PATCH ANTENNA

A patch antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile,

which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of a flat
rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger
sheet of metal called a ground plane.

Normal patch antenna

Types of micro strip antenna

There are three types in microstrip antenna: Microstrip

patch antenna, Microstrip slot/travelling antenna and Printed
dipole antenna. Among the above three types microstrip
patch antenna can have any
shape. Microstrip slot/travelling antenna is mostly rectangular
or circular shape.

Micro strip patch antenna

. Microstrip Patch Antenna • Microstrip Antenna was Invented by Bob

Munson in 1972 . • Microstrip antennas are attractive due to their light
weight, conformability and low cost. • These antennas can be integ-
rated with printed strip-line feed networks and active devices. This is a
relatively new area of antenna engineering. • The radiation properties
of micro strip structures have been known since the mid 1950’s. • A Mi-
 cro strip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a
dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side. • The
patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold
and can take any possible shape. • The radiating patch and the feed
lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.
. Basic Structure Microstrip patch Antenna L = Length of the Micro-
strip Patch Element W = Width of the Micro-strip Patch Element
t= Thickness of Patch h = Height of the Dielectric Substrate.
Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna

7. Some of the Typical Shapes of Patch 8 Rectangular Square Cir-

cular Elliptical Circular ring Triangular
1. 8. Substrate Material(FR4 Epoxy) •The Dielectric Substrate Material
we are using in our Design is FR4 Epoxy •Where “FR” means Flame
Retardant and type 4 indicates Woven Glass reinforced Epoxy resin.
•The Range of the dielectric constant of FR4 Epoxy typically de-
pends on glass resin. •This material is popular and cost efective
Compared to other PCB material. •FR4 is most Commonly Used as
an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical Strength.
•FR4 is also used in the construction of relays, switches, standofs,
busbars, washers, transformer and screw terminal strips.
2. 9. Designing of Microstrip Antenna •In order to design a microstrip
rectangular patch antenna to operate in a K band frequency range,
Although there are various simulation software available for ex-
ample FEKO, IE3D, CST, HFSS …etc. •We are using HFSS(High Fre-
quency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 to design a MSA. It is more
commonly used software because of its friendly user interface and
better accuracy for complicated geometries. HFSS is commercial f-
nite element method solver for electromagnetic Structures. •HFSS is
a commercial fnite element method solver for electromagnetic
structures •Ansoft HFSS software is the industry standard for simu-
lating 3-D full- wave electromagnetic felds. Its gold-standard accur-
acy, advanced solver and high-performance compute technology
have made it an essential tool for engineers doing accurate and
rapid design of high-frequency and high-speed electronic compon-
ents.
3. 10. Advantages and Disadvantages of MSA
4. 11. Application of MSA Mobile and satellite communication System
Global Positioning System(GPS) Direct Broad Cast Television(DBS)
Radio Frequency Identifcation (RFID) Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access ( WiMax) Wireless LAN’s
5. 12. Progress of the Project • Designing of Microstrip Rectangular
Patch Antenna has been Completed. • This design has to be fabric-
ated. • Characterization has to be done.
6. 13. We have designed a microstrip rectangular patch antenna res-
onating at 18-26 GHz Frequency range. The Design antenna exhibits
a good impedance matching at the center frequency. This antenna
can be easily fabricated on FR4 Epoxy Substrate material due to its
small size and thickness.
 Micro strip slot antenna

