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This document provides an overview of topographic maps, including:
- What a topographic map is, including contour lines that represent elevations
- How latitude and longitude are measured and used to define map locations
- How aerial photos and satellite images are used to create digital terrain models and topographic maps
- Key elements of topographic maps like elevation, slope, and contour intervals
- Additional location systems like UTM grids and GPS coordinates
- Exercises for students to interpret topo maps and draw their own simple topo maps.
This document provides an overview of topographic maps, including:
- What a topographic map is, including contour lines that represent elevations
- How latitude and longitude are measured and used to define map locations
- How aerial photos and satellite images are used to create digital terrain models and topographic maps
- Key elements of topographic maps like elevation, slope, and contour intervals
- Additional location systems like UTM grids and GPS coordinates
- Exercises for students to interpret topo maps and draw their own simple topo maps.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
This document provides an overview of topographic maps, including:
- What a topographic map is, including contour lines that represent elevations
- How latitude and longitude are measured and used to define map locations
- How aerial photos and satellite images are used to create digital terrain models and topographic maps
- Key elements of topographic maps like elevation, slope, and contour intervals
- Additional location systems like UTM grids and GPS coordinates
- Exercises for students to interpret topo maps and draw their own simple topo maps.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
Images (Or things that are really useful whether you’re into geology or not!) The Basics: What is a topographic map? • A 2-D model of 3-D landscape • Relief – difference in elevation (i.e. valleys, peaks, coastlines, etc) – Contour lines – represent elevations Latitude • “Latitude is fat-itude” • Measured in degrees • From 0° to 90°N or 90°S – What do those represent? Longitude • Also measure in degrees • Degrees east or west of the prime meridian – Runs from N to S through Greenwich, UK Breaking down degrees….. • 1 degree 60 min (‘) 60 sec (“) • Quadrangle – Section of earth bounded by latitude and longitude • 15 minute quadrangle • 7.5 minute quadrangle North 450mi from True North
Declination – Difference in degrees
True north based on
geography
Magnetic North shifts on the earth’s magnetic field due to metallic (iron) core
What does this mean
for map accuracy? Symbols Digital Terrain Models -Constant altitude flight -Overlapping radar pulses -Similar elevation – similar color
Why do you have to be above?
Making the map from aerial view • Eliminate angular distortion • Ground truth – check elevations on the ground! – How would you do this? • Contour lines connect all points that have the same elevation above sea level • Index contours – elevations printed • Contour interval – specified on map as the regular change between elevations • Fig. 9.3 – What’s the contour RULES! (And guidelines…) • Contour lines NEVER cross? (Think about why….) • Contour lines ALWAYS close to form a circle (unless you are going off the map) • The tip of a V-shaped notched ALWAYS points uphill Contour Lines (Fig 9.6) • Can estimate elevation between two points • Even-spaced contours of different elevations tell us something about slope! • Line can show steep vs. gentle slope • Depression contours – closed circle with hachure marks on the downhill side Reading contour lines • Fig 9.7 • What is the elevation of the middle hill? • What cardinal direction is downhill on the valley river? • What is the easiest route up to the ridge point? Benchmark • i.e. BM 463 – Permanent marker with known elevation Scales of Maps and Models • Ratio scale • 1:50, 1:24,000, etc (Always same units) • Think of zooming in and out! • Convert! – 1:24,000 – 1in is 24,000in – 24,000in is 2000ft GPS • 28 satellites, • 12-hour orbit • Uses four satellites and a receiver to triangulate • Usually an accuracy of 10-15m • Idea is 4 sats are 15° above the horizon anywhere at UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator System • Rectangular grid in meters • 60 N-S zones – Zone 01 to Zone 60 • Easting – measured in meters E of W edge • Northing – distance from equator in meters Today’s Lab….. • Complete the questions about various topo quadrangles