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Shahar Bar – CEO – Valinor Ltd.

shahar@valinor.co.il
http://www.valinor.co.il
This Seminar agenda

SQL Server basics and installation process


Managing logical and physical database files
SQL Server Maintenance
Automating Administrative tasks
Monitoring SQL Server
Securing your database
Few last things in a nutshell….

Let’s Go!
Relational Database Server Goals

Reliability Availability Scalability

Data Integrity Transaction


Performance
and Protection Isolation

Reporting Data Analysis


Choose the right SQL Server edition

Enterprise
Standard

Workgroup

Web

express Datacenter
Parallel Data Warehouse
compact Read more at:
http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2008/en/us/editions.aspx
SQL Server Architecture

 SQL Server Database Engine


 Storage Engine
 Query Engine
 Databases
 Logical collections of related objects
 Instances
 Separate running services of SQL Server
 Default instance and named instances
SQL Server Services and components

• Instance-Specific • Instance-unaware
(one service per instance):  Notification Services
 SQL Server  Integration Services
 SQL Server Agent (SSIS)
 Analysis Services  SQL Server Browser
(SSAS)  SQL Server Active
 Reporting Services Directory Helper
(SSRS)  SQL Writer
 Full-Text Search (iFTS)
SQL Server install – best practices

 Plan your hardware (with emphasis on disks: RAID, Volume


and Block Size (64KB...)
 When storage is local – consider separating logs from
Data
 For Large deployments – consider using separate disk for
TEMP DB
 Use detailed installation, not the default one.
 Install only needed components. If you don’t plan to build
cubes – don’t install OLAP….
 Make sure you install the components on the correct disks
SQL Server install – best practices

 Create at least one new Active Directory account for SQL


Server Service (simple domain account, no administrative
privileges!)
 Configure antivirus software to skip databases folders.
 Make sure you have latest service pack and CU ready to
install
 Make sure you know needed default collation
 Consult your application provider for further
configuration

Read more at:


http://www.brentozar.com/archive/2008/03/sql-server-2005-setup-checklist-part-1-
before-the-install/
SQL Server Admin. Tools

 SQL Server Management Studio


 Database management GUI
 Object browser; templates, reports, etc.
 Based on Visual Studio UI
 Support for writing and executing queries

 SQL Business Intelligence Dev. Studio


 SSAS, SSRS, SSIS
SQL Server Admin. Tools

 SQL Server Profiler


 Database Engine Tuning Advisor
 SQL Server Configuration Manager
 Manages services and protocols
 Surface Area Configuration (SQL Server 2005) 
Policy Based Management (SQL Server 2008)
 SQL Server Books Online
SQL Server Physical Data Files

Database storage
 Primarily table data and index data
Database Files:
 Primary data file (*.mdf)
 Secondary data files (*.ndf)
 Transaction log file(s) (*.ldf)
Filegroups:
 Logical collections of files
 Objects can be created on filegroups
Physical DB Structure

Data file:
.mdf or .ndf
Log file:
.ldf

Extent: 8 contagious
pages – 64K

Page: 8KB
The Transaction Log

1 Data modification is
sent by application

3 Modification is recorded
Buffer Cache in transaction log on disk

Disk

Data pages are located in, Disk


2 or read into, buffer cache
and modified Checkpoint writes
committed
4 transactions
to database
Managing database files growth

Data and log files are configured to grow


automatically by default
Default growth values are bad! (1MB for data files,
10% for log files)
Best Practices:
 Change auto growth increment to 300-400MB for
both files
 Be proactive! – increase size of files in advance.
 Avoid shrinking files! It creates fragmentation and
harms performance
Comparing RAID levels

RAID Level RAID Disk Space Read Write


Description Cost Performance Performance

RAID 1 Disk 50% of total No change No change


Mirroring disk space

RAID 5 Stripe Set Equivalent to Increased Decreased


with Parity the size of one
disk in the
array.
RAID 0 + 1 or Mirrored 50% of total Increased No change
Stripe Sets disk space
RAID 10
Database Recovery Models

 Recovery Models define the way you will be


able to restore your database, by changing the
transaction log behavior
 Three recovery models exist:
 Simple
 Full
 Bulk-logged
Simple Recovery Model

