S.Y.

2016-2017

GRADUATE STUDIES
MASTERS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Special Topics in National Security
Administration

TOPICS:

: ECONOMIC SOLIDARITY

: TRANSPORTATION SECURITY

: Comparative National Security Practices

(PHILIPPINES & GERMANY)

Submitted by:

Anthony A.
Baldicañas

Submitted to:
 Dr. Nelson A.
Silva, MPA, FRIBA
Comparative National Security Policies, Issues, &
Concern
(PHILIPPINES & GERMANY)
 INTRODUCTION

Democracy has been both the main highlight of Germany and Philippine political

system. Although this is proven by history and circumstances, the mechanisms of

a true democracy which entails bonafide people’s participation still needs to be

proven, especially in the Philippine context. It is an acknowledged fact that even

well-established governments have flaws and these imperfections could be

solved by analysing comparatively one State’s government with other country’s

scheme of administering public matters. This comparative report discusses the

differences and similarities of the Philippine and German political system and its

differences in terms of national security and aims to provide a deep analysis of

how those positive differences could be used for the improvement and

reformation of the current Philippine national security which are being mired by

several negative issues leading to its citizen’s reluctance to actively participate in

the daily political life of the country.

 OBJECTIVES

 To give clear data’s on how Germany & Philippines differ from each

implementation of national security.

 To determine specific national security on policies, issues, problem, and

concern.

 To gather research tools on how Germany and Philippines uses relevant

policies.

 Make a comparability study between Germany and Philippines national

security measures.

 Cite recommendations related to national security policies, issues,

problem and concern

 WHAT IS PHILIPPINES NATIONAL SECURITY?

The National Security Policy is a statement of principles that should guide national

decision-making and determine courses of action to be taken in order to attain the state

or condition wherein the national interests, the well-being of our people and institutions,

and our sovereignty and territorial integrity are protected and enhanced.

The purpose of the National Security Policy is to identify the strategic priorities to

establish the correct balance in the “guns or butter” debate for the allocation of

scarce resources; and to establish the prioritization, among others, between

external and internal defense.

The National Security Policy lays down the fundamental and comprehensive

framework on inter-related issues and concerns that may impinge on national

security. This comprehensive national security policy shall provide general

guidelines for revisiting, enhancing, and formulating our related national policies.

The formulation of the National Security Policy is a task that is reposed in the

President. As Head-of-State, Head-of-Government, and Commander-in-Chief of

the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the President is primarily responsible for the

management of our national security and the decision making attendant thereto.
The National Security Policy focuses on four key elements namely: (1)

Governance; (2) Delivery of Basic Services; (3) Economic Reconstruction and

Sustainable Development; (4) Security Sector Reform.

WHAT IS GERMANY’S NATIOANL SECUIRTY?

Germany’s national security situation in the post-Cold War era follows directly from the

impact of the historic changes that have altered Europe’s political landscape since

1989. The danger of large-scale aggression threatening the existence of Germany has

all but vanished. Germany’s territorial integrity and that of its allies do not face any

substantial military threat for the foreseeable future.

In the preamble to the German constitution, Germany states its commitment to “promote

world peace as an equal partner in a united Europe”. Our identity and understanding of

security is thus comprehensive. It is about more than the absence of war and the

provision of security for our country and its citizens. On the basis of a united Europe,

our ambition is also to improve the conditions of human coexistence in a sustainable

manner and to protect and strengthen international human rights norms.

Germany is highly interconnected with the rest of the world and – due to its economic,

political and military significance, but also as a result of its vulnerabilities – has a

responsibility to actively participate in shaping the global order. Germany is increasingly

regarded as a key player in Europe. With this new reality come more options to exert

influence but also increased responsibility.

Germany has a strong economy that benefits from a stable society, high-quality

infrastructure, and a highly skilled workforce, which is augmented by immigration.

Politically, Germany can rely on a strong network of bilateral, European, transatlantic

and multilateral ties and institutional structures that provide its activities with legitimacy

and make them effective.

In the long run, however, it is unlikely that Germany will retain its position as the world’s

fourth-largest economy. The economies of the emerging powers in Asia and Latin

America will likely overtake the German – although not the European – gross domestic

product in the coming years.

Germany’s prosperity and economy are highly dependent on appropriate conditions –

both in Europe and globally.

Germany is fully integrated into international trade and investment flows. Our country is

particularly dependent on secure supply routes, stable markets, and functioning

information and communication systems. This dependence will continue to increase.

Germany’s competitiveness as an industrial nation there- fore depends all the more on

maintaining its lead in innovation. Knowledge remains a strategic resource for Germany.

Germany therefore embraces mutual interdependence in the domain of security. This

includes functioning alliances, partnerships and other types of communities, and

particularly Germany’s close security partner- ship with the United States. Germany has

one of the largest sets of armed forces in the European Union (EU), which it can make

available for a variety of multilateral operations

 COMPARATIVE DATA
(issues & concern, impact and policies)

ELEMENTS OF NATIONALSECURITY
PHILIPPINES (SOCIO-POLITICAL STABILITY)

It is to achieve peace and harmony among all Filipinos, regardless of creed, ethnic

origin, and social status. The government and the people must engage in nation-

building under the rule of law, constitutional democracy, and the full respect for human

rights. At the same time, the government is accountable to the people and as such,

must ensure socio-political stability through good governance by focusing on its purpose

and outcomes for its citizenry and performing efficiently and effectively in

clearly defined roles and functions.

