Vlachs

Vlachs (English: /ˈvlɑːk/ or /ˈvlæk/, or rarely /ˈvlɑːx/), also

Wallachians (and many other variants[1]), is a historical term
from the Middle Ages that designates an exonym, mostly for the
Romanians who lived north and south of the Danube.[2]

As a contemporary term, in the English language, the Vlachs are

the Eastern Romance-speaking peoples who live south of the
Danube in what are now eastern Serbia, southern Albania,
northern Greece, North Macedonia, and southwestern Bulgaria,
as indigenous ethnic groups, such as the Aromanians, Megleno-
Romanians (Macedoromanians), and Macedo-Vlachs.[3] In
Polish and Hungarian, derivations of the term were also applied
to Italians. The term also became a synonym in the Balkans for
the social category of shepherds[4], and was also used for non-
Romance-speaking peoples, in recent times in the western
Balkans derogatively.[5] There is also a Vlach diaspora in other
European countries, especially Romania, as well as in North
America and Australia.[3] Map depicting the current distribution of Eastern
Romance-speaking peoples
"Vlachs" were initially identified and described during the 11th
century by George Kedrenos. According to one origin theory,
modern Romanians, Moldovans and Aromanians originated from
Dacians.[6] According to some linguists and scholars, the Eastern
Romance languages prove the survival of the Thraco-Romans in
the lower Danube basin during the Migration Period[7] and
western Balkan populations known as "Vlachs" also have had
Romanized Illyrian origins.[8]

Nowadays, Eastern Romance-speaking communities are

estimated at 26–30 million people worldwide (including the
Romanian diaspora and Moldovan diaspora).[9] All Balkan
countries have indigenous Romance-speaking minorities.

Contents
Etymology and names
Medieval usage
6th century
8th century
9th century
10th century
Théodore Valerio, 1852: Pâtre valaque de Zabalcz
11th century
("Romanian sheperd from Zăbalț")
12th century
13th century
 14th century
Toponymy
Shepherd culture
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Etymology and names Vlach herdsmen in Greece (Amand Schweiger

The word Vlach/Wallachian (and other variants such as Vlah, from Lerchenfeld, 1887)
Valah, Valach, Voloh, Blac, Oláh, Vlas, Ilac, Ulah, etc.[1]) is
etymologically derived from the ethnonym of a Celtic tribe,[5]
adopted into Proto-Germanic *Walhaz, which meant "stranger", from *Wolkā-[10] (Caesar's Latin: Volcae, Strabo and Ptolemy's
Greek: Ouolkai). [11] Via Latin, in Gothic, as *walhs, the ethnonym took on the meaning "foreigner" or "Romance-speaker",[11]
and was adopted into Greek Vláhi (Βλάχοι), Slavic Vlah, Hungarian oláh and olasz, etc.[12][13] The root word was notably
adopted in Germanic for Wales and Walloon, and in Switzerland for Romansh-speakers (German: Welsch),[5] and in Poland
Włochy or in Hungary olasz became an exonym for Italians.[11][1]

Historically, the term was used primarily for the Romanians.[1][3] Testimonies from the 13th-14th centuries show that, although in
the European (and even extra-European) space they were called Vlachs or Wallachians (Oláh in Hungarian, Vláchoi (βλάχοι) in
Greek, Volóxi (воло́ хи) in Russian, Walachen in German, Valacchi in Italian, Valaques in French, Valacos in Spanish), the
Romanians used for themselves the endonym "Rumân/Român", from the Latin "Romanus" (in memory of Rome).[1]

Via both Germanic and Latin, the term started to signify "stranger, foreigner" also in the Balkans, where it in its early form was
used for Romance-speakers, but the term eventually took on the meaning of "shepherd, nomad".[5] The Romance-speaking
communities themselves however used the endonym (they called themselves) "Romans".[14]

During the early history of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, there was a social class of Vlachs in Serbia and Ottoman
Macedonia, made up of Christians who served as auxiliary forces and had the same rights as Muslims.[4] In Croatia, the term
became derogatory, and Vlasi was used for the ethnic Serb community who, despite being Slavic, were given the term due to the
Orthodox faith which they shared with the Vlachs.[5]

Romanian scholars have suggested that the term Vlach appeared for the first time in the Eastern Roman Empire and was
subsequently spread to the Germanic- and then Slavic-speaking worlds through the Norsemen (possibly by Varangians), who
were in trade and military contact with Byzantium during the early Middle Ages (see also Blakumen).[15][16]

