Changes of State

The learning objectives for this lesson

1. Explain what happens to a substance during changes

between solid and liquid.
2. Explain what happens to a substance during changes
between liquid and gas.
3. Explain what happens to a substance during changes
between solid and gas.
Vocabulary

• Melting • Boiling
• Melting point • Boiling point
• Freezing • Condensation
• Vaporization • Sublimation
• Evaporation
Changes of State

• Changes of State – particles of a liquid have more

thermal energy than the particles of the same
substance as a solid. As a gas, the particles have
even more thermal energy.
• A change from solid to liquid involves an increase in
thermal energy. The change form a liquid to a solid is
the reverse; it involves a decrease in thermal energy.
What happens when a solid melts?

• Melting is the change in state from a solid to a

liquid.
• In pure crystalline solids, melting occurs at a specific
temperature, called the melting point.
• A substances melting point is a physical
characteristic of that substance. The melting point
can be used to identify an unknown substance.
What happens when a solid melts?

• When an ice cube is put on a

plate to melt. The energy to
melt the ice comes mostly
from the air in the room.
• At first the added energy
makes the water molecules
vibrate faster, raising their
temperature. At the melting
point its particles are vibrating
so fast, they break free from
their fixed positions.
What happens when a solid melts?

• At 0°C, the temperature of

the ices stops increasing
and any added energy
changes the arrangement of
the water molecules from ice
crystals into liquid water.
Freezing

• Freezing is the change of

state from a liquid to a
solid, or the reverse of
melting.
• At a liquids freezing point,
its particles are moving so
slowly they begin to take
on a fixed position.
Freezing

• When you put liquid water into a freezer, the water

loses energy to the cold air in the freezer. The
molecules move slower and slower as they lose
energy. When the water begins to freeze, the
temperature stays at 0°C until freezing is
complete.
Changes in Liquid and Gas states.

• What makes clouds

form, or a puddle dry
up?
• To understand these
questions you must
understand what
happens when changes
occur between liquid
and gas states.
Evaporation and Boiling

• The change in state from a

liquid to a gas is called
vaporization.
• Vaporization occurs when
the particles in the liquid
gain enough energy to
move independently.
• There are two main types
of vaporization;
evaporation and boiling.
Evaporation and Boiling

• Vaporization that only takes

place on the surface of a
liquid is called evaporation.
• A shrinking puddle is an
example. Heat from the sun
or the warm ground add
energy to the water, which
enables some of the water
molecules to escape into the
air or evaporate.
Evaporation and Boiling

• Vaporization that takes place both below the surface and at the surface of a
liquid is called boiling. When water boils, vaporized water molecules form
bubbles of air below the surface, the bubbles rise and eventually break the
surface of the liquid. The temperature at which a liquid boils is its boiling
point.
Condensation

• Condensation is the reverse of

vaporization. The change in state
from a gas to a liquid.

• You can observe condensation on a

mirror. When you take a shower as
water vapor hits the cooler surface,
the water vaper condenses into liquid
drops and the mirror fogs up.

• Condensation occurs when particles

in a gas lose enough thermal energy
to form a liquid.
Condensation

• Clouds form when water vapor in the

atmosphere condenses into tiny liquid
droplets. When the droplets get heavy
enough, they fall to the ground as
rain.

• Water vapor is a colorless gas that

you cannot see. The steam from a
kettle, the clouds in the sky, or fog
are not water vapor, they are all tiny
drops of water suspended in the air.
Condensation

• In places that are very cold, snow may

disappear without it being warm enough to
melt. This change is the result of
Sublimination.

• Sublimination occurs when surface particles

gain enough energy that they form a gas.
During sublimination, particles of a solid do
not pass through a liquid state as they form a
gas.

• Dry ice is an example of sublimination. Dry

Ice is a solid form of Carbon Dioxide. Carbon
Dioxide cannot exist as a liquid.
THE END