PHILIPPINES (TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY)

This means that the territory of the country is intact and under the effective control of the

government. It is to ensure the permanent inviolability of our national territory and its

effective control by the Government and the State.

This includes the preservation of our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and

its protection from illegal incursions and resource exploitation.

It is this geographic fact that the national interest is enhanced whereby, the land

territories as well as bodies of water within our Philippine maritime jurisdiction are

effectively secured.

PHILIPPINES (ECONOMIC SOLIDARITY)

It is to collectively pursue and build the economy to be strong, capable of supporting

national endeavors, and derives its strength from the solidarity of our people who have

an organic stake in it through participation and ownership.

This is the core interest of the national vision to ensure that Filipinos become

stakeholders in economic and business enterprises so that they will collectively defend,

protect, and improve the economic system for themselves and the future generations of

Filipinos.

PHILIPPINES (ECOLOGICAL BALANCE)

The national survival rests upon the effective conservation of our natural environment in

the face of industrial and agricultural expansion and population growth. This dimension

of national security seeks to support development that is environmentally sustainable for

the benefit of the nation and the people who depend on it.

As the country sustains its economic growth, there is a clear indication that the

ecological balance is being threatened by natural calamities and other man-made

destructive activities. The environment, with its life support systems, is in a position to
sustain and secure development for the benefit both of the present and future Filipino

generations. Ecological balance is a shared responsibility of all Filipinos, as individuals,

families, and communities.

PHILIPPINES (CULTURAL COHESIVENESS)

This element implies that the Filipinos have shown their collective sense of value to the

principles of freedom and human dignity of a person. These inherent manifestations of

the Filipino values have been shown when our forebears had fought for our freedom

against their colonizers, authoritarian rulers and oppressive powers as exemplified by

the resistance of Lapu-Lapu, Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, Andres Bonifacio and Jose

Abad Santos. The most recent manifestations of this value were the martyrdom of

Senator Benigno Aquino and the courageous heroism demonstrated by his wife,

Corazon Aquino in the struggle to restore democracy.

This also means that our people is imbued by a common set of values and beliefs

handed down by their forebears on moral and ethical standards, drawn from our

traditions and cultural heritage, embodying a Filipino identity transcending socio-

economic, religious, ethnic, and linguistic differences.

PHILIPPINES (MORAL-SPIRITUAL CONSENSUS)

The Filipino people must be propelled by the national vision inspired and manifested in

words and deeds, by patriotism, national pride and the advancement of our national

goals and interests. The primordial element for our national survival is national unity,
where the people have become proud of their country, their culture and tradition, and

their history. Consequently, there is moral and spiritual consensus among the Filipinos

on the wisdom and righteousness of our shared national vision, as enunciated by the

President. This shared vision inspires and motivates the citizens to get involved and

participate vigorously in the programs that promote the country’s security and

development goals and objectives.

PHILIPPINES (PEACE & HARMONY)

The Philippines as a democratic country is committed to world peace and the

preservation of world order. National security is engendered and sustained through

harmonious relations with our neighbors and allies. For this purpose, it is for the

enduring interest of the country to forge harmonious engagement and relationship with

other nations starting with the member-countries of the ASEAN.

The country and people must pursue constructive and cordial relations with all nations

and peoples, and are free from any control, interference or threat of aggression from

any of them.

INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS

PHILIPPINES (COMMUNIST INSURGENCY)

The Communist Party of the Philippines, its armed component, the New People’s Army,

and its political arm, the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, have resumed

peace negotiations with the government to address resolution of the long-running

insurgency. It is the avowed aim of A Vision for the Philippines country with: 1. A re-

awakened sense of right and wrong, through the living examples of our highest leaders;
2. An organized and widely-shared rapid expansion of our economy through a

Government dedicated to honing and mobilizing our people’s skills and energies as well

as the responsible harnessing of our natural resources;3. A collective belief that doing

the right thing does not only make sense morally, but translates into economic value as

well;4. Public institutions rebuilt on the strong solidarity of our society and its

communities.

CPP/NPA/NDF to overthrow the Philippine government and install a different

socio-politico-economic order in accordance with its political belief and ideology. But

they have not been able to move beyond the strategic defensive stage of their rebellion,

experiencing major setbacks owing to both government operations and internal

weaknesses. At the same time, festering problems of poverty, injustice and inequality

continue to provide fertile ground for continued armed struggle.

2. Secessionist Movement

The internal security problem in the Southern Philippines traces its roots to the colonial

period. The independence of the Philippines in 1946 did not bring about peace in

Mindanao. In the 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) launched a full-

scale secessionist rebellion. Despite the peace agreement entered into by the Philippine

Government and the MNLF in 1996, the group remains and occasionally causes

problems. Aside from the MNLF, the MILF, which broke away from the MNLF,

constitutes the more serious internal security threat. While the government has engaged

the MILF in constructive peace negotiations, the armed activities of the group continue

to be a source of serious security concern, particularly the build-up of its defensive and
offensive capabilities. Nevertheless, the government expects that peace negotiations

would continue to proceed in a positive and optimistic note.