Nowadays, the term Vlachs (also known under other names, such as "Koutsovlachs", "Tsintsars", "Karagouni", "Chobani",
"Vlasi", etc.[17]) is used in scholarship for the Romance-speaking communities in the Balkans, especially those in Greece,
Albania and North Macedonia.[18][19] In Serbia the term Vlach (Serbian Vlah, plural Vlasi) is also used to refer to Romanian
speakers, especially those living in eastern Serbia.[3] Aromanians themselves use the endonym "Armãn" (plural "Armãni") or
"Rãmãn" (plural "Rãmãni"), etymologically from "Romanus", meaning "Roman". Megleno-Romanians designate themselves
with the Macedonian form Vla (plural Vlaš) in their own language.[3]

Medieval usage
6th century
Byzantine historians used the term Vlachs for Latin speakers.[20][21][22]

The 7th century Byzantine historiographer Theophylact Simocatta wrote about

“Blachernae” in connection with some historical data of the 6th century, during
the reign of Byzantine Emperor Maurice.[23]

8th century
First precise data about Vlachs are in connection with the Vlachs of the Rynchos
river; the original document containing the information is from the The Jireček Line between Latin- and
Konstamonitou monastery.[24] Greek-language Roman inscriptions

9th century
During the late 9th century the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, where
the province of Pannonia was inhabited by the "Slavs [Sclavi], Bulgarians
[Bulgarii] and Vlachs [Blachii], and the shepherds of the Romans [pastores
Romanorum]" (sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum —according
to the Gesta Hungarorum, written around 1200 by the anonymous chancellor of
King Béla III of Hungary.[25]

10th century
George Kedrenos mentioned about Vlachs in 976. The Vlachs were guides and
Transhumance ways of the Vlach
guards of Roman caravans in Balkans. Between Prespa and Kastoria they met shepherds in the past
and fought with a Bulgarian rebel named David. The Vlachs killed David in their
first documented battle.

Mutahhar al-Maqdisi, "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj, Alans, Greeks
and many other peoples."[26]

Ibn al-Nadīm published in 938 the work “Kitāb al-Fihrist” mentioning “Turks, Bulgars and Vlahs” (using Blagha for
Vlachs)[27][28]

11th century
Byzantine writer Kekaumenos, author of the Strategikon (1078), described a 1066 revolt against the emperor in Northern Greece
led by Nicolitzas Delphinas and other Vlachs.[29]

The names Blakumen or Blökumenn is mentioned in Nordic sagas dating between the 11th–13th centuries, with respect to events
that took place in either 1018 or 1019 somewhere at the northwestern part of the Black Sea and believed by some to be related to
the Vlachs.[30][31]

12th century
The Russian Primary Chronicle, written in ca. 1113, wrote when the Volochi (Vlachs) attacked the Slavs of the Danube and
settled among them and oppressed them, the Slavs departed and settled on the Vistula, under the name of Leshi.[32] The
Hungarians drove away the Vlachs and took the land and settled there.[33][34]
Traveler Benjamin of Tudela (1130–1173) of the Kingdom of Navarre was one
of the first writers to use the word Vlachs for a Romance-speaking
population.[35]

Byzantine historian John Kinnamos described Leon Vatatzes' military expedition

along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of
Vlachs in battles with the Magyars (Hungarians) in 1166.[36][37]

The uprising of brothers Asen and Peter was a revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs
living in the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax
increase. It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Map of Central-Southern Europe
Thessaloniki, and ended with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, also during the late Middle Ages/early
known in its early history as the Empire of Bulgarians and Vlachs. Modern period by Transylvanian
Saxon humanist Johannes Honterus.

