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The 26 December 2004 earthquake off northwest Sumatra, Indonesia was the largest seismic event on
Earth in more than 40 years. The earthquake originated 30 km below the sea floor off the coast of
Sumatra and triggered the rupture of a 1.300 km segment of the fault line between the Indian and
Eurasian tectonic plates that extended through the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The energy released
was equivalent to a 100-gigaton bomb, over 1.500 times that of the largest nuclear bomb ever
detonated and 100 times the energy of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. This earthquake on the sea
floor displaced more than 30 cubic kilometres of seawater and formed the most devastating tsunami in
recorded history; more than 230.000 people were killed, and more than 1 million have been displaced
in the affected countries in Southeast and South Asia and Eastern Africa. The tsunami has caused
major economic losses in many of the Indian Ocean countries, devastating primary and secondary
industries and disrupting the tourism economy. The impacts of this event were truly global; the
tsunami was observed in all oceans of the world and the whole earth continued to ¶ring· from the
shock of the earthquake for months afterward.
‘
In general, Aceh·s coast can be divided into two parts: east coast and west. The east coast lies from
north to east, comprising the districts of Aceh Besar, Banda Aceh, Pidie, Bireun, Aceh Utara,
Lhokseumawe, Aceh Timur, Langsa and Aceh Tamiang. The west coast lies from west to south,
consisting of Aceh Besar District, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat, Meulaboh, Nagan Raya, Aceh Barat Daya,
Aceh Selatan, Simeuleu Island and Aceh Singkil. According to Forestry Department figures (2001),
Aceh·s shoreline runs 761 km along the east coast (from north to east) and 706 km along the west
coast (from west to south), while the islands of the Simeuleu District have a total shoreline of 1.000 km.
Aceh·s east coast was mostly muddy beach which had once been covered by extensive areas of
mangrove forest, while the west coast was dominated by sandy beach covered by casuarina (sea pine),
coconut, hibiscus, and other species of coastal vegetation.

The land cover in NAD province can be divided into two types: forested and unforested. Prior to the
Tsunami, the forested areas consisted of primary dry forest, secondary dry forest, secondary swamp
forest, and mangrove forest, while the unforested areas comprised shrub land, swampy shrub land,
ricefield, aquaculture ponds, transmigration area, and settlement area.

 
Mangroves are a very common type of vegetation found on muddy shores. The areas where
mangroves grow are generally known as ¶tidal zones·, i.e. a zone which is influenced by the ocean tides.
Based on a number of studies in Aceh during the period before the Tsunami (Noor ½
, 1999; Iwan
Hasri, 2004; Siswani Sari, 2004) and field visits by a Technical Team from Wetlands International

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still in good condition, including the mangroves on Simeuleu Island. A total of 286.000 ha of
mangrove was in moderate condition, and 25.000 ha badly degraded. One area of mangrove forest still
in good condition and growing densely, according to a study done in January 2004, was that on the
coast of Ulee Iheue, before it was swept by the Tsunami. An analysis of the vegetation in this forest
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The Tsunami that 10-15 metre high is travelling at more than 40 km per hour which hit the coast of
Aceh that caused tremendous damage, the most devastating of which was along the length of Aceh·s
west coast (comprising Aceh Barat and Nagan Raya), the district (kabupaten) of Banda Aceh, Aceh
Jaya, and Aceh Besar. According to the LAPAN analysis, of the 21 districts(towns in NAD Province,
at least 15 were affected by the earthquake and Tsunami, while the total area affected was 649.582 ha,
including 131.810 ha of wet ricefields, 9.448,5 ha of swamp, and 32.004 ha of mangrove forest and
coastal vegetation. Damage to coastal areas was caused not only by the Tsunami but also by the violent
earthquake that altered the landscape along the west coast of Aceh and the islands of Simeulue and
Nias. The following paragraphs describe some of the impacts on these coastal areas, both those
resulting from the Tsunami and those from the earthquake.

Mangrove forests were one of the types of wetland which suffered the worst damage. This wasbecause
of being on the edge of the coast, they were directly hit by the full force of the Tsunami. Towering an
average of 10-15 m in height, the Tsunami destroyed the mangrove forests in a matter of seconds.
Mangroves were devastated along almost the whole length of Aceh·s west coast and part of the east
coast.

Figure 2.Mangrove forest destroyed by Tsunami in Tibang ² Aceh Besar

Damage to coastal ecosystems arising from the Tsunami was brought about by two mechanisms:
a.‘ !%)& ' : the energy of the Tsunami, which directly struck the coast and destroyed
mangrove forests, casuarina (sea-pine) stands, coconut groves, and a range of other vegetation
where its happened extremely fast. Vegetation was damaged, parts torn off. In the worst struck
areas, mangrove trees were uprooted from their substrate by the force of the waves.


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the contrary, if it fails to maintain the number above, they are required to return the capital in
proportion to the project. All requirements for community groups (rights and obligations), to receive
the assistance of venture capital that is associated with the success of rehabilitation set forth in an
employment contract which was witnessed community leaders. Associated with rehabilitation, not less
than 371 750 plants (consisting of 19 species) were planted in coastal areas are the four villages with a
success rate of 75.90< of life.

#oastal rehabilitation in Aceh Jaya District has provided a useful learning for the community as well as
to the success of similar efforts elsewhere. People really liked the approach taken in this activity
because: a). facilitators live in the village with the community held families together, causing an
intimate relationship; b). incorporation of rehabilitation with the provision of incentives conditional
loan business capital, is viewed very educational so that the community feel of belonging and
responsibility will be the result of rehabilitation, c). provision of various training on rehabilitation
techniques has broadened the horizons of society, so the future can be applied to prepare the seeds of
other plants; d). rehabilitation activities (through the restoration of mangrove ecosystems) is believed
to be able to protect the settlements from the hurricane and the tide and restore the source of
livelihoods of coastal communities.
Ô
ԑ
‘
Ô
‘

Some of the following things need to be undertaken by the local government to continue the success
of rehabilitation of coastal areas in the Jaya Village - Aceh Jaya District, among others:
(a)‘ Recognition official (written) and published extensively about the importance and benefits of
sustainability of coastal areas in the four villages mentioned above for the environment and
society
(b)‘ Maintaining the results of rehabilitation activities and allocating the government funds for
treatment activities in the future
(c)‘ The function of the location that has been rehabilitated in the above are not converted into other
forms which would adversely affect the environment and surrounding communities
(d)‘ Technical assistance and social sustainability for community groups that formed during
rehabilitation activities
(e)‘ Enforcement activities that damage and disrupt the preservation of natural resources in the
locations above.

=
 !>0
B C C C C C
-‘ Ñ ?@A#   D  E „ @
? @ 

  
    E
Ñ, November 2006, Wetland
International Indonesian Programme
-‘ Directorate General of Marine, #oastal, and Small Islands, Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries of Republic Indonesia (www.dkp.go.id)

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-‘ ф 


  
F 

 
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  G  Ñ, 2008 Wetland International
Indonesian Programme
-‘ Ñ „
 I

 
 Ñ, 2005, Global #oral Reef Monitoring Network

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