PHILIPPINES (TERRORISM)

The security situation in Southern Philippines is also threatened by terrorist groups like

the Al Harakatol Al Islamiyah (AHAI) better known as Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), which

has links to international terror networks, as well as allies in the MILF and the MNLF.

This group along with its affiliate, the Rajah Solaiman Movement, an organization of

radical converts to Islam has a long-term intention of waging jihad against the Christian

communities in the Philippines with Metro-Manila as a prime target.

PHILIPPINES (GRAFT & CORRUPTION)

Graft and corruption is another national security concern because it saps public

resources, undermines the morale of the civil service and affects the delivery of basic

services. It has also become a disincentive to foreign investors from establishing

business ventures in the country. Worse, it breeds socio-political instability as scandals

degenerates into crisis situations that undermine the credibility and effectiveness of

government.

OTHER STRATEGIES ISSUES

PHILIPPINES (TRANSNATIONAL CRIME)

Given its archipelagic geographic character, the Philippines’ porous borders make it

more vulnerable to international criminal syndicates’ activities such as illegal drug

trafficking, human trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and other crimes that
affect its stability and security. Hence, there is a need to actively pursue international

cooperation to stamp out these challenges.

PHILIPPINES (INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM)

International terrorism has evolved into a sophisticated and transnational threat that has

had an impact on our national security. Our identification as a long-time and staunch US

ally in its global war against terrorism equally places the Philippines and its interest

among the targets of foreign- and local-based terrorist groups.

PHILIPPINES (ILLEGAL DRUGS)

The recent news on three Filipinos accused of drug trafficking in China dramatized the

implications of illegal drugs on our society. Stamping out this dreaded menace is a high

priority of the government. The increasing number of arrested drug traffickers, seizures

of big volumes of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, and

the dismantling of clandestine laboratories indicate the extent and impact of the drug

abuse and drug trade problem in the Philippines.

PHILIPPINES (PIRACY AT SEA)

Another serious transnational crime is maritime piracy. The Philippines’ southern

maritime borders shared with our ASEAN neighbors are areas of concern in terms of

such criminal activities. Also, a significant segment of Filipino seafarers serving as

officers and crew of international ships are oftentimes victimized and physically

threatened by pirates, especially in the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, and the Straits of

Malacca.

PHILIPPINES (HUMAN & SMALL ARMS TRAFFICKING)

The proliferation of illicit trade and trafficking of small arms in the Philippines and in

Southeast Asia due to the porous borders has contributed to a growth in transnational

organized crimes. This has exacerbated internal conflicts in the region which warrants a

collaborative approach to address it. It is noted that the illicit circulation of small arms

and light weapons have resulted in the increasing number of loose firearms in the hands

of groups that threaten the national and regional security of ASEAN member-states.

PHILIPPINES (CYBERCRIMES)

Information and communications technologies give tremendous benefits to societies.

The Government, transportation, industries and economy have become more and more

reliant on all components of cyber space. However, the growing cyber space

dependence comes with an increased level of exposure and vulnerability to

cyberattacks. These could lead to the paralysis of communication infrastructure,

international financial systems, critical government services and defense/military

command and control systems.

RESOURCE ISSUES

PHILIPPINES (FOOD SECURITY)

The issue of food security remains a considerable concern. Food security indicates

whether or not the country is perceived to be responsive to the basic responsibility of

feeding its people, a basic social contract between the government and its population.

Furthermore, food security is affected by worsening climatic conditions, access to food

by the poor or marginalized sector due to the worsening terms of trade, between wages
and food costs, supply stability due to increasing prevalence of disasters and

uncertainty regarding food prices.

PHILIPPINES (HUMAN RESOURCES)

There are three (3) major issues on human resources, namely: education, population,

and social services. We recognize that our people are our most important resource. As

such, the state is responsible for the well-being, welfare, safety and security of every

citizen of the country. Ensuring full and effective access by all to both primary and

secondary schools is the responsive way of empowering our citizenry. Along this

concern, reforms in our educational system must consider the development of our

curriculum focused on science, mathematics and languages to be economically

productive and globally competitive. Our population, although considered high, has not

been translated into economic strength, recognizing that a significant portion of our

citizenry remains below the poverty threshold. And poverty makes it difficult for this

vulnerable group to gain access to employment opportunities. This group of people is

the logical target for recruitment of criminal syndicates and other groups which threaten

the peace and security of our communities. Consequently, government agencies have

to deal with these issues and concerns requiring the expenditure and diversion of

scarce resources, away from equally pressing national requirements. From the social

services perspective, another security concern for the government is the number of

people who may be affected by natural calamities like floods, typhoons, landslides and

earthquakes that beset the country every year. Also, a number of Filipinos are

oftentimes affected and displaced by man-made emergencies such as armed conflicts

and various acts of terrorism especially in Mindanao. Frequently, this has resulted in the
migration of people from the affected provinces to the urban centers as informal settlers,

often living in squalor in disaster-prone areas.