13th century
In 1213 an army of Romans (Vlachs), Transylvanian Saxons, and Pechenegs, led by Ioachim of Sibiu, attacked the Bulgars and
Cumans from Vidin.[38] After this, all Hungarian battles in the Carpathian region were supported by Romance-speaking soldiers
from Transylvania.[39]

At the end of the 13th century, during the reign of Ladislaus the Cuman, Simon de Kéza wrote about the Blacki people and placed
them in Pannonia with the Huns.[40][41] Archaeological discoveries indicate that Transylvania was gradually settled by the
Magyars, and the last region defended by the Vlachs and Pechenegs (until 1200) was between the Olt River and the
Carpathians.[42][43]

Shortly after the fall of the Olt region, a church was built at the Cârța Monastery and Catholic German-speaking settlers from
Rhineland and Mosel Valley (known as Transylvanian Saxons) began to settle in the Orthodox region.[44] In the Diploma
Andreanum issued by King Andrew II of Hungary in 1224, "silva blacorum et bissenorum" was given to the settlers.[45] The
Orthodox Vlachs spread further northward along the Carpathians to Poland, Slovakia, and Moravia and were granted autonomy
under Ius Vlachonicum (Walachian law).[46]

In 1285 Ladislaus the Cuman fought the Tatars and Cumans, arriving with his troops at the Moldova River. A town, Baia (near
the said river), was documented in 1300 as settled by the Transylvanian Saxons (see also Foundation of Moldavia).[47][48] In
1290 Ladislaus the Cuman was assassinated; the new Hungarian king allegedly drove voivode Radu Negru and his people across
the Carpathians, where they formed Wallachia along with its first capital Câmpulung (see also Foundation of Wallachia).[49]

14th century
The biggest caravan shipment between Podvisoki in Bosnia and Republic of Ragusa was recorded on August 9, 1428 where
Vlachs transported 1500 modius of salt with 600 horses.[50][51]

Toponymy
In addition to the ethnic groups of Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians who emerged during the Migration
Period, other Vlachs could be found as far north as Poland, as far west as Moravia and Dalmatia.[52] In search of better pasture,
they were called Vlasi or Valaši by the Slavs.

States mentioned in medieval chronicles were:

 Wallachia – between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube
(Ţara Românească in Romanian); Bassarab-Wallachia (Bassarab's
Wallachia and Ungro-Wallachia or Wallachia Transalpina in
administrative sources; Istro-Vlachia (Danubian Wallachia in
Byzantine sources), and Velacia secunda on Spanish maps
Moldavia – between the Carpathians and the Dniester river
(Bogdano-Wallachia; Bogdan's Wallachia, Moldo-Wallachia or
Maurovlachia; Black Wallachia, Moldovlachia or Rousso-Vlachia in
Byzantine sources); Bogdan Iflak or Wallachia in Polish sources;
L'otra Wallachia (the other Wallachia) in Genovese sources and
Velacia tertia on Spanish maps
Transylvania – between the Carpathians and the Hungarian plain;
Wallachia interior in administrative sources and Velacia prima on
Spanish maps
Second Bulgarian Empire, between the Carpathians and the Balkan Bolohoveni territory, according to V.
Mountains – Regnum Bulgarorum et Blachorum in documents by
A. Boldur
Pope Innocent III
Terra Prodnicorum (or Terra Brodnici), mentioned by Pope Honorius
III in 1222. Vlachs led by Ploskanea supported the Tatars in the 1223
Battle of Kalka. Vlach lands near Galicia in the west, Volhynia in the north, Moldova in the south and the
Bolohoveni lands in the east were conquered by Galicia.[53]
Bolokhoveni was Vlach land between Kiev and the Dniester in Ukraine. Place names were Olohovets, Olshani,
Voloschi and Vlodava, mentioned in 11th-to-13th-century Slavonic chronicles. It was conquered by Galicia.[54]
Regions and places are:

White Wallachia in Moesia[55]

Great Wallachia (Μεγάλη Βλαχία; Megáli vlahía) in Thessaly[55]
Small Wallachia (Μικρή Βλαχία; Mikrí vlahía) in Aetolia, Acarnania, Dorida and Locrida[55]
Morlachia, in Lika-Dalmatia
Upper Valachia of Moscopole and Metsovon (Άνω Βλαχία; Áno Vlahía) in southern Macedonia, Albania and
Epirus
Stari Vlah ("the Old Vlach"), a region in southwestern Serbia
Romanija mountain (Romanija planina) in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina[56]
Vlaşca County, a former county of southern Wallachia (derived from Slavic Vlaška)
Greater Wallachia, an older name for the region of Muntenia, southeastern Romania
Lesser Wallachia, an older name for the region of Oltenia, southwestern Romania
An Italian writer called the Banat Valachia citeriore ("Wallachia on this side") in 1550.[57]
Valahia transalpina, including Făgăraș and Haţeg
Moravian Wallachia (Czech: Moravské Valašsko), in the Beskid Mountains (Czech: Beskydy) of the Czech
Republic[58].

