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As of January 2020, there have been 104[1] amendments of the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.[2]
There are three types of amendments to the Constitution of India of which second and third type of amendments are governed by Article 368.
The first type of amendments includes that can be passed by "simple majority" in each house of the Parliament of India.
The second type of amendments includes that can be effected by the parliament by a prescribed "special majority" in each house; and
The third type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such "special majority" in each house of the parliament, ratification by
at least one half of the State Legislatures.
The third type amendments that are made to the constitution are amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36,
38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103 and 104.[3]
Contents
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References
External links
27 August Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit Lal
18th Amend article 3.[21]
1966 reorganisation of Union Territories. Bahadur
Shastri
Enforced Prime
No. Amendments Objectives President
since Minister
11
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High
19th Amend article 324.[22] December
Courts.
1966
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges
22 and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring
20th Insert article 233A.[23] December a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed
1966 to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in
the state of Uttar Pradesh.
10 April Indira
21st Amend schedule 8.[24] Include Sindhi as an official language.
1967 Gandhi
Amend article 275. 25 V. V. Giri
22nd Insert articles 244A and September Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.
371B.[25] 1969
Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the
Amend articles 330, 332, Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than
23 January
23rd one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative
333 and 334.[26] 1970
Assembly. Extend reservation for SCs and STs and Anglo Indian members in the
Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
Amend articles 81, 330 and Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the
17 October
31st new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971
332.[34] 1973
Delimitation exercise.
Amend article 371.
Insert articles 371D and Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra
32nd 1 July 1974
371E. Pradesh.
Amend schedule 7.[35]
Amend articles 101 and Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state
19 May
33rd legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by
190.[36] 1974
house speaker.
7 Fakhruddin Ali
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
34th Amend schedule 9.[37] September
constitution.
Ahmed
1974
Amend articles 80 and 81.
1 March
35th Insert article 2A. Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.
1975
Insert schedule 10.[38]
Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
26 April
36th Remove article 2A. Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.
1975
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[39]
Amend articles 239A and
37th 3 May 1975 Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
240.[40]
Amend articles 123, 213,
1 June
38th 239B, 352, 356, 359 and Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
1975
360.[41]
Enforced Prime
No. Amendments Objectives President
since Minister
Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court
invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment
placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. The amendment
was introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha on August 7, 1975 and again
introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 8, 1975. As many as 17
State Assemblies, summoned on Saturday, August 9 ratified this amendment and
President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad gave his assent on Sunday, August 10 and the
Amend articles 71 and 329. civil servants issued gazette notification on Sunday, August 10, 1975. As a
10 August
39th Insert article 329A. consequence of this amendment to the Constitution of India, Supreme Court of
1975
Amend schedule 9.[42] India's scheduled hearing on August 11, 1975 of Petition challenging Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi's election became infructuous.[43]
Later however, Article 329A was struck down by the Supreme Court
in case of State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for
being in violation of basic structure.
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest
the mineral wealth with Union of India.
Amend article 297. 27 May
40th
Amend schedule 9.[44] 1976
Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under
Schedule 9 of the constitution.
7
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service
41st Amend article 316.[45] September
Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
1976
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39,
55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100,
102, 103, 105, 118, 145,
150, 166, 170, 172, 189, Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for
191, 192, 194, 208, 217, curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the
225, 226, 227, 228, 311, basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic.
312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 2
42nd 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 November However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India,
and 371F. 1976 quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in
Insert articles 31D, 32A,
39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.
139A, 144A, 226A, 228A
and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[46]
Enforced Prime
No. Amendments Objectives President
since Minister
Amend articles 145, 226,
228 and 366. Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals
13 April
43rd Remove articles 31D, 32A, some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill
1978
131A, 144A, 226A and 42.
228A.[47]
Amend articles 19, 22, 30,
31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77,
83, 103, 105, 123, 132,
133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, Morarji
172, 192, 194, 213, 217, Desai Neelam
225, 226, 227, 239B, 329,
6 Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides Sanjiva Reddy
352, 356, 358, 359, 360
44th September for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and
and 371F.