PHILIPPINES (ENERGY)

A key enabler in achieving the goals of security and development in the country is to

have a sufficient, reliable and sustainable energy system, that is, supply and

infrastructure. Our sustained economic development and industrialization targets for the

country will require increasing demand for energy. Of significant impact to this, is the

sourcing and escalating price of oil. According to the Department of Energy’s Report

, imported oil accounts for 32% of our energy mix. Total oil importation in 2009 reached

50.1 Million Barrels of which 84.2% was sourced from the Middle East, 4.3% from

ASEAN, and 3.5% from Russia and Australia. Given such situation, there is therefore a

pressing need to explore and further develop our alternative and renewable forms of

indigenous energy sources.

PHILIPPINES (TRANSPORTATION SECURITY)

Transport is a key sector in the Philippine economy, linking population and economic

centers across the islands. The transport system of the Philippines consists of road,

water, air, and rail transport. Water transport plays an important role due to the

archipelagic nature of the country, but road transport is by far the dominant subsector

accounting for 98% of passenger traffic and 58% of cargo traffic. While the transport

infrastructure has been developed and spread across the country (about 215,000

kilometres [km] of roads, 1,300 public and private ports, and 215 public and private

airports), the level of service has not been sufficient due to the lack of sustainable

financing. Improving transport infrastructure is critical for strengthening the investment

climate and enhancing economic growth. The Philippines has seen modest

improvement in the quality of its transport services, but a large part of the road network

remains in poor condition and intermodal integration is generally weak. Poor sector

governance also impedes efficient operation of the sector.

GERMANY NATIONAL SECURITY

The commitment and aims of German governance are to ensure freedom, security and

prosperity for our citizens, to promote peace, and to strengthen the rule of law. German

security policy is tied to values and guided by interests. The guiding principles for the

formulation of our national interests are the values of our constitution, in particular

human dignity and other basic rights, democracy, and the rule of law as well as

European law and international law, particularly the protection of universal human rights

and the maintenance of peace.

Our security policy interests are moreover decisively determined by our geographical

position at the heart of Europe and our membership in the EU, our economic strength

and dependency on trade, our commitment to responsible engagement, as well as the

imperative to preserve peace according to Article 26 of the German constitution.

In summary, the security interests of Germany are as follows:

  protecting our citizens as well as the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our

country;

 protecting the territorial integrity, the sovereignty and the citizens of our allies;

 maintaining the rules-based international order on the basis of international

law;

 ensuring prosperity for our citizens through a strong German economy as well

as free and unimpeded world trade;

 promoting the responsible use of limited goods and scarce resources

throughout the world;

 deepening European integration and

 consolidating the transatlantic partnership.

In the past years, Germany’s security environment has become even more complex,

volatile and dynamic and is therefore increasingly unpredictable. Only by being fully

aware of current trends and processes as well as the direct and indirect challenges we

are facing can our security policy accurately target the causes, utilize existing scope for

action, and anticipate future developments.

The International Order in Transition

 The international order, which was established after World War II and whose

organizations and institutions still provide a framework for international politics, is

undergoing profound changes. The drivers and effects of these changes are

varied and numerous.

Drivers of Change
  The globalization and digitalization of recent decades have resulted in an

interconnected world and interconnected societies. More and more people are

gaining better access to information and technology. These political, economic

and technological networks are the cause of far-reaching social transformation

processes. The cyber and information domain, which has increasingly come to

dominate our activities and communication, is a manifestation of this global

interconnectivity.

 At the same time, globalization is also promoting the interconnection and spread

of risks as well as their repercussions. These include epidemics, the possibility of

cyber-attacks and information operations, and transnational terrorism.

 Anti-globalization movements are also on the rise: introverted and often radical

nationalism, violent ex- tremism as well as religious fanaticism, which results

from identity and legitimacy deficits and often from a decline in norms and

values. These forces can intensify the disintegration of state orders.

 Demographic transformations and urbanization are further drivers of change. The

growing world population is increasingly concentrated in urban coastal regions.

As a result, these regions are gaining significance as the starting and focal point

of conflicts.

Multipolarity and the Diffusion of Power

 Politically, economically and militarily, the international system is moving towards

a multipolar order. The global distribution of power is changing – power is shifting

within the international community but also between states and non-state actors.

As a result of technological advances, transnational non-state networks are

 becoming particularly important, and they are increasingly exerting influence in

international security policy.

 The growing economic, political and military influence of key states, particularly in

Asia, Africa and Latin America, will lead to increasing multipolarity and shifts in

geopolitical power. Dynamically growing societies are connecting their increasing

wealth and participation in the global economy to an aspiration to extend their

influence in regional and global affairs. They are underlining this with a significant

increase in defense spending and through an intensified coordination of their

interests in new organizations and groups of states.

Challenges for German Security Policy

 Germany’s security policy is today facing a wide range of previously unknown

challenges. They differ in terms of the intensity of potential damage, the

immediacy of their impact on our security, and the long-term consequences.

They are characterized by a mutually reinforcing dynamic. At the same time, the

relevance of geographical distance is shrinking as a result of globalization.

All in all, the range of risks to our security is becoming broader, more diverse, and

increasingly unpredictable.

Rules-Based Euro-Atlantic Order of Peace and Stability Called into Question

 Since the end of the Cold War, European countries – together with the United

States of America – have established a unique peace order on the European

continent to which all participating states in the Organization for Security and Co-

operation in Europe (OSCE) have committed themselves. This order is based on

 the idea that European security is indivisible. Its institutional backbone is a tight

network of multilateral regional and Pan-European organizations and institutions

which is characterized by cooperation among themselves as well as with third

parties on the basis of common values and rules for their implementation.