Shepherd culture
As national states appeared in the area of the former Ottoman Empire, new state borders were developed that divided the summer
and winter habitats of many of the pastoral groups. During the Middle Ages, many Vlachs were shepherds who drove their flocks
through the mountains of Central and Eastern Europe. Vlach shepherds may be found as far north as southern Poland (Podhale)
and the eastern Czech Republic (Moravia) by following the Carpathians, the Dinaric Alps in the west, the Pindus Mountains in
the south, and the Caucasus Mountains in the east.[60]

The medieval Vlachs have elevated decorated funerary monuments in Herzegovina (Radimlja, Boljuni, Blidinje, etc) and
surrounding countries. The Vlach origin of tombstones was attested by Bogumil Hrabak (1956) and Marian Wenzel (1962)[61]
and by the archeological and anthropological researches of skeleton remains from the graves under stećci.[62]

See also
 Romania in the Early Middle
Ages
Oláh
Vlachs in the history of Croatia
Vlachs in medieval Serbia
Vlach (Ottoman social class)
Vlach law
Statuta Valachorum
Supplex Libellus Valachorum Detailed map depicting Vlach
transhumance in the Western
Balkans, showcasing several
Notes examples of Vlach
necropolises.[59]
1. Ioan-Aurel Pop. "On the
Significance of Certain Names:
Romanian/Wallachian and
Medieval necropolise of Vlachs in Romania/Wallachia" (http://dsp
Radimlja, Hercegovina ace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/12345
6789/48209/1/Pop%2bIoan%2
bAurel-Despre%2bsemnificati
a%2bunor%2bnume-2009.pdf)
(PDF). Retrieved 18 June
2018.
2. "Valah" (https://dexonline.ro/def
initie/valah). Dicționare ale
limbii române. dexonline.ro.
Retrieved 18 June 2018.
3. Vlach (https://www.britannica.c
om/EBchecked/topic/631511)
at the Encyclopædia Britannica
4. Peter F. Sugar (1 July 2012).
Southeastern Europe under
Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id
=gYsVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39).
University of Washington
Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-295-
80363-0.
5. Tanner 2004, p. 203.
6. Fine 1991, p. ?: "Traditionally
scholars have seen the
Dacians as ancestors of the
modern Rumanians and
Vlachs."
 7. According to Cornelia Bodea,
Ştefan Pascu, Liviu
Constantinescu: "România:
Atlas Istorico-geografic",
Academia Română 1996,
ISBN 973-27-0500-0, chap. II,
"Historical landmarks", p. 50
(English text), the survival of
the Thraco-Romans in the
Lower Danube basin during the
Migration period is an obvious
fact: Thraco-Romans haven't
vanished in the soil & Vlachs
haven't appeared after 1000
years by spontaneous
generation.
8. Badlands-Borderland: A History
of Southern Albania/Northern
Epirus [ILLUSTRATED]
(Hardcover) by T.J. Winnifruth,
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the ancestors of the modern
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9. "Council of Europe
Parliamentary
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(http://assembly.coe.int/Main.as
p?link=http%3A%2F%2Fassem
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10. Ringe, Don. "Inheritance
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13. Entangled Histories of the
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considerațiuni la cuprinsul
noțiunii cuvântului "Vlach",
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16. G. Popa Lisseanu,
Continuitatea românilor în
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Assimilate? (https://www.cultur
alsurvival.org/publications/cultu
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culturalsurvival.org
18. Demirtaş-Coşkun 2001.
19. Tanner 2004.
20. A. ARMBRUSTER,
ROMANITATEA ROMÂNILOR
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21. http://www.farsarotul.org/nl26_1.htm
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36. A. Decei, op. cit., p. 25.
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42. K. HOREDT, Contribuţii la
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131. IDEM, Siebenburgen im
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43. I.M.Tiplic, CONSIDERAŢII CU
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51. „Crainich Miochouich et
Stiepanus Glegieuich ad
meliustenendem super se et
omnia eorum bona se
obligando promiserunt ser
Тhome de Bona presenti et
acceptanti conducere et
salauum dare in Souisochi in
Bosna Dobrassino Veselcouich
nomine dicti ser Тhome modia
salis mille quingenta super
equis siue salmis sexcentis. Et
dicto sale conducto et
presentato suprascripto
Dobrassino in Souisochi
medietatem illius salis dare et
mensuratum consignare dicto
Dobrassino. Et aliam
medietatem pro eorum
mercede conducenda dictum
salem pro ipsius conductoribus
retinere et habere.
Promittentes vicissim omnia et
singularia suprascripta firma et
rata habere et tenere ut supra
sub obligatione omnium
suorum bonorum.
Renuntiando” (09.08. 1428.g.),
Div. Canc., XLV, 31v.
52. Hammel, E. A. and Kenneth W.
Wachter. "The Slavonian
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Structure and Meaning,
European Journal of
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berkeley.edu/~gene/hammel_1-
fmt.html). University of
California.
53. A. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei,
Editura Victor Frunza,
Bucuresti 1992, pp 98-106
54. A. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei,
Editura Victor Frunza,
Bucuresti 1992
55. Since Theophanes Confessor
and Kedrenos, in : A.D.
Xenopol, Istoria Românilor din
Dacia Traiană, Nicolae Iorga,
Teodor Capidan, C. Giurescu :
Istoria Românilor, Petre Ș.
Năsturel Studii și Materiale de
Istorie Medie, vol. XVI, 1998
 56. Map of Yugoslavia, file East,
sq. B/f, Istituto Geografico de
Agostini, Novara, in : Le Million,
encyclopédie de tous les pays
du monde, vol. IV, ed. Kister,
Geneve, Switzerland, 1970, pp.
290-291, and many other maps
& old atlases - these names
disappear after 1980.
57. Mircea Mușat; Ion Ardeleanu
(1985). From Ancient Dacia to
Modern Romania (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=jPsJA
QAAIAAJ). Editura Științifică și
Enciclopedică. "that in 1550 a
foreign writer, the Italian
Gromo, called the Banat
"Valachia citeriore" (the
Wallachia that stands on this
side)."
58. Z. Konečný, F. Mainus,
Stopami minulosti: Kapitoly z
dějin Moravy a Slezska/Traces
of the Past: Chapters from the
History of Moravia and Silesia,
Brno:Blok,1979
59. Anca & N.S. Tanașoca, Unitate
romanică și diversitate
balcanică, Editura Fundației
Pro, 2004
60. Silviu Dragomir: "Vlahii din
nordul peninsulei Balcanice în
evul mediu"; 1959, p. 172
61. Marian Wenzel, “Bosnian and
Herzegovinian Tombstobes-
Who Made Them and Why?”
Sudost-Forschungen 21
(1962): 102-143
62. Mužić, Ivan (2009). "Vlasi i
starobalkanska pretkršćanska
simbolika jelena na stećcima".
Starohrvatska prosvjeta (in
Croatian). Split: Museum of
Croatian Archaeological
Monuments. III (36): 315–349.