The slot antenna is just an opening created in conductor with a

particular dimension such that it radiates electromagnetic waves or
receives EM waves .Normally a conductor if it is fed with electric
signals and surrounded by air or vacuum radiates EM waves.The
complement is also true if a slot is made filled with air and
surrounding the slot if we fill it with conductor the slot will radiate EM
waves.according to Babinets principle. A narrow rectangular in an
infinite conducting sheet will radiate like an antenna if fed with Rf
signal between the opposite sides of a slot.such an antenna is called
slot antenna.The radiating properties of such a slot can be deduced by
the application of Babinetstheorem.Bybabinets theorem the field
distribution around this slotand the radiation from it can be shown to
be the same as for an electric dipole which would just fill the slot with
the following modifications. [1]. As compared with the electric dipole
the electric and magnetic vectors are interchanged .the electric field
from the slot is related to the magnetic field from the dipole by the
impedance of free space.Thus at any point Eslot= ηHdipole (1)
similarly Hslot = Edipole/η (2) The electric field in the equatorial
plane of the slot changes sign from one set of the conducting sheet to
the other.the impedance at the feed point of half wave slot can be
deduced from the known dipole impedance of 73Ω. From Babinets
principle [4] and Booker’s extension of it ,it can be shown that if a
screen and its compliment are immersed in a medium with an
intrinsic impedance η andhave terminal impedance of Zslot and
Zdipole respectively ,the impedances are related by ZslotZdipole =
η2 /4 (3) The impedance of the slot can be deduced by using folded
slot. Microstrip slot antennas are used in broad range of applications
from wireless and satellite communication system to medical system,
primarily due to their miniaturization,simplicity, inexpensive,
conformability, light weight, low profile, reproducibility and ease of
integration with solid state device [1-4]. A mcirostrip antenna consist
of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate with a ground
on the other sied.This antenna is also referred to as patch antenna
.Microstrip slot antenna is simple in structure. It consists of
microstrip feed that couples electromagnetic waves through the slot
above and slot radiates them. slot antennas are an about λ/2
elongated slot, cut in a conductive plate and excited in the centre. [10]
U shaped slot on a rectangular patch are used for broad banding[7].By
using high permittivity substrate and by different shape of slot we can
enhance the gain of antenna The slot antennas can be fed by
microstrip line ,slot line and coplanar wave guides. Fractal patch
antennas finds application for wide band of frequency transmission
and reception.[8].Decoupling slots are used for dual band of operation
and finds applications in WLAN.[9].

Printed dipole antenna

Printed dipole antennas are very well
stated in
wireless communications due to their advantages
such as
low profle, small size, light weight, low cost, as
well as
their ease of fabrication and integration in
solid-state
devices, which make them very suitable for
some
broadband and multiband applications [1-5].
Among various types of printed dipole antenna,
planar
Yagi structures are attractive for wireless ap-
plications
due to their high gain and directive property in
addition
to the common qualities of printed antennas [6-
8].
By printing the driver and the directors on the
top of
the substrate, and the ground refector on the
bottom, we
can obtain a printed dipole Yagi with better
bandwidth
characteristics. But the feeding technique is com-
plicated
and creates an unbalanced condition for the
antenna
operation [9]. To overcome this problem, we can
print the
microstrip line and one driver arm on the
top of the
substrate and a ground refector with another
driver arm
at the bottom side of the substrate. The obtained
bi-planar
printed Yagi antenna may achieve a gain
greater than 7
dBi and 10 % bandwidth at 2.45 GHz [10].
In this paper, we present a design procedure
of a
printed Yagi antenna operating at 3 GHz. First,
we have
studied an elementary dipole antenna which is
composed
of one dipole arm and a microstrip line printed on
the top
side of the substrate whereas the second arm
and a small
rectangular ground plane were printed on the
other side.
Next, a printed rectangular refector was ad-
ded and
connected to the ground plane, for the in-
crease the
antenna gain and the improvement of the
front-to-back
ratio. Finally, multiple directors were added in
order to
obtain the printed Yagi dipole confguration.
We have
studied especially three structures composed of
1, 5 and
12 directors, respectively. It is shown that the
antenna
gain and directivity may be enhanced by
increasing the
number of directors. For the design and
optimization of antennas, we use HFSS CAD
software from ANSOFT.
All the designed antennas were simulated, real-
ized and
characterized by measuring their return loss,
radiation
patterns and gain at operating frequencies.
Coplanar waveguide antenna