Beams:

Flexure and shear design

www.eurocode2.info
 Revision history

Date Slide Revision

27/5/08 23 Units added
4/6/08 10-12 Animation modified
29/6/10 19 Shear factor 0..18 changed to 0.2
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress block
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 Types of Analysis
The following types of analysis may be used
• Linear elastic Cl 5.4
• Linear elastic with limited redistribution (up to 30%) Cl 5.5
• Plastic analysis e.g. yield line, strut and tie Cl 5.6
• Non-linear behaviour Cl 5.7

The following principles apply:

• Plane sections remain plane Cl 6.1(2)
• In monolithic construction, maximum hogging moment can be taken
at face of support Cl 5.3.2.2(2)
• Hogging moment in continuous beams on ‘pinned’ supports can be
reduced by FEd,sup t / 8.
• FEd,sup = reaction, t = breadth of support Cl 5.3.2.2(4)
• Columns should be designed using elastic frame moments and
ignoring redistribution Cl 5.5(6)
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress block
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 Effective Span

leff = ln + ai
h
h
ln
ln
ai = min {½h;½t }
ai = min {½h;½t }
leff
leff
t t

Continuous Member Fully retrained supports

leff
h
ai = min {½h;½t }
ln
ai leff
ln
t
Bearing provided Bearing Cantilever
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress block
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 Analysis of a
reinforced section
Design equations can be derived from the following stress
block:
b

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, εcu= 0.0035,  = 1 and  = 0.8.

fcd = ccfck/1.5
cc = 0.85 for flexure and axial loading (UK N.A.)
fyd = fyk/1.15
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Beam design procedure

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress block
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 Analysis of a singly reinforced beam
3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
b

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, εcu= 0.0035,  = 1 and  = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fyk/1.15
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fst = 0.87As fyk
For horizontal equilibrium Fc= Fst
0.453 fck b x = 0.87As fyk
Guess As Solve for x z = d - 0.4 x M = Fc z
 Maximum neutral axis depth
b

 
Redistributed Bending Moment
  k1  k 2 x u d EC2 Equ 5.10a
Elastic Bending Moment

xu = Neutral axis depth after redistribution

  0.4  x u d
xu
EC2 NA gives k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0   - 0.4
d
M
K 
bd 2 f ck
M
K  Value of M for when x is
bd 2 f ck at its maximum of xu

If K > K’ Compression steel required

Calculation of K’
 Design flowchart

The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular

beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement

Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)

Determine K and K’ from:

M  K’
K & K '  0 . 6  0 . 18 2
 0.21
b d fck
2
1.00 0.208
Note:  =1.0 means no redistribution and  = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution. 0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
Yes No 0.85 0.168
Is K ≤ K’ ?
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
Beam singly reinforced Beam doubly reinforced - 0.70 0.120
compression steel needed

It is often recommended in the UK that K’ is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure

 Flow chart for singly reinforced section

d
Calculate lever arm z from: z 1  1  3.53K   0.95d *
2
* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.

M
Calculate tension steel required from: As 
fyd z

Check minimum reinforcement requirements:

0.26 fctm bt d
As,min   0.0013 bt d
fyk

Check max reinforcement provided As,max  0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
Check max spacing between bars
 Flow chart for doubly reinforced section
Compression steel needed

Calculate lever arm z from: z

d
2

1  1  3.53K ' 

Calculate excess moment from: M '  bd 2f K  K ' 

ck

Calculate compression steel required from:

M'
As2 
fyd d  d 2 

Calculate tension steel required from: K ' fck bd 2

As   As2
fyd z

Check max reinforcement provided As,max  0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Beam design procedure

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress block
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
Vertical shear reinforcement
 Strut inclination method

 b z  1 fcd Asw
VRd,max  cw w VRd, s  z f ywd cot 
cot   tan  s
21.8 <  < 45
 Shear
6.2.3 EN 1992-1-1

We can use the following expressions from the code to calculate shear
reinforcement for a beam (Assumes shear reinforcement is always
provided in a beam)
VRd,sy = Asw z fywd cot  /s …1 fck vRd, cot  vRd, cot 
= 2.5 = 1.0
VRd,max = 0.5 z bw fcd sin 2 …2 20 2.54 3.68
where 0.6 (1- fck/250) 25 3.10 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
When cot = 2.5 (= 21.8°)
30 3.64 5.28
VRd = 0.138 bw z fck (1 - fck/250)
32 3.84 5.58
Or in terms of stress: 35 4.15 6.02
vRd = 0.138 fck (1 - fck/250) 40 4.63 6.72
Rearranging equation 2 in terms of stress: 45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
 = 0.5 sin-1[vRd /(0.20 fck(1 - fck/250))]
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress block
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 Design flow chart for shear

Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]

Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot  = 2.5

vRd = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)

No Determine  from:
Is vRd > vEd?
 = 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]
Yes (cot  = 2.5)

Calculate area of shear reinforcement:

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )

Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :

s,max = 0.75 d
For vertical shear reinforcement
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Beam design procedure

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress blocks
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Flanged beams
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 “Shift Rule”
• For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d
• For members with shear reinforcement: Conservatively al = 1.125d

Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)

lbd
Acting tensile force lbd

Resisting tensile force lbd

Ftd
al

al
lbd
Ftd
lbd lbd

lbd lbd
 Outline

We will look at the following topics:

• Beam design procedure

• Types of analysis
• Effective length
• Stress blocks
• Flexural design equations & procedure
• Flanged beams
• Shear design theory
• Shear design equations & procedure
• Detailing rules
• Worked example
 Design Example

Gk = 10 kN/m, Qk = 6.5 kN/m

8m

Cover = 35 mm to each face

fck = 30
450
Check the beam in flexure and shear

300
 Solution

ULS load per m = (10 x 1.35 + 6.5 x 1.5) = 23.25 kN / m

Mult = 23.25 x 82/8
= 186 kN m
d = 450 - 35 - 10 – 32/2
= 389 mm
M 186  106
K 2
 2
 0.137
bd fck 300  389  30
K’ = 0.208
K < K’  No compression reinforcement required
d
z 1  1  3.53K   389 1  1  3.53 x 0.137   334  0.95d
2 2
M 186 x 106
As    1280 mm2
fyd z 435 x 334

Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm2)

 Shear

Shear force, VEd = 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN

Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 93 x 103/(300 x 0.9 x 389)
= 0.89 MPa
vRd = 3.64 MPa vRd (when
vRd > vEd fck cot  = 2.5)
 cot  = 2.5 20 2.54
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
25 3.10
Asw/s = 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)
28 3.43
Asw/s = 0.24 mm
30 3.64
Try H8 links with 2 legs.
Asw = 101 mm2 32 3.84
s < 101 /0.24 = 420 mm 35 4.15
Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm 40 4.63
 provide H8 links at 275 mm spacing 45 5.08
50 5.51