References
Birgül Demirtaş-Coşkun; Ankara University. Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies (2001). The Vlachs: a forgotten
minority in the Balkans (https://books.google.com/books?id=mYYvAQAAMAAJ). Frank Cass.
Arno Tanner (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic
Groups in Five Countries (https://books.google.com/books?id=EQtCPAo1XU8C&pg=PA203). East-West Books.
pp. 203–. ISBN 978-952-91-6808-8.
 Theodor Capidan, Aromânii, dialectul aromân. Studiul lingvistic ("Aromanians, Aromanian dialect, Linguistic
Study"), Bucharest, 1932
Victor A. Friedman, "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in
Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, et al. Slavica Helsingiensa:21,
Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 2001. 26-50. full text (http://www.farsarotul.org/The%20Vlah%20Minority%20in%2
0Macedonia.pdf) Though focussed on the Vlachs of North Macedonia, has in-depth discussion of many topics,
including the origins of the Vlachs, their status as a minority in various countries, their political use in various
contexts, and so on.
Asterios I. Koukoudis, The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora, 2003, ISBN 960-7760-86-7
George Murnu, Istoria românilor din Pind, Vlahia Mare 980–1259 ("History of the Romanians of the Pindus,
Greater Vlachia, 980–1259"), Bucharest, 1913
Ilie Gherghel, Câteva consideraţiuni la cuprinsul noţiunii cuvântului "Vlach". Bucuresti: Convorbiri Literare,(1920).
Nikola Trifon, Les Aroumains, un peuple qui s'en va (Paris, 2005) ; Cincari, narod koji nestaje (Beograd, 2010) (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20110210081132/http://balkans.courriers.info/article16636.html)
Steriu T. Hagigogu, "Romanus şi valachus sau Ce este romanus, roman, român, aromân, valah şi vlah",
Bucharest, 1939
G. Weigand, Die Aromunen, Bd.Α΄-B΄, J. A. Barth (A.Meiner), Leipzig 1895–1894.
A. Keramopoulos, Ti einai oi koutsovlachoi [What are the Koutsovlachs?], publ 2 University Studio Press,
Thessaloniki 2000.
A.Hâciu, Aromânii, Comerţ. Industrie.Arte.Expasiune.Civiliytie, tip. Cartea Putnei, Focşani 1936.
Τ. Winnifrith, Τhe Vlachs.Τhe History of a Balkan People, Duckworth 1987
A. Koukoudis, Oi mitropoleis kai i diaspora ton Vlachon [Major Cities and Diaspora of the Vlachs], publ. University
Studio Press, Thessaloniki 1999.
Th Capidan, Aromânii, Dialectul Aromân, ed2 Εditură Fundaţiei Culturale Aromâne, Bucureşti 2005