Challenges from the Cyber and Information Domain

 In our globalized world, the safe, secure and free use of the cyber and

information domain is a fundamental prerequisite for the activities of both the

state and private individuals. Increasing digitalization in all walks of life and the

increasing interconnectivity of individuals, organizations and states are playing a

unique role in our present and future opportunities. This development has,

however, made the state, society and the economy particularly vulnerable to

cyber-attacks. As a consequence, urgent steps are needed to protect against

threats.

 Access to destructive malware is relatively easy and inexpensive. As a result, the

means to carry out cyber-attacks are not restricted to state actors. Terrorist

groups, criminal organizations, and skilled individuals can potentially cause

serious damage with minimal effort. Attempts to establish internationally binding

regulations or confidence- and security-building measures may therefore have

only a limited effect.

 Cyber-attacks on states and critical infrastructure have been a reality for some

time. Numerous incidents have occurred in similarly advanced and digitalized

states and armed forces in recent years. Although it is sometimes possible to

 identify patterns of attack, most modern high-value attacks are specially tailored

to fit the targeted system.

 Cyber security in Germany is the desired IT state in which the risks our country

faces from cyber space are reduced to an acceptable and manageable level.

This objective can be achieved by means of cyber protection (measures taken

against criminal cyber activities), cyber defense (measures taken against cyber-

attacks mainly from abroad), cyber security policy, and cyber foreign policy.

Interstate Conflict

 The renaissance of traditional power politics, which involves the use of military

means to pursue national interests and entails considerable armaments efforts,

elevates the risk of violent interstate conflict – even in Europe and its

neighborhood, as is illustrated by the example of Russian actions in Ukraine.

 The stability of the international system is being jeopardized by the increasing

role of the military in the ambitions of emerging powers in combination with

ongoing territorial conflicts and struggles for regional hegemony. This is

happening not only in and around Europe. Regional territorial disputes in

connection with power projections are a source of concern in particular for the

countries of Southeast and East Asia. Furthermore, the risk of escalating

interstate conflict increases when nationalist sentiments gain in importance and

are instrumentalised.

Fragile States and Poor Governance

  Numerous states are characterized by weak legitimacy, poor governance, weak

structures, an inadequate supply of basic goods and services, unequal access to

social prosperity, corruption and – at the same time – weak economies. Fragile

and failed states can only maintain internal and external security to a limited

degree. They can only fulfil their obligation to protect their citizens to a limited

extent, if at all. The erosion of state structures creates safe havens for para-state

and terrorist organizations, encourages organized crime, human and arms

trafficking, and thus creates spaces beyond the reach of the international order.

Global Arms Build-Up and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

 Regional tensions and the claims to power of emerging economic actors are also

leading to regional arms races.

 Arms build-ups can undermine the stability of the international system and,

indirectly, also the security of Europe and Germany. Build-ups of conventional

armaments can change the military balance at the region- al and global levels

and increase the risk of violent interstate conflicts. This situation can be

considerably exacerbated by the development of new technologies that are not

yet part of current arms control regimes.

Threats to Information and Communication Systems, Supply Lines,

Transportation and Trade Routes as well as to the Secure Supply of Raw

Materials and Energy

 In the future, the prosperity of the country and the well-being of the citizens will

significantly depend on the unhindered use of global information and

 communication systems, supply lines, transportation and trade routes as well as

on a secure supply of raw materials and energy. Any interruption of access to

these global public goods on land, in the air, at sea, in the cyber and information

domain, and in space involves considerable risks for the ability of the state to

function and for the prosperity of the citizens. Besides terrorist attacks, other

potential causes include piracy, forced political, economic and military measures,

as well as failing states and regional crises. Increasing investments by various

states in capabilities that deny third countries access to specific areas (anti-

access/area denial) are particularly significant.

 In view of the many potential causes and targets, Germany and its allies and

partners must make flexible use of foreign and security policy instruments in

order to prevent and remove disruptions and blockades.

Climate Change

 Climate change is a global phenomenon and is already affecting the lives of

hundreds of millions of people. In addition, climate change has significant and

existential implications for many states and their populations. As a consequence,

access to water and other limited basic resources is becoming an existential

threat for an increasing number of states and regions. It is therefore increasingly

relevant for security policy and indirectly for Germany.

Uncontrolled and Irregular Migration

 Around the world, people are being driven from their homes by armed conflict,

persecution and displacement, adverse economic, social and ecological

 conditions, as well as by poverty and hunger. Organized crime and terrorist

networks in their countries of origin and transit are exploiting the desperation of

migrants in order to generate income or to recruit new fighters.

 Europe and Germany in particular are frequent destinations for migrants and

refugees. Asylum for persecuted people is an important part of our constitution.

The economic and social gap between Europe and its neighboring regions,

which is likely to persist in the foreseeable future, and above all the ongoing

violent conflicts in many parts of the world will lead to a considerable potential for

migration even in the coming decades.

 Migration in itself does not pose a risk to Germany’s security. On the contrary,

Germany needs legal and orderly immigration to compensate for its aging

population.

