and military accidents. Method: Using data obtained from both the National
Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration, 6 pilot-raters classified
aircrew, supervisory, organizational, and environmental causal factors associated with 1020
commercial aviation accidents that occurred over a 13- year period. Results: Aircrew and the
environment showed the most association in the majority of accident causal factors, supervisory
and organizational causes showed less association in the accident causal factors. HFACS causal
categories are compared traditional situational variables such as injury severity, regional
differences, and visual conditions. Conclusion: These data will provide support for the
progression, improvement, and/or development of interventions aimed at commercial aviation
safety. Application: HFACS provides a tool for assessing human factors associated with
accidents and incidents (Wiegmann, D., & Shappell, S., 2018).
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B. Emergency Personnel
Medical professionals who are onboard can be asked to render care for passengers who
needs immediate response in a medical emergency during a commercial flight. A significant
amount of flight passengers in whom medical issues develop require hospitalization. Therefore,
health care providers must understand which in-flight medical emergencies commonly occur as
well as their roles that they need to fulfill and the liabilities that they may induce when rendering
assistance. Estimating the frequency of in-flight medical events are difficult to since there are no
mandatory reporting system that exist that could give the providers an overview of the flight
medical reports. Medical emergencies occur in every 1 of every 604 flights, a study of a ground-
based communications center that provides medical consultative services to airlines reported.
The probability of this report is likely to be an underestimate, however, because additional issues
are probably not fully reported (Nable, J., Tupe, C., Gehle, B., & Brady, W., 2018).
C. Medical Equipment
Medical emergencies often occur on commercial airline flights, but valid data about their
causes and consequences are insufficient. Therefore, there is a low chance that there is a need in
medical equipment during flights. Although a minimum standard for medical equipment is
included in the airlines’ safety regulations, there is no standardized regulation that requires
additional medical equipment and may vary among different airline companies. Operating
aircrafts with more than 30 seats from German airlines were selected and interviewed with a 5
page written questionnaire in a span of 5 months from August 2011 and January 2012. Medical
drugs, medical devices, and equipment list were also queried aside from pre-packed and required
medical materials. If no response was received from the airlines, they are additionally contacted
three times by e-mail and/or phone. Descriptive analysis was used for data presentation and
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interpretation. Result. Form a total of 73 German airlines, 58 didn’t provide passenger report and
therefore excluded in the analysis. 15 airlines were contacted but 13 airline data were available
since 2 airlines did not participate. Data showed that a first aid kit was available on all airlines. 7
airlines reported having a doctor’s tape while 4 others have an “emergency medical kit.” 4
airlines provided an automated external defibrillator (AED)/electrocardiogram (ECG). While 6
airlines reported providing anesthesia drugs, a laryngoscope, and endotracheal tubes, another 4
airlines did not provide even a resuscitator bag. While 1 airline did not provide any material for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Conclusions. Although all airlines provided the minimal
medical material for medical emergencies required by the European aviation regulations, the
provision of additional materials are significantly different among airline companies. According
to published medical guidelines, the medical materials present among airlines are mostly
insufficient for the treatment of specific emergencies such as CPR or acute myocardial infarction
(Hinkelbein, J., Neuhaus, C., Wetsch, W., Spelten, O., Picker, S., Bottiger, B., & Gathof, B.,
2018).
Conceptual Framework
Airline related Sufficiency of Airline passengers will