Further reading
Theodor Capidan, Aromânii, dialectul aromân. Studiul lingvistic ("Aromanians, The Aromanian dialect. A
Linguistic Study"), Bucharest, 1932
Gheorghe Bogdan, MEMORY, IDENTITY, TYPOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY RECONSTRUCTION OF
VLACH ETHNOHISTORY, B.A., University of British Columbia, 1992
Adina Berciu-Drăghicescu, Aromâni, meglenoromâni, istroromâni : aspecte identitare şi culturale, Editura
Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2012, ISBN 978-606-16-0148-6
Victor A. Friedman, "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in
Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, et al. Slavica Helsingiensa:21,
Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 2001. 26-50. full text (http://www.farsarotul.org/The%20Vlah%20Minority%20in%2
0Macedonia.pdf) Though focussed on the Vlachs of North Macedonia, has in-depth discussion of many topics,
including the origins of the Vlachs, their status as a minority in various countries, their political use in various
contexts, and so on.
Asterios I. Koukoudis, The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora, 2003, ISBN 960-7760-86-7
George Murnu, Istoria românilor din Pind, Vlahia Mare 980–1259 ("History of the Romanians of the Pindus,
Greater Vlachia, 980–1259"), Bucharest, 1913
Nikola Trifon, Les Aroumains, un peuple qui s'en va (Paris, 2005) ; Cincari, narod koji nestaje (Beograd, 2010) (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20110210081132/http://balkans.courriers.info/article16636.html)
Steriu T. Hagigogu, "Romanus şi valachus sau Ce este romanus, roman, român, aromân, valah şi vlah",
Bucharest, 1939
Franck Vogel, a photo-essay on the Valchs published by GEO magazine (France), 2010. (http://www.geo.fr/photo
s/reportages-geo/les-valaques-le-peuple-le-plus-discret-des-balkans)
John Kennedy Campbell, 'Honour Family and Patronage' A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek
Mountain Community, Oxford University Press, 1974
The Watchmen, a documentary film by Alastair Kenneil and Tod Sedgwick (USA) 1971 describes life in the Vlach
village of Samarina in Epiros, Northern Greece

External links
[1] (http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/maria_magiru_romanii_balcanici_aromanii.pdf)(Maria Magiru about
Aromanians; in Romanian)
 The Vlach Connection and Further Reflections on Roman History (http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm)
Orbis Latinus: Wallachians, Walloons, Welschen (http://www.orbilat.com/General_Survey/Terms--Wallachians_W
alloons_Welschen_etc.html)
Vlachs in Greece (http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm)
French Vlachs Association (in Vlach, EN and FR) (http://www.armanami.org/index.php)
Studies on the Vlachs (http://www.vlachs.gr/uk/index-uk.htm), by Asterios Koukoudis
Vlachs' in Greece (http://www.vlahoi.net) (in Greek)
Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj, Youth Aromanian community and their Projects (http://www.CTArm.org) (in Vlach, EN
and RO)
Vlach in Serbia, Online Since 1999 (http://members3.boardhost.com/homolje) (in Vlach, EN and RO)
Old Wallachia (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRsOwn5V59c) - a short Czech film from 1955 depicting life of
Vlachs in Czech Moravia

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