 The causes of flight and irregular migration must be addressed in a joint effort by

the international community and the countries of origin and transit. It is

particularly important to provide support for internally displaced persons and for

refugees who have fled to neighboring countries.

Germany embraces its responsibility for managing the humanitarian consequences of

refugee movements. This challenge can, however, only be appropriately controlled and

managed on the basis of an effective European strategy and practice.

Epidemics and Pandemics

 World population growth and increasing global mobility are promoting the spread

of diseases and epidemics as well as outbreaks of pandemics.

  Even locally confined outbreaks of particularly contagious diseases can

overwhelm public and other services and precipitate a collapse of healthcare

systems and public order. This can result in regional destabilization. At the same

time, there is a risk that diseases could spread regionally or globally.

 This poses systemic risks, in addition to the immediate danger to human life.

These risks can emerge as a result of stress on national and international

healthcare systems, severe disruptions of transnational traffic and economic

systems, as well as the de facto quarantining of affected regions. Major

challenges are posed by the rapid and appropriate deployment of material and

specialist personnel in hard-to-reach areas as well as by effective prevention

through local education and health protection measures.

 Germany supports the prevention and management of such challenges in

particular through improvements to the coordination and crisis management

capabilities of multilateral organizations like WHO. Important contributions in this

respect are, for example, support for existing European instruments under the

EU Civil Protection Mechanism (European Medical Corps) and the creation of a

contingent of physicians and specialist medical personnel at both national and

European levels as well as logistical capabilities for rapidly deploying such

personnel to crisis regions.

GERMANY’S STRATEGIC PRIORITIES

Guaranteeing a Whole-of-Government Approach to Security

  It is no longer possible to draw a sharp distinction between internal and external

security. Disruptions and threats can frequently be found in the grey area in

between. The vulnerabilities of our open and globally interconnected society are

deliberately targeted.

 These circumstances necessitate an effective whole-of-government approach to

security. This includes protecting the sovereignty and integrity of German territory

and German citizens and rescuing German nationals in emergency situations

abroad.

 Strengthening the resilience and robustness of our country so that it can deal

with current and future threats is of particular importance for our whole-of-

government approach to security. This means intensifying cooperation between

government bodies, citizens and private operators of critical infrastructure, as

well as the media and network operators. Everyone involved in this approach

must work closely together.

Strengthening the cohesion and capacity to act of NATO and the EU is of

paramount importance for Germany.

Strengthening the Cohesion and Capacity to Act of the North Atlantic Alliance

and the European Union

 Germany’s security is inextricably linked to that of its allies in NATO and the EU.

The transatlantic alliance is vital to the security of Europe. Only together with the

United States can Europe effectively defend itself against the threats of the 21st
 century and guarantee a credible form of deterrence. Germany was able to rely

on the solidarity and readiness of the Allies over a period of almost forty years

during the Cold War. It therefore recognizes its duty and responsibility to

contribute to collective defense on the basis of solidarity.

 Alliance solidarity is a fundamental principle of German governance.

 Strengthening the cohesion and capacity to act of NATO and the EU is of

paramount importance for Germany. We actively strive to strike a balance

between conflicting interests and are prepared to assume responsibility and lead

in order to make joint action possible. Priority is given to the continuous

adaptation to the changing security environment, the close interlinking and

progressive integration of European armed forces, the strengthening of NATO’s

European pillar, and coherent interaction between NATO and the EU

Unhindered Use of Information and Communication Systems, Supply Lines,

Transportation and Trade Routes as well as the Secure Supply of Raw Materials

and Energy

 The economy relies as much on the secure supply of raw materials and on

secure international transportation routes as it does on functioning information

and communication systems.

 Securing maritime supply routes and ensuring freedom of the high seas is of

significant importance for an exporting nation like Germany which is highly

dependent on unimpeded maritime trade. Disruptions to our supply routes

caused by piracy, terrorism and regional conflicts can have negative

repercussions on our country’s prosperity.

  Space security is also becoming a key issue for the international community.

Space applications and, in particular, satellite systems are a fundamental

component of our critical infrastructure. All aspects of national and international

communication and navigation decisively depend on them.

 Germany must therefore work towards ensuring the unhindered use of ground,

air and sea lines of communication as well as of space and the cyber and

information domain. Continuously reviewing and refining agreements and

institutions that ensure a rules-based international order will remain an important

task.

Early Recognition, Prevention and Resolution of Crises and Conflicts

 Crises, conflicts, failing states, and humanitarian disasters influence not only

directly affected states and regions but also indirectly affected states and regions

such as Germany and Europe. The earlier crises and conflicts are countered by

preventive measures, the greater the chance of preventing escalation and of

achieving stability.

 Germany participate in the prevention and stabilization of crises and conflicts as

well as in post-crisis and post-conflict management, depending on the extent to

which it is affected and its available options. A forward-looking, comprehensive

and sustained approach is required for this purpose which also includes civil

society and cultural factors. Prevention always takes precedence. Long-term

prevention and stabilization will only succeed if local and regional actors are

enabled to assume responsibility for themselves. Strengthening good

 governance and respect for human rights in such states is therefore of

paramount importance.