emergency situations knowledge these learn the proper
situations procedures during
airline related
emergency situations
The study will serve as a guide for airlines passenger’s awareness
on the proper procedures during airline related emergency
situations for safer and better airline travels in the future.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Airline emergencies- An emergency situation is one in which the safety of the aircraft or
of persons on board or on the ground is endangered for any reason (Skybrary, 2017). For
the purpose of this study, airline emergencies are defined as both aircraft and medical
emergencies.
 Airplane – A powered heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings from which it derives
most of its lift. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)
 Emergency Procedures- Special procedures are needed for emergencies such as serious
injuries, explosion, flood, poisoning, electrocution, fire, and release of radioactivity and
chemical spills (Health and Safety Executive, 2016). For the purpose of this study,
emergency procedures refer to medical processes to be performed during emergency
situations.
 Commercial Flight – It is an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers,
cargo or mail for remuneration or hire. (Commercial Aviation, 2018)
 Passenger – a person in a vehicle such as bus, boat, or plane who is travelling in it, but
who is not driving it or working on it (Collins Dictionary, 2018). For the purpose of this
study, the term remains faithful to its conceptual definition.
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Chapter 3 - METHOD
Research Design
This study is qualitative in nature. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.
It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides
insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative
research (DeFranzo, 2011). The qualitative research process is General Research Question,
Selecting Relevant Site(s) and Subjects, Collection or Relevant Data, Analyze and Interpretation
of Data, Conceptual and Theoretical Work, Writing up Findings/Conclusions (AIMS Education,
2013). Qualitative Research is the most efficient type of approach in this study since it will only
state the opinions of the participants regarding their knowledge sufficiency on the procedures
during airline emergency situations.
A case study encompasses a problem contextualized around the application of in-depth
analysis, interpretation, and discussion, often resulting in specific recommendations for action or
for improving existing conditions (University of Southern California, 2019). Case studies are
done first by Preparing the Case. Read and examine the case thoroughly because the relevant
facts are needed. Focus on the analysis; identify two to five key problems in life. Uncover
possible solutions and finally, selecting the best solution for the case (Ashford University, 2018).
Case study is most applicable for the study because it focuses on the situation and opinions of the
participants. It will only discuss the knowledge sufficiency of airline passengers on the
procedures during airline emergency situations. It cannot make a generalization since not
everyone has experienced an airline flight.
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Sampling Method
The participants in this study are Airline Passengers and Aviation Officials. The
respondents were selected through purposive sampling method wherein being an airline
passenger or airline official is a requirement. Purposive sampling is where a researcher selects a
sample based on their knowledge about the study and population. The participants are selected
based on the purpose of the sample, hence the name (Hasa, 2017). The first type are the aviation
professionals or officials since they have all the knowledge regarding airline emergency
procedures. The second type are the passengers that have experienced an airline flight before.
Since there are briefings before every airline flight where passengers are taught on the basic
airline emergency procedures, the researchers assume that the passengers were briefed properly
to be able to respond to emergency situations appropriately.
Instrument
For the instrument, the participants will answer an online semi-structured questionnaire;
one follow-up question is asked to support the aforementioned answers. Semi-structured
questionnaire is a combination of structured and unstructured questionnaires where some
questions and their series are determined in advance while others, on the other hand, progress as
the interview continues (DMP, 2000). Online semi-structured questionnaire is utilized for the
convenience of the participants. The use of this instrument is the most efficient for the study
since it doesn’t require the presence of the participants. Also, they can answer the questionnaire
when they desire as long as they will be able to submit before the completion of the study.
The link to be provided for every participant is
https://goo.gl/forms/7geoPLXeH1FLl72d2.
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Data Collection
The collection of data commenced from the instrument validation by one validator,
followed by the construction of the online semi-structured questionnaire. After the
accomplishment of the questionnaire, the acquisition of participants followed. The online semi-
structured questionnaires were answered by the participants in the time convenient for them.
Currently, considerations of research ethics are very indicative and must be strictly
imposed. Schools, universities and other organizations are still practicing such ethical
considerations and are also taking in account with regards the human rights and protection,
specifically the children, women and other vulnerable members of the society, as research
methodology. The majority of universities around the world have already founded their own
research ethics committees in order to protect the most susceptible in the society. It is also
necessary to acknowledge and strictly consider certain ethics and safety measures on animals.
In this matter, the afore-mentioned ethical considerations are maintained. Since some of
the respondents might be minors, personal and parental authorizations partake in the study. The
reassurance of the informed consents and non-financial and voluntary declaration of participation
will be completed.
The important data of the participants are denoted in this particular study such as their
names, addresses, sections, and other sensitive information are still bounded by the
confidentiality in the research process.
Data Analysis
For the treatment of the data gathered, it will be analyzed through coding, categorizing,
and thematic analysis.
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Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion
This chapter discusses the data gathered organized following the sequence of the research
questions: (1) Have you experienced emergency situations while in flight? If yes, how often? ;(2)
Do emergency situations (medically related or mechanically related) affect your opinion or
decision in riding an aircraft? If yes, why? If no, why?; (3) Were the information given useful