1978 legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
Insert articles 134A and
361A.
Remove articles 31, 257A
and 329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[48]
25 January Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in
45th Amend article 334.[49]
1980 Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
Amend articles 269, 286 Zail Singh
2 February Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales
46th and 366.
1983 Tax.
Amend schedule 7.[50]
26 August Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
47th Amend schedule 9.[51]
1984 constitution.
26 August Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of
48th Amend article 356.[52]
1984 Punjab. Indira
Gandhi
Amend article 244. 11
Recognise Tripura as a tribal state and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal
49th Amend schedules 5 and September
Areas Autonomous District Council.
6.[53] 1984
Amend articles 330 and Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
29 April
51st Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their
332.[55] 1984
Legislative Assemblies.
Enforced Prime
No. Amendments Objectives President
since Minister
Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and
Amend articles 101, 102, 15 assembly in case of defection from one party to other. However, parts of the 10th
52nd 190 and 191. February Schedule to the Constitution of India was struck down by the Supreme Court in the
Insert schedule 10.[56] 1985 case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention
with Article 368 of the Constitution.
20
53rd Insert article 371G.[57] February Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
1986
Amend articles 125 and
1 April Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for
54th 221.
1986 determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.
Amend schedule 2.[58]
20
Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal
55th Insert article 371H.[59] February
Pradesh.
1987
30 May Rajiv
56th Insert article 371I.[60] Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.
1987 Gandhi
21 R.
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
57th Amend article 332.[61] September
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.
Venkataraman
1987
Amend article 356. Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of
30 March
59th Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in
Insert article 359A.[63] 1988
state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.
20
Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs.
60th Amend article 276.[64] December
2500/-.
1988
28 March
61st Amend article 326.[65] Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
1989
20 V. P. Singh
Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in
62nd Amend article 334.[66] December
Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000.
1989
Amend article 356. 6 January Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per
63rd
Remove article 359A.[67] 1990 amendment 59 repealed.
Enforced Prime
No. Amendments Objectives President
since Minister
16 April Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in
64th Amend article 356.[68]
1990 the state of Punjab.
12 March National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its
65th Amend article 338.[69]
1990 statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
7 June Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
66th Amend schedule 9.[70]
1990 constitution.
4 October Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of
67th Amend article 356.[71]
1990 Punjab.
12 March Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of
68th Amend article 356.[72]
1991 Punjab.
Insert articles 239AA and 1 February To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for National Capital
69th
239AB.[73] 1990 Territory of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.
8
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati
83rd Amend article 243M.[87] September
Raj institutions.
2000
Amend article 338. 28 The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
89th September bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National
Insert article 338A.[93]
2003 Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
28
90th Amend article 332.[94] September Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.
2003
Enforced Prime
No. Amendments Objectives President
since Minister
Amend articles 75 and 164.
1 January Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to
91st Insert article 361B.
2004 strengthen Anti Defection laws.
Amend schedule 10.[95]
7 January
92nd Amend schedule 8.[96] Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Mathili as official languages.
2004
20 January To enable provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward Class(OBCs) in
93rd Amend article 15.[97]
2006 government as well as private educational institutions.
12 June To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and
94th Amend article 164.[98]
2006 Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.
25 January To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian in the Lok
95th Amend article 334.[99]
2010 Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years.
23
96th Amend schedule 8.[100] September Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya".
2011
Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article Manmohan
19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and Singh
added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies. Pratibha Patil
The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of
Amend Art 19 and added 12 January cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected
97th
Part IXB.[101] 2012
to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of
cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the
members and other stakeholders.[102]
To insert Article 371J in the 2 January To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad- Pranab
98th
Constitution[103] 2013 Karnataka Region.[103] Mukherjee
To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
25 January
104th Amend article 334.[111] 2020
assemblies from Seventy years to Eighty years. Removed the reserved seats for
the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.[112]
References
1. "Amendments | National Portal of India" (https://www.india.gov.in/m w.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments) from
y-government/constitution-india/amendments). www.india.gov.in. the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181122212554/https://ww