Commitment to a Rules-Based International Order

 Germany is committed to help shape and refine the rules-based international

order. This international order is based on norms and values. Only it allows

states and individuals to enjoy security and develop freely. It makes free and fair

trade possible. It is not might but right that creates lasting peace and stability.

Strengthening and Expanding Strategic Capacity

The German Government’s interministerial approach to developing strategies will be

promoted and expanded by

 ensuring that, in accordance with the principle of ministerial autonomy, the

Federal Security Council more consistently addresses strategic issues and

resulting threat scenarios in order to further strengthen its role as a provider of

strategic stimulus;

 coordinating the German Government’s crisis management priorities and joint

approaches for specific crisis situations in suitable interministerial bodies;

 expanding and interlinking authority in the areas of strategic foresight, control

and evaluation; this will make it possible for us to recognize future developments

at an earlier stage, take effects-based measures more rapidly, and further

increase our ability to respond and to adapt through institutionalized learning and

 regularly updating and harmonizing strategy documents and basing them as

much as possible on measurable criteria; this will ensure strategic continuity and

coherence and further increase our ability to act and respond; the German
 Government will, among other things, present a follow-on document to the 2004

Civilian Crisis Prevention Action Plan.

Developing Sustainable Security

 Permanently safeguarding security interests is a cross-generational

responsibility. Sustainable security means interlinking the security of states,

individuals and successive generations as well as the many different areas that

development and security have in common.

To ensure that our security policy retains the required diverse options for responding to

threats, the German Government will strategically plan and provide sustainable funding

in accordance with requirements and within the scope of available financial resources in

particular for

 the number of personnel,

 personnel development through investment in qualifications and the

establishment of international expertise and

 building up, maintaining and promoting necessary capabilities, national key

technologies and equipment in the ministries responsible for foreign, security and

development policy tasks.

Enhancing the Comprehensive Approach

 the German Government strengthen its political work and decision-making

structures with regard to key issues of German foreign and security policy,

thereby ensuring that political requirements are translated even more effectively

into preventive and coherent government action; the Federal Security Council

and other appropriate interministerial formats play a central role in this structure;
  situation centers at the strategic and operational levels connect and share

available information and focus it for the political level; the ability of the German

Government to analyze and assess developments will thus be placed on a

broader foundation;

 the exchange of personnel between ministries must be intensified; this will

promote the growth of expertise and the flow of information at all levels and

 joint training and exercises for state and non-state actors must be promoted to

enable them to operate throughout the entire crisis cycle; this will further

enhance extensive cooperation on the basis of mutual understanding.

National security is not only a task of the state, but increasingly a joint task of the

state, industry, the scientific community, and society.

The state and industry already enjoy a close security partnership that encompasses the

protection not only of critical infrastructure but also of the economy. Preserving and

protecting expertise and capabilities in security-relevant areas, particularly regarding

key technologies, will continue to be of paramount importance. The German

Government will render its approach to national security more comprehensive by

 continuously identifying and adapting areas requiring protection;

 further developing civil defense planning (maintenance of state and government

functions, civil protection, supply, support of the armed forces) with the goal of

harmonizing crisis management procedures;

  institutionalizing a whole-of-society discussion on future security requirements

at the Federal Academy for Security Policy;

 intensifying the security partnership between the state, industry, and the

scientific community through regular exchanges of information and expertise

and

 putting this partnership into practice particularly in the cyber and information

domain. Therefore, Germany’s Cyber Security Strategy will place greater

emphasis on preventive measures and also address these measures in a

holistic approach; in addition, we will expand international cooperation, in

particular with our allies in NATO and the EU.

Assuming Responsibility for International Stability and Security

By taking early and comprehensive action, Germany works to eradicate the causes of

conflicts and to promote the establishment of viable institutions and structures for

peaceful conflict management at international level. Crisis prevention, stabilization and

peace consolidation call for tailored instruments. Security sector reform and the

promotion of the rule of law and of democratic structures are therefore of particular

importance in all phases of conflict. Germany will respond with strategic perseverance

to the enormous challenges associated with the long-term stabilization of fragile, failing

and failed states.

 supporting the establishment of legitimate and viable state and social structures

by means of foreign and development policy, policing, and legal and judicial
 instruments. Human security and the possibility of self-determined and

sustainable development are goals of equal importance;

 employing diplomatic means to avoid, contain or end violence, crises and

conflicts and by taking on additional responsibility in political processes, for

instance through mediation;

 maintaining military means across the entire mission and task spectrum and at

all levels of intensity, from observer missions and humanitarian operations to

robust peace enforcement;

 maintaining the resources needed to ensure that stabilization and

reconstruction can secure the achievements of completed military operations;

 adapting decision-making processes to ever-shorter response times and to the

requirements of a multilateral capacity for action and

 creating teams of civilian experts which can be deployed to crisis areas at an

early stage and at short notice, thus increasing its ability to respond to and de-

escalate crises.

Mission of the Bundeswehr

The Bundeswehr is an important instrument of our security and defense policy. Its

mission is based on constitutional guidelines as well as Germany’s values, interests and

strategic priorities.