even for non-emergency situations? (E.g. seatbelt malfunction) If yes, why? If no, why?; (4) Do
you have sufficient medical equipment inside the aircraft in case of emergency? If yes, please
state the equipment. If no, why?; and (5) Do you think the crews on board were able to brief all
passengers well enough to safely evacuate in case of an emergency? If yes, why? If no, why?
This page only entails the findings from the aviation officials. Airline passengers will be having
a different section since the questionnaire for them differ from the airline official.
The semi-structured questionnaire data are shown in this section based from the sequence
of the questionnaires given.
Answer on have you experienced emergency situations while in flight? If yes, how often?
The lone aviation official has not encountered an in-flight emergency situation.
“Throughout my career I haven’t encountered one.” – Op1
Answer on do emergency situations (medically related or mechanically related) affect your
opinion or decision in riding an aircraft? If yes, why? If no, why?
The lone aviation official’s opinion is affected because some minor problems can lead
into major issues.
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“Yes, because situations especially when
mechanical problems arise pose risks and
danger to the flight that may result to
catastrophic events. By this, we can be more
cautious before riding aircrafts.” – Op2
Answer on were the information given useful even for non-emergency situations? (E.g.
seatbelt malfunction) If yes, why? If no, why?
According to the lone airline official the information given for non-emergency situations
are still useful because the passengers awareness is the utmost priority at all times.
“Information given will still be essential as the
awareness of the passengers should be considered at all
times.” – Op3
Answers on do you have sufficient medical equipment inside the aircraft in case of
emergency? If yes, please state the equipment. If no, why?
According to the lone aviation official the equipment found are sufficient and it includes
all the necessary medical instruments.
“Yes, equipments include first aid kit, oxygen tank,
medicines: pain relievers and blood pressure-regulating
meds.” – Op4
Answers on do you think the crews on board were able to brief all passengers well enough
to safely evacuate in case of an emergency? If yes, why? If no, why?
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According to the lone aviation official the crews on board every flight are briefed in the
most suitable way so that when and emergency situation happens they can evacuate safely.
“Yes, because that is already a part of their
program. Crews on board already had trainings that
focuses on managing passengers efficiently.” – Op5
This section discusses the data gathered organized following the sequence of the research
questions: (1) What factors affect the sufficiency of the knowledge of airline passengers?; (2)
Are the demonstrations and pamphlets showing correct instructions before, during, and after the
take-off and landing enough to increase the knowledge of passengers?; and (3) Are the
emergency procedures enough to provide safety for passengers during emergency situations?
This page only entails the findings from the airline passengers.
The interview data are shown in this section based from the sequence of the
questionnaires given.
Answers on do you think that the briefing given by the airline staff is enough to give you
enough knowledge about precautionary measures? If yes, Why? If no, Why?
Both the airline passengers think that the briefing about precautionary measure given by
the airline staff is enough.
“Yes, because it’s all there”-PPa1
“Yes. Well demonstrated by the crew”-PPb1
Answers on have you encountered an in-flight emergency situation? If yes, state one. What
did you do then? How would this experience affect your knowledge regarding emergency
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situations? If no, do you think you are prepared for that situation as it may happen
anytime?
One out of two passengers was shown to have encountered an emergency in-flight
situation.
“Yes”-PPa2
“No”-PPb2
Answers on what is your profession? Do you think this would help in times of emergency?
How?
Both participants stated that their professions are inclined to the medical field, which can
help during emergency situations such as doing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid.
“Nurse, cpr!!”-PPa3
“Work in Medical field. So you need to have
always ready anytime”-PPb3
Answers on do you think your knowledge about such will somehow help you survive during
an emergency? If yes, Why? If no, Why?
Both of the participants think that their knowledge can somehow help them survive if
ever and emergency situation occurs.
“Yes, first aid & cpr”-PPa4
“Not sure about that but at least you need to
always be positive about it.”-PPb4
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Answers on what do you think should be added/done in an airplane by the
officials/professionals/management in order to have sufficiency in knowledge?
Both participants suggested give more detailed instructions especially the elders and add
audio visuals.
“Audio visual”-PPa5
“More detailed instruction esp. to the elderly.”-PPb5
From the data gathered by the researchers and their evaluation in order to make findings, here is
the detailed discussion of the significant information and ideas gathered and analyzed by the
researchers.
The first set of data that will be shown below are the data gathered from airline
passengers using an online survey form while the latter would be the aviation official in which
online survey form was also utilized.
Starting with the data gathered from the two airline passengers, they both agree that the
briefing given by the airline staff/crew is enough to give the passengers enough knowledge about
precautionary measure. The former mentioned that all necessary information was given in his/her
experience in riding an airplane while the latter mentioned that the briefing was well
demonstrated by the airline crew in his/her experience in riding an airplane.
In the second online survey form question, the first participant said that he/she have
already encountered an in-flight emergency situation but the emergency situation experienced
was not mentioned by the first participant. The second participant said that he/she haven’t
encountered any emergency situations yet.
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For the third online survey form question, both participants said that their profession is in
medical field. The first participant mentioned that he/she is a nurse and his/her ability to conduct
a cardiopulmonary resuscitation would be helpful in times of emergency situation while the
second participant did not specify what kind of medically related profession, he/she has. The
second participant also mentioned that we need to be ready anytime.
For the fourth online survey form question, the first participant said that his/her
knowledge about first aid and ability to conduct a cardiopulmonary resuscitation will help him or
others survive during an emergency situation. On the other hand, the second participant said that
