Eman Haj April 29th, 2009

Pd.: 7th A.P.U.S.H.

Cold War Terms

Red Scare- Applied to two distinct periods of strong anti-Communism in United States history: first from 1917 to 1920, and
second from the late 1940s through the late 1950s. These periods were characterized by heightened suspicion of a threat to
American capitalism from Communists and radicals, and, particularly in the second Red Scare, allegations of widespread
"infiltration" of Communists into the US government.

Lend- lease- The name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet
Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in
the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies.

Pearl Harbor- a harbor on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a
United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor
by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into World War II.

Yalta and Potsdam- Yalta- Held during the war, on the surface, the Yalta conference seemed successful. The Allies agreed
a Protocol of Proceedings. At Potsdam, the Allies met after the surrender of Germany (in May 1945) to decide the post-war
peace – Potsdam was the Versailles of World War II.

Iron curtain- the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of
World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

Berlin Blockade/ Berlin Airlift- "German hold-up" (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949) was one of the first major international
crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the
Western force's railway and road access to the western sectors of Berlin that they had been controlling. Their aim was to
force the western powers to allow the Soviet controlled regions to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving
them nominal control over the entire city. The Western Allies formed the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of
Berlin. The airlift to supply the German 6th Army at the battle of Stalingrad required 300 tons of food per day.

Containment policy- was a United States policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to limit the spread of
Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and to prevent a "domino effect".

George Marshall- an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of
Defense.
Dean Acheson- an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the administration of President
Harry S. Truman during 1949–1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War.

George Kennan- an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment"
and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Truman Doctrine- a set of principles of U.S. foreign policy declared by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947,
with the help of George Marshall and Dean Acheson, two influential characters to Truman's biggest acts. He addressed
Congress to request $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey, as well as authorization to send American economic and
military advisers to the two countries. It was designed primarily to overcome public and congressional opposition to United
States' direct involvement in Europe.

Marshall Plan- the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the countries of
Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.

Berlin Airlift- Brought supplies to the people of Berlin during the war.

NATO- a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters
are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to
mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

National Security Act 1947- mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S.
Government. The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useful when formulating and implementing
foreign policy, including the National Security Council (NSC). The Council itself included the President, Vice President,
Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, and other members (such as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency), who
met at the White House to discuss both long-term problems and more immediate national security crises.

Korea- the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender and disarming of Japanese troops in Korea; the
Soviet Union accepting the surrender of Japanese weaponry north of the 38th parallel and the United States taking the
surrender south of it. This minor decision by allied armies soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two
superpowers, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence.

38th Parallel after war- A circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. The 38th parallel north
has been especially important in the recent history of Korea. Border of North and South Korea.
MacArthur- U.S. general who commanded the Southwest Pacific Theatre in World War II, administered postwar Japan
during the Allied occupation that followed, and led United Nations forces during the first nine months of the Korean War.

Alger Hiss- an American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author, and lecturerHiss was accused of being a Soviet spy in
1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.

Ronsenbergs- an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. Rosenberg was first introduced to Adolf
Hitler by Dietrich Eckart; he later held several important posts in the Nazi government.

McCarthysim- the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper
regard for evidence. The term specifically describes activities associated with the period in the United States known as the
Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of
Communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents.

John Foster Dulles- served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a
significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism around the world.

SEATO- an international organization for collective defense created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or
the Manila Pact, which was signed on September 8, 1954. It was primarily created to block further communist gains in
Southeast Asia.

Suez crisis- Amilitary attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. The attack followed
Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United
States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam.

Eisenhower Doctrine- a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was
being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by
authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such
nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism.

OPEC 1960- a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The organization has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since
1965, and hosts regular meetings among the oil ministers of its Member Countries.

1956 Hungarian Revolt-was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Stalinist government of Hungary and its Soviet-
imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.
Sputnik- the world's first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into a low altitude elliptical orbit by the Soviet
Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program.

1960 U-2 incident- During the Cold War on May 1, 1960, when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet
Union. At first, the United States government denied the plane's purpose and mission, but was forced to admit its role as a
covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its remains (largely intact) and surviving pilot, Gary
Powers.