The mission of the Bundeswehr, as part of the whole-of-government approach, is to

 defend Germany’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and to protect its citizens;

 contribute to the resilience of state and society against external threats;

 support and ensure the ability of Germany to take action in matters of foreign

and security policy;

 contribute together with partners and allies to countering security threats to our

open society and to our free and safe world trade and supply routes;

 contribute to the defense of our allies and to the protection of their citizens;

 promote security and stability in an international framework and

 strengthen European integration, the transatlantic partnership, and multinational

cooperation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

 increase the strategic capacity by, among other things, further strengthening the

Federal Security Council as a provider of strategic stimulus and other

appropriate interministerial bodies for prioritizing the crisis response of the

Federal Government;

 fund, develop and provide the resources for a full range of foreign, security and

development policy instruments on a sustainable basis with available financial

resources;

 coordinate more effectively and further develop our comprehensive approach;

 base the approach to ensuring national security on resilience and a whole-of-

government effort within the given financial framework and

 assume responsibility for the stability and security of the international order by,

among other things, consistently enhancing our preventive security policy,

particularly in connection with the early recognition of crises and enhance and

enable approach.

 The experience of each presidential administration showed that establishing,

creating and having a national security framework is important for every

presidential administration to be relevant and responsive to the needs of the

People, the Regime and the State. As the security issues and concerns have

become increasingly uncertain and also more tightly intertwined, changes

anywhere in the system are unpredictably chaotic and dangerous. This calls for

the scoping of the NSF to be broad and comprehensive to include not just the

traditional dimensions of political (local and international), military and

economic, but must always be widened and deepened to include theocon-

cultural, environmental and technological dimensions.

 This would also require at the least, prodigious employment of news coping and

scanning technologies like horizon scanning and the like. As the internal and

external environment becomes dynamic, national security frameworks requires

orderly, participative and effective strategic planning efforts involving

stakeholders from all levels and interests.

 Government planning agencies in the national security, defense and economic

communities must continue to explore new and different avenues from the
 highest level down to the lowest. This is imperative for government to be able to

generate, collate, and harmonize requisite inputs for the NSF to be relevant,

responsive and timely to the needs of the State and the People. As a final

statement, in responding to the desire of suggesting a standard for national

security frameworks, this writer ventures to say, at the risk of being repetitive,

that said frameworks must always, in order to be truly unique and relevant --

capture and define the soul of the Nation.

 By doing so, this would entail capturing and reliving the core values of our

forebears who fought and died for those cherished values-- dignity, honor,

freedom, justice, self-determination, hard-work, discipline, tolerance, mutual

caring and compassion. To stress the point, the next presidential

administrations will have to explore avenues that will make us a nation with

people who are at peace to themselves and with the world.

CONCLUSION

In every national security framework of each presidential administration studied and

reviewed, there could be found peculiarities in terms of referent, scope and approaches.

However, each presidential national security framework has its own uniqueness in

terms of forms, styles and prioritization especially in the attention and deployment of

resources among the state institutions. The volatility in the forms, styles and

prioritization processes is highly dependent on the internal and external environments

and its drivers, the relationship among the national and international leaderships, and

the expanded values cherished by the leaders.

Germany is facing challenges that are unprecedented in their nature and scope. The

same is true of the Bundeswehr, which must confront new challenges for which it is not

yet adequately prepared.

There are historical and complex reasons for this which can be traced back to the end

of the Cold War. A reunited Europe brought the hope of a peaceful future and a “peace

dividend”. Germany was no longer a frontline state. The “Army of Unity” was downsized,

its capabilities and equipment reduced. This eventually resulted in stagnating defense

spending.

After 1990, defense spending as a percentage of Germany’s gross domestic product fell

by more than half. The widespread feeling that threats to German security had

diminished combined with economic challenges following German reunification meant

that defense was no longer considered a top priority.

The strength of the Bundeswehr was reduced by a number of reforms to today’s force

levels and its capabilities were focused on likely operations in the context of global crisis

management.

At the same time, however, Germany’s role in Europe and the world changed when

Germany regained full national sovereignty. It became clear that Germany now had the

same rights, obligations and responsibilities as every other state in the international

arena. Operations, particularly in Afghanistan, became increasingly robust, and

spending had to be prioritized to ensure that deployed forces had proper equipment.

The Bundeswehr had become a “force on operations”.

As a result, national and collective defense became increasingly less important.

Budgetary constraints forced the Bundeswehr to make painful compromises in many

areas, particularly in routine duty and in national and collective defense, as the only way

to meet the increased demands of operations.

Like other European allies, Germany suspended compulsory military service and

restructured its armed forces accordingly. This led to upper limits on commonly used

major weapons systems and on personnel, irrespective of the tasks for which they were

required. There was no longer a balance between tasks, forces and assets.

Today, a reoriented and streamlined Bundeswehr finds itself confronted with crises and

conflicts of unprecedented simultaneity and dimensions.

The aspiration to play a substantial role, the many trouble spots in Europe’s

neighborhood and beyond, and increased expectations about the role Germany should

play in foreign and security policy necessitate a change in order to restore a balance

between the tasks the Bundeswehr performs.

The Bundeswehr must reorient itself towards its most comprehensive task, namely

national and collective defense, and must also provide the forces and assets required

for international crisis management and crisis management for German nationals

abroad. At the same time, the number of theatres of operations around the world is

continuously growing. As a consequence, the Bundeswehr faces a wide range of

challenges seldom experienced on this scale. It must be able and prepared to perform

tasks simultaneously.
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