he/she is not sure whether his/her knowledge will help him survive during an emergency, he also
mentioned that we always need to be positive about his knowledge or capabilities.
For the last online survey form question for the passengers, the first participant suggested
that the airline company should add audio and visual aids for the passengers to understand the
briefing/procedures more while the second participant suggested that there should be a more
comprehensive and detailed instruction and demonstration for the passengers to deeply
understand the briefing especially by the elder passengers onboard.
For the first question answered by the aviation official, he mentioned that throughout his
career in the aviation field, he hasn’t encountered any in-flight emergency situation yet.
On the second question, he said that emergency situation does affect his opinion or
decision in riding an aircraft because emergency situations, specifically, mechanical problems,
pose risks and danger to the flight that may result to a disastrous event.
For the third question, he said that the information/briefing given by the airline staff is
useful and is still essential as the awareness of the passengers should be considered at all times.
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For the fourth question, based on his past experiences, the aircraft that he rode does have
sufficient medical equipments. These equipments include first aid kit, oxygen tank, medicines
such as pain relievers, and blood pressure-regulating medicines.
For the last question for the official, he agreed that the crews onboard were able to brief
all passengers enough to safely evacuate them in case of emergency. He also said that giving a
briefing to passengers is already part of the program, that the onboard flight crew already had
trainings which focuses on managing passengers efficiently.
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Chapter 5 – Conclusion and Reccomendations
In conclusion, there are factors that affect the sufficiency knowledge of airline
passengers. Based on the results, factors were the briefing of the airline staff and their inclined
professions. It was stated by the respondents that the briefing is enough for them to have
knowledge regarding precautionary measures at the same time their professions might help in
times of emergency. However, respondents suggest to add visual audio and to give more detailed
instructions for the elders for the demonstrations and pamphlets showing instructions are not
enough for the passengers. Emergency procedures are somewhat enough for the passengers
because of the briefing, and experience but their knowledge based professions do help in times
emergency.
The researchers recommend to the future researchers to acquire more number of
participants for the greater reliability of their study. The researchers also recommend face-to-face
interview as their instrument, this is due to the instance wherein follow-up questions in online
questionnaires may not be answered; also, this will help the researchers to further understand the
message behind every answer.
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References:
 Chittaro, L. (2018). Passengers’ Safety in Aircraft Evacuations: Employing Serious
Games to Educate and Persuade.
 Miyoshi, T., Nakayasu, H., Ueno, Y., & Patterson, P. (2018). An emergency aircraft
evacuation simulation considering passenger emotions.
 Wiegmann, D., & Shappell, S. (2018). A Human Error Analysis of Commercial Aviation
Accidents Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).
Retrieved from
https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2000s/medi
a/0103.pdf
 Nable, J., Tupe, C., Gehle, B., & Brady, W. (2018). In-Flight Medical Emergencies
during Commercial Travel | NEJM. Retrieved from
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1409213
 Hinkelbein, J., Neuhaus, C., Wetsch, W., Spelten, O., Picker, S., Bottiger, B., & Gathof,
B. (2018). Emergency Medical Equipment On Board German Airliners.
 Commercial Aviation. (2018). Irish Aviation Authority. Retrieved November 25, 2018
from https://www.iaa.ie/commercial-aviation
 Airplane. (2018). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved November 25, 2018 from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/airplane
 Definition of ‘passenger’. (2018). Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved November 25,
2018 from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/passenger
 AIMS Education (2018). Qualitative Research Process. Retrieved January 26, 2019 from
https://www.slideshare.net/umerkhalidhabib/qualitative-research-process
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 Ashford University (2018). Guidelines for Writing a Case Study Analysis. Retrieved
January 26, 2019 from https://awc.ashford.edu/tocw-guidelines-for-writing-a-case-
study.html
 DeFranzo S. (2011). What’s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Retrieved January 26 ,2019 from https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-
quantitative-research/
 University of California. (2019, January 15). Organizing Your Social Sciences Research
Paper: Writing a Case Study. Retrieved January 26, 2019 from
http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/casestudy
 Hasa (2017). Difference Between Case Study and Phenomenology. Retrieved January 14,
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 DMP (2000). Structured Questionnaires. Retrieved: March 15, 2019 from:
http://archives.who.int/PRDUC2004/RDUCD/INRUD_2000_CDROM/Manuals/Qualitati
ve_Methods_Manual/qm_ch6.doc
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Keypoint Coding for OPa
ID Verbatim Keypoint Code
Transcription
Have you experienced
emergency situations
while in flight? If yes,
how often?
OPa1 Throughout my career No experience with No
I haven’t encountered in-flight emergency
one. situations
Do emergency
situations (medically
related or
mechanically related)
affect your opinion or
decision in riding an
aircraft? If yes, Why?
If no, Why?
OPa2 Yes, because Emergency situations Yes
situations especially pose risks and danger
when mechanical to the flight
problems arise pose
risks and danger to the
flight that may result
to catastrophic events.
By this, we can be
more cautious before
riding aircrafts.
Were the information
given useful even for
non-emergency
situations? (E.g.
seatbelt malfunction)
If yes, Why? If no,
Why?
OPa3 Information given will Information is Yes
still be essential as the essential
awareness of the
passengers should be
considered at all
times.
Do you have
sufficient medical
equipment inside the
aircraft in case of
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________23
emergency? If yes,
please state the
equipment. If no,
why?
OPa4 Yes, equipments Emergency kit is Yes
include first aid kit, available on board
oxygen tank,
medicines: pain
relievers and blood
pressure-regulating
meds.
Do you think the
crews on board were
able to brief all
passengers well
enough to safely
evacuate in case of an
emergency? If yes,
Why? If no, Why?
OPa5 Yes, because that is Passenger briefing is Yes
already a part of their offered by the crew on
program. Crews on board
board already had
trainings that focuses
on managing
passengers efficiently.
Keypoint Coding for PPa