 No log backups.
 Automatically reclaims log space to keep space
requirements small, essentially eliminating the
need to manage the transaction log space.
 Changes since the most recent backup are
unprotected. In the event of a disaster, those
changes must be redone.
 Can recover only to the end of a backup.
Full Recovery Model

 Requires log backups. Transactions will not be


truncated from T-Log, unless backed up by
T-Log backup!
 No work is lost due to a lost or damaged data
file.
 Ability to recover to any point in time (for
example, prior to application or user error).
 No work is lost, unless tail of transaction log is
damaged
Bulk-logged Recovery Model

 Requires log backups.


 Permits high-performance minimally logged
operations (index re-build, bulk inserts) by
logging allocation/de-allocation rather than
the data itself.
 point in time recovery is not supported.
Database Backup Types

Backup Type Description


Full All data files and part of the transaction log

Transaction log Any database changes recorded in the log files

Tail-log The active portion of the log


The parts of the database that have changed since
Differential
the last full database backup
File / Filegroup Specified files or filegroups
The primary filegroup, every read/write filegroup,
Partial
and any specified read-only filegroups
The database or log (without affecting the backup
Copy-only
sequence)
Full Database Backup

 Backs up entire database (+log)


 Enables to restore database to the full backup
time
 Use when:
 Database is small
 Data modified Sunday Monday Tuesday
rarely
 As a basis to other backup methodologies
Transaction Log Backup

 Backs up all changes since last T-Log backup


 Enables to restore DB to any point in time
 Restore full backup, then roll logs
 Use when:
 Data is modified
frequently
 Frequent backups
Sunday Monday
are required
 Data loss is not acceptable.
Differential Backup

 Backs up pages changed since last full backup.


 Use full + differential (+t-log) backups
 Allows to restore a database quicker than full +
transaction log backups.
 Use when:
 Database is large
 It is not possible to
perform full daily backup Monday Tuesday

 Need for fast restore


Backup best practices

 Build your backup plan according to the ability of


restore you need. Example:
 Perform daily full backup to all your databases
(including system!)
 Perform T-Log backup every 15 min to sensitive DB
 Change Recovery Model to: “Simple” for the others
 Save backups on local disk for 4 days – fast restore
 If you are using Storage Based Snapshots or external
backup agent – make sure it gives you the desired
backup plan and that you know how to restore
First aid guide for full log situation
 In most cases: log swells because database is in full
recovery model and there are no T-Log backups.
 To solve the issue:
 Take a full database backup – just in case…
 Move database to simple recovery model
 If log is not truncated run the command:
BACKUP LOG AdventureWorks WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY

 Shrink the log file to desired size


 Move database to full recovery model
 Take a full backup
 Build proper T-Log backup plan
Before restoring…..

 Before restoring – one more backup… Tail-log


backup!
 Should be taken just before a restore operation, in
most cases, under the full or bulk-logged recovery
models
 captures the log records that have not yet been
backed up.
 prevents work loss and keeps the log chain intact
How the Restore Process Works

 Phases of the restore process:


 Data copy
 T-log Redo
 T-log Undo
 RECOVERY and NORECOVERY options:
 RECOVERY brings database online – ready to use
 NORECOVERY – lives database offline – ready for
additional restores
How to Restore a Database

 Restore from a full or differential backup


 Restores database files
 Re-creates database objects and data
 Use RECOVERY or NORECOVERY to control recovery
behaviour
 Use MOVE…TO option to change file locations
 Use REPLACE option to replace an existing database
USE master
RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks
FROM AWBack
WITH NORECOVERY

RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks


FROM AWBackDiff
WITH RECOVERY
How to Restore a Transaction Log

Restore from a transaction log backup


 Restores changes to the database that are recorded
in the transaction log
Use the RECOVERY option on the final log to be
restored
RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FROM AWBack
WITH NORECOVERY

RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM AWBackLog


WITH FILE = 1, NORECOVERY

RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM AWBackLog


WITH FILE = 2, RECOVERY
What is SQL Server Agent?

