Experimental group*

Th –response Control DSS GSM DSS + GSM

Types of cytokines Gene
involvement mean ± mean ± regulation mean ± regulation mean ± regulation regulation
SEM** SEM** vs Control ‡ SEM** vs Control ‡ SEM** vs Control ‡ vs DSS‡
IL-1α 1.0 ± 0.0a 1.6 ± 0.2a up 0.2 ± 0.1c down 0.6 ± 0.2b down down
IL-1β 1.0 ± 0.0 a 1.7 ± 0.2 a up 0.8 ± 0.1 a - 1.4 ± 0.1 a - -
TNF-α 1.0 ± 0.0b 3.9 ± 0.1a up 0.2 ± 0.1c down 0.7 ± 0.0b - down
TNF-β Th1 1.0 ± 0.0b 5.1 ± 0.1a up 1.0 ± 0.1b - 1.3 ± 0.0b - down
Pro-inflammatory IL-12 p40 1.0 ± 0.0a 1.1 ± 0.1a - 0.3 ± 0.1b down 0.8 ± 0.1a - -
cytokines IL-12 p70 1.0 ± 0.0 b 1.5 ± 0.2 a up 1.2 ± 0.1 b - 1.1 ± 0.1 b - down
IL-17A 1.0 ± 0.0 b 8.1 ± 0.1 a up 0.2 ± 0.1 c down 1.1 ± 0.1 b - down
IL-6 Th17 1.0 ± 0.0 b 2.7 ± 0.2 a up 0.4 ± 0.2 c down 1.0 ± 0.1 b - down
IL-23 1.0 ± 0.0 b 1.8 ± 0.3 a up 1.2 ± 0.1 b - 0.4 ± 0.1 c down down
IL-15 - 1.0 ± 0.0 a 0.8 ± 0.1 a - 0.7 ± 0.1 a - 1.0 ± 0.1 a - -
IL-4 1.0 ± 0.0 b 0.7 ± 0.2 b - 1.5 ± 0.1 a up 1.1 ± 0.0 b - up
IL-10 1.0 ± 0.0 a 0.3 ± 0.1 b down 0.7 ± 0.1 a - 1.0 ± 0.0 a - up
Anti-inflammatory
IL-11 Th2 1.0 ± 0.0 a 0.7 ± 0.1 a - 0.5 ± 0.2 b down 1.0 ± 0.1 b - -
cytokines
IL-13 1.0 ± 0.0a 0.4 ± 0.0b down 0.4 ± 0.0b down 0.6 ± 0.0b down -
TGF-β1 Th17 1.0 ± 0.0a 0.6 ± 0.0b down 1.0 ± 0.0a - 1.6 ± 0.1a up up
IL-2 1.0 ± 0.0b 5.1 ± 0.1a up 0.7 ± 0.1b - 0.4 ± 0.1c down down
Immuno - regulatory Th1
IFN-γ 1.0 ± 0.0c 3.6 ± 0.1a up 0.7 ± 0.1c - 2.4 ± 0.3b - down
cytokines
IL-7 - 1.0 ± 0.0b 1.4 ± 0.2a up 1.1 ± 0.1b - 1.0 ± 0.2b - down