ID Verbatim Transcription Keypoint Code
Do you think that the briefing given by the
airline staff is enough to give you enough
knowledge about precautionary measures?
If yes, Why? If no, Why?
PPa1 Yes, because it’s all there Prior in-flight Yes
briefing is enough.
Have you encountered an in-flight
emergency situation? If yes, state one.
What did you do then? How would this
experience affect your knowledge
regarding emergency situations? If no, do
you think you are prepared for that
situation as it may happen anytime?
PPa2 Yes Encountered an in- Yes
flight emergency
situation.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________24
What is your profession? Do you think
this would help in times of emergency?
How?
PPa3 Nurse, cpr!! Profession would Helpful
be helpful in times
of emergency
situation.
Do you think your knowledge about such
will somehow help you survive during an
emergency? If yes, Why? If no, Why?
PPa4 Yes, first aid & cpr Knowledge will Knowledge for
help in the survival survival.
during emergency.
What do you think should be added/done
in an airplane by the
officials/professionals/management in
order to have sufficiency in knowledge?
PPa5 Audio visual Audio and visual Audio and Visual

aids should be Aids.
added.
Keypoint Coding for PPb

ID Verbatim Transcription Keypoint Code
Do you think that the briefing given by the
airline staff is enough to give you enough
knowledge about precautionary measures?
If yes, Why? If no, Why?
PPb1 Yes. Well demonstrated by the crew. Prior in-flight Well demonstrated
demonstration is
sufficient.
Have you encountered an in-flight
emergency situation? If yes, state one.
What did you do then? How would this
experience affect your knowledge
regarding emergency situations? If no, do
you think you are prepared for that
situation as it may happen anytime?
PPb2 No Haven’t No
encountered an in-
flight emergency
situation.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________25
What is your profession? Do you think
this would help in times of emergency?
How?
PPb3 Work in medical field. So you need to Work in medical Medical field
have always ready anytime. field will help in
times of emergency
situation.
Do you think your knowledge about such
will somehow help you survive during an
emergency? If yes, Why? If no, Why not?
PPb4 Not sure about that but at least you need Mental stability Mental stability
to always be positive about it. will help in
maintaining
passenger’s
calmness.
What do you think should be added/done
in an airplane by the
officials/professionals/management in
order to have sufficiency in knowledge?
PPb5 More detailed instruction esp. to the More Comprehensive