 The component of SQL Server responsible


for automation
 Runs as a Windows Service
 Must be running to perform jobs, fire alerts, and
contact operators
Best Practices for SQL Server Agent
Configuration

 SQL Server Agent service startup mode


 SQL Server Agent service is not configured to start
automatically by default
 SQL Server Agent service account
 Requires log on as a service user right. Do not give
administrative privileges
 SQL Server Agent service dependencies
 SQL Server service
 Messenger service for Net Send notifications
What Is a Job?

Specified series of operations performed


sequentially by SQL Server Agent
Can include Transact-SQL, command-line
application, and ActiveX script steps
Can be scheduled to run once, run repeatedly, or
be started manually
What Are Operators?

People or groups that can receive notification


 Notification may be from a job, a job step, or an alert
Can be notified by using e-mail, pagers, or net
send messages
Fail-safe operator can be specified

Read more about database mail at:


http://www.sqlserver.co.il/?p=573
How to Create Job Steps

Job step 1: Back up Yes


Fail?
Database (Transact-SQL)
Write to
No Application Log
Job step 2: Transfer Data Yes
Fail?
(CmdExec)

No
Notify operator
Job step 3: Custom Yes
Fail?
Application (ActiveX Script)

No

Notify operator
What Is the Job Activity Monitor?

SQL Server Management Studio tool


Allows you to:
 Start and stop jobs
 View job properties
 View the history for a specific job
 Refresh the information in the Agent Job Activity grid
(manual or automatic)
What Is the Maintenance Plan Wizard?

Helps database administrator schedule core tasks


Creates one or more SQL Server Agent jobs
Best Practices – typical maintenance
plans for a server

 Daily full backup for all databases


 T-log backup every 15 minutes, for databases in
full recovery model
 Both are saving backups on disk for 4 days
 Weekly maintenance plan for:
 Rebuild indexes
 Update non-indexed columns statistics
 Integrity checks
 History clean-up
Moving and Copying Databases

Backup / Restore
Attaching and detaching databases
 Allows directly copying data/log files
 Database must be taken offline
Copy Database Wizard
Other methods:
 SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS)
 Generating scripts for database objects
 Bulk copy / BULK INSERT
SQL Logs

Collects all events and errors occurred in the


database engine – contains precious data!
A new log is created each time SQL service restarts
Consider changing number of logs to be saved
Activity Monitor

Graphical views of current user connections and


locks
 Process Info
 Locks by Process
 Locks by Object
SQL Server Profiler

Graphical tool for tracing server and database


activity
 Create a trace that is based on a reusable template
 Watch the trace results as the trace runs
 Store the trace results in a table or file for
further analysis
 Start, stop, pause, and
modify the trace results
as necessary
 Replay the trace results
Best practices for using profiler

Use with care: when server is over loaded might


create additional pressure
Use Server side trace instead
For basic monitoring of performance Best to
collect 2 events:
 Batch completed
 RPC completed
Set appropriate filters and reduce\add as needed
Best Practices - Performance monitor:

Concentrate in findings queues:


 Disk read\write queue (not more than 2 per spindle)
 Processor Queue Length (not more than 4 per core)
 Lock Wait time, Avg. Wait time
 Paging (remember that it is natural for SQL Server to
capture as much memory as it needs and can. It is
paging that might be a problem)
 NIC queues, errors and discarded packets
Read More at:
http://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/Administration/perfor
mancemonitoringbasiccounters/1348/
Monitoring Disk Usage
SQL Server Maintenance best practices

Monitor real-world (production) database usage


Communicate and coordinate with application
developers and users
Develop policies and roles for database
administration
Optimize database administration
 Automate common operations
 Generate scripts for routine maintenance
SQL Server Maintenance best practices

On regular basis:


 Monitor disk space usage
 Monitor application performance
 Monitor physical and logical disk space
 Maintain indexes and data files
 Review backup and recovery operations
 Review security
 Review SQL Server Logs and/or Windows logs
 Verify the status of all jobs
SQL Server Security Overview

Layered Security Model:


 Windows Level
 SQL Server Level
 Database
 Schemas (for database objects)
Terminology:
 Principals
 Securables
 Permissions
 Scopes and Inheritance
SQL Server Service Accounts

