Exercise 1.

1 : Calculate the quantized energy levels of a linear harmonic oscillator of angular

frequency “ω” in the old quantum theory.

~ Using basic algebra and Plank's relation between energy and frequency we get:
h 1
 E =h  ℏ= =2   E =n ℏ   E n= n ℏ 
2 2


2 2
k x m x
2
2 2 V 2V 2V
Potential Energy: V = =  x= = 2
 x=
2 2 k m m 2

Classical New

   
2
m∗v p2
Kinetic Energy: K= & p=m v  T=
2 2m
2 2
m x p2 p2 m 2 x 2 2 2 2 2
Total Energy: E = V T =   =E−  p =2 m E −m  x
2 2m 2m 2

 
2 2
2V 2 m x
Solved for momentum: p=  2 m E −m2 2 x 2 & position: q= 2= 2 =x
m m 2
q q −q
Old Quantum Theory: ∮ p j d q j =n j h  ∮−q p j d q j=∫−q p j d q j∫q p j d q j =n j h
if q is a distance traveled in a potential,  x or  r can be q because they are also distances.
q q
2 ∫−q p j d q j = n j h = 2∫− q  2 m E −m2 2 x 2 d x = 2 ∫  2V
m 2
 2 m E −m2 2 x 2 d x
−

2V
m2

Setting V = E  4∫0 2E
m2
 2 m E −m2  2 x2 d x can be pluged into my TI-89 to get:
2 E

2 E nh
=n h  E= =n ℏ 
 2
1
E n = n ℏ  for n=1,2,3,4,...
2
Exercise 1.2 : Assuming that the electron moves in a circular orbit in a coulomb field, derive the

 
Balmer E 1 1 formula for the spectrum of hydrogenic atoms from the quantum
 = 2− 2
ℏ n1 n2
condition (1.2) ∮ pi d qi =ni h and the Bohr formula (1.1)  E =h .

~ Once more we use the same set of equations as (Exercise 1.1)

h
ℏ= =2   E = n ℏ  circumference C =2  r and angular momentum L=m v r
2

∮ pi d qi= ni h p i =  2 m T =m v q i=distance on circumference from0 to 2 r

2 2 2 r
∫0 p i d q=n i h= p i r ∫0 d q= m v ∫0 d q =2 r m v
2
v
Centripetal Force: F =m a F c =m equal to the force keeping it in (Bore's orbit)  F c = F e
r
e e2 1 e2 1 v2 e2 2
Electrical Force: F e =q E=e =  =m  =r m v
4 0 r 2 r 2 4 0 r 2
4  0 r 4  0

p =m v & k=
1
4 0
&
e2
4 0
v
2
= r m v  m k e =r

v
2 2
p r=

E nℏ
m k e2
p2
p=

E

m k e2
r
nℏ
E =n ℏ  & p =m v & =2 f =  E =n ℏ  =  p=2 =2
r r v r v r

   
2 2 2 2
nℏ n ℏ  2nℏ mk e mk e
m k e 2=4 r  m r k e 2 =4n ℏ 2  r=4 & p= =2n ℏ =
r m k e2 r 2 n ℏ2 2nℏ
2 2
e r e
Energy from Work : W = F d  T = F e r= =
r 4 0 4 0 r
2

 
2
−e 2 p2 mk e2 1 m k e 2 m k 2 e 4 m k 2 e 4 −1 m k 2 e 4
Total Energy: E =T V =  = −e 2 k 2= 2 2 − 2 2=
4 0 r 2 m 2nℏ 2m 4 n ℏ 8ℏ n 4ℏ n 8 ℏ2 n2
The final solution is based on an intuitive understanding of proportions...
We know:  E= n ℏ   & E=
−1 m k 2 e 4
8 ℏ n2 2  E∝ 2
1
n
 En = E1 2
1
n  
 =
E 1 1
−

ℏ n 21 n 22 