elderly. comprehensive instructions
instructions should
be demonstrated
especially to
elderly.
Categories
Codes ID
Yes OPa2, OPa3, OPa4, OPa5, PPa1, PPa2 (6)
No OPa1, PPb2 (2)
Helpful PPa3 (1)
Knowledge for survival. PPa4 (1)
Well demonstrated PPb1 (1)
Medical field PPb3 (1)
Mental stability PPb4 (1)
Comprehensive instructions PPb5 (1)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________26
Appendices
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 3
Figure 1-3. Screenshot of some parts of the

questionnaire to be found in this link:
https://goo.gl/forms/7geoPLXeH1FLl72d2.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________27
Figure 4 Figure 5
Figure 4-5. Analyzing and

Interpreting the Data
____________________________________________________________________________

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Knowledge Sufficiency of Airline Personnel and Passengers in Times of Emergency Situations

Pampanga High School

Knowledge Sufficiency of Airline Personnel and

Passengers in Times of Emergency Situations

Jan Joshue S. Manalang

Vincent Denize G. Koyanagi

John Paul Antonio P. Lazaro

Yajz Airam C. Labung

will increase up to 7.8 billion by the year 2036.

Title Page ……………………………………………………..……………………..........i

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………...iii

Background of the Study………………………………………..….…..…………1

Statement of the Problem...………………………………….………………........1

Significance of the Study……………………………………………….……........2

Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………...………….........3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………….......................4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………12

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………….......................19

Keypoint Coding for OPa……………………….…………………………………..…...22

Keypoint Coding for PPa……………………….…………………………………..…....23

Keypoint Coding for PPb……………………….…………………………………..…....24

A. Background of the Study

knowledge in facing emergency situations before, during and after flights.

B. Statement of the Problem

assess, if airline passengers have sufficient knowledge on aircraft emergency situations.

Specifically, the study seeks to achieve the following objective:

Specific Research Questions:

 What factors affect the sufficiency of the knowledge of airline passengers?

Airline passengers do not have the sufficient knowledge procedures during

aircraft emergency situations

Airline passengers have the sufficient knowledge procedures during aircraft

D. Significance of the Study

don’ts during airline emergency situations.

implementing or disseminating the knowledge during emergency situations.

especially to those who will be dealing with airline emergency procedures.

E. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study attempts to know if airline passengers have sufficient knowledge in

time to look for other available participants.

the participants (Chittaro L., 2018).

movements of individual passengers in an emergency evacuation process, the staggered mesh

& Patterson, P., 2018).

industry to include environmental, supervisory, specific aircrew and organizational factors

progression, improvement, and/or development of interventions aimed at commercial aviation

accidents and incidents (Wiegmann, D., & Shappell, S., 2018).

needs immediate response in a medical emergency during a commercial flight. A significant

airlines provided an automated external defibrillator (AED)/electrocardiogram (ECG). While 6

Airline related Sufficiency of Airline passengers will

most of its lift. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)

emergency procedures refer to medical processes to be performed during emergency

 Commercial Flight – It is an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers,

cargo or mail for remuneration or hire. (Commercial Aviation, 2018)

study, the term remains faithful to its conceptual definition.

This study is qualitative in nature. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.

It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides

of Data, Conceptual and Theoretical Work, Writing up Findings/Conclusions (AIMS Education,

during airline emergency situations.

A case study encompasses a problem contextualized around the application of in-depth

everyone has experienced an airline flight.

passenger or airline official is a requirement. Purposive sampling is where a researcher selects a

to be able to respond to emergency situations appropriately.

one follow-up question is asked to support the aforementioned answers. Semi-structured

questionnaire is a combination of structured and unstructured questionnaires where some

The link to be provided for every participant is