Local System Account


 Permissions of Local Administrative account
 No network authentication
Network Service Account
 Permissions of Users group
 Network authentication with Computer account

Domain User Accounts


 Adds network access for cross-server functionality
Best: use simple domain account
Managing Server Logins

Windows authentication Logins


 Authentication/Policy managed by Windows
 Safer, easier to handle
SQL authentication Logins
 Authentication is managed by SQL Server
 May be based on Windows policies
Logins can be mapped to Server Roles
Database Users

Server Logins are mapped to database users


Permissions on database objects are granted\
revoked from database users
Database users can be mapped to built-in\
user defined Database Roles
Built-In Server / Database Roles

Server Roles Database Roles

• SysAdmin • db_accessadmin
• ServerAdmin • db_BackupOperation
• SetupAdmin • db_DataReader
• SecurityAdmin • db_DataWriter
• ProcessAdmin • db_DDLAdmin
• DiskAdmin • db_DenyDataReader
• DBCreator • db_DenyDataWriter
• BulkAdmin • db_Owner
• db_SecurityAdmin
• public
Security Best Practices

Make security a part of your standard process


Use the principle of least privilege
Implement defense-in-depth (layered security)
Enable only required services and features
Regularly review security settings
Educate users about the importance of security
Define security roles based on business rules
Remove builtin\administrators from sysadmin
sever role
SQL Server Security Model

objects

Scheme

Database
users\roles

Server logins

Domain security groups

Domain users
SQL Server High Availability Options

 Database Mirroring
 Log-shipping
 SQL Server Fail-Over Clusters
 Geo-Cluster
 Replication
 Load-Balancing (at network or OS level)
SQL Server hierarchy

Server
Server
Server

Server Server
Server
Server
Server Server
What Are Schemas?

Namespaces for database objects

Person

Contact
(Server1.AdventureWorks.Person.Contact)

Sales

Customer
(Server1.AdventureWorks.Sales.Customer)

dbo

ErrorLog AdventureWorks
(Server1.AdventureWorks.dbo.ErrorLog)
Overview of Database Objects

Tables Indexes Views Programmability

• Data storage & • Improves • Logical result • Stored


Retrieval query sets Procedures
• Referential performance • Based on • Functions
integrity • Clustered SELECT queries • Triggers
• Non-clustered • Constraints
Database Objects - Tables

 The tables role is to store data.


 All data is stored in tables.
 The tables are comprised of rows of data.
 Each row contains values in columns.
 The column has a defined name & type of
data stored.
Database Objects - Constraints

 Constraints are used to enforce data integrity.


 There are different types of constraints:
 Check Constraint
 Unique
 foreign-key
 default
 Created as part of the table.
Database Objects - Views

 A view can be thought of as a virtual table.


 A view consists of a set of named columns and
rows of data.
 A view (usually) does not exist as a stored set
of data values in a database. The rows and
columns of data come from tables referenced
in the query defining the view and
Database Objects – Stored Procedures

 T-SQL queries & code stored on the server.


 Accept input parameters and return multiple
values in the form of output parameters to the
calling procedure or batch.
 Contain programming statements that perform
operations in the database, including calling
other procedures.
 Returns an integer value to the executing code.
(May be used to indicate success/failure and the
reason for failure).
The 1-Minute* SQL Overview

 The Structured Query Language (SQL) defines a standard for


interacting with relational databases
 Most platforms support ANSI-SQL 92
 Most platforms provide many non-ANSI-SQL additions

 Most important data modification SQL statements:


 SELECT: Returning rows
 UPDATE: Modifying existing rows
 INSERT: Creating new rows
 DELETE: Removing existing rows
* Presenter makes no guarantee about the time spent on this slide
Indexing Overview

Index Considerations
 Can dramatically increase query performance
 Adds overhead for index maintenance
Best Practices
 Base design on real-world workloads
 SQL Profiler; Execution Plans
 Scenarios:
 Retrieving ranges of data
 Retrieving specific values
Index Types

Clustered index
 Controls the physical order of rows
 Does not require additional disk space
 One per table (may inc. multiple columns)

Non-Clustered Index
 Physical data structures that facilitate data retrieval
 Can have many indexes
 Indexes may include many columns

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