Formwork

It is a temporary structure which is used as a mould to

pour the concrete. It is a vertical or horizontal
arrangement made to keep concrete in position until it
gains strength & shape.

Have you seen the mentioned shape of column of

bridge in the image?
Ever wondered how to bring the concrete in such a shape.
This all possible by formwork.
Firstly, the desired mould is prepared using steel or iron,
and then formwork is fixed in position without any gaps to
pour the concrete.
Formwork
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Failures in Formwork
Failures in Formwork
Failures in Formwork
 Shuttering

It is a part of formwork, or you may call it as derivative of formwork.

Shuttering is a vertical temporary arrangement which is arranged to bring

concrete in a desired shape.

or

Formwork which supports vertical arrangement is known as shuttering.

In a technical point of view, Formwork for columns, footings, retaining walls is
called as a Shuttering.
 Shuttering
Shuttering refers to the method of forming the mould using
plywood while formwork is more of a broader term that's
used to denote the process of creating a mould using a
variety of materials.

Both formwork and shuttering accomplish the same task,

with the main difference being the materials used to
accomplish the task.
 Shuttering

Rammed Earth Formwork Wall Formwork

A temporary structure upon which the Centering
materials of a vault or arch are
supported in position until the work
becomes self supporting

The centering itself must be rigidly

supported, either by posts from the
ground or by trusses when piers are
available to receive their ends.

Centering is a temporary arrangement & part of formwork

which is arranged to support horizontal members.
or
In a technical point of view, the formwork for floor beams
& slabs is called as a Centering.
Centering
 Staging

Staging is a temporary member which is used to support

formwork (either it may be for centering or shuttering).

It is done by props, jacks, H frames, cup lock system,

wooden ballies, etc.
 Staging

Cup locking system

Staging
 Scaffolding

Formwork is arranged to support the structural

members, whereas scaffolding is provided as a
workers platform around the building to work at
heights

Scaffolding is a movable/fixed platform

Purpose of Scaffolding Types of Scaffolding
Provide a platform to stand safely and carry on the construction Single scaffolding
Provide platform to keep necessary materials of construction, Double scaffolding
mortar, trowel, plumb bob etc.,
Ladder scaffolding
Scaffolding is also needed for the repairs or even demolition of
a building Cantilever or Needle scaffolding

Suspend scaffolding
Requirements of scaffolding
Scaffolding and their components shall Trestle scaffolding
be capable of supporting without failure
at least four times the maximum Steel scaffolding
intended load
Scaffolding shall not be loaded in excess
of the working load for which they are
intended
Employees shall not work on scaffolding
during storms or high wind
 Single Scaffoldin

Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry and

is also called as brick layer’s scaffolding.

Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs

etc., which is parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2
m.

Distance between the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m.

Ledgers connect the standards at vertical interval of 1.2 to
1.5 m.

Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one
end of the ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2
to 1.5 m
 Double Scaffoldi

Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry

so, it is also called as mason’s scaffolding.

In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to

support putlogs. So, two rows of scaffolding is constructed
to make it strong.

The first row is 20 – 30 cm away from the wall and the

other one is 1m away from the first row.

Then putlogs are placed which are supported by the both

frames.
To make it more strong rakers and cross braces are
provided. This is also called as independent scaffolding.
 Cantelever Scaffoldin

This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported

on series of needles and these needles are taken out through
holes in the wall. This is called single frame type scaffolding. In
the other type needles are strutted inside the floors through
the openings and this is called independent or double frame
type scaffolding. Care should be taken while construction of
cantilever scaffolding.

Generally cantilever scaffoldings are used under conditions

such as
When the ground does not having the capacity to support
standards

When the Ground near the wall is to be free from traffic

When upper part of the wall is under construction.

 Suspended Scaffoldi

In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended

from roofs with the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be
raised or lowered to our required level. This type of scaffolding
is used for repair works, pointing, paintings etc..
 Trestle Scaffolding

In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is

supported on movable tripods or ladders. This
is generally used for work inside the room,
such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a height of
5m
 Steel Scaffolding

Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are

fixed together by steel couplers or fittings. It is very easy
to construct or dismantle. It has greater strength,
greater durability and higher fire resistance. It is not
economical but will give more safety for workers. So, it
is used extensively nowadays.
Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are
Patented
equipped with special couplings and frames etc., these are Scaffolding
readymade scaffoldings which are available in the market. In
this type of scaffolding working platform is arranged on
brackets which can be adjustable to our required level
Scafolding
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Challenges
Challenges
Challenges
Challenges
Challenges
Challenges
Challenges
Challenges
Brazilian modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer’s swoops
and arches in reinforced concrete are a testament to the
material’s sculptural quality. For the National Museum of
Brazil, Niemeyer designed what resembles a planet
embedded in the ground, the other half of the sphere
created by a reflection in an adjacent pool.
Villa Saitan—a housing complex in Kyoto, Japan,
completed in 2006 by local firm Eastern Design Office—is
encased in a concrete shell with undulating cutouts that
mimic the roots, trunk, and leaves of a tree
Yale University’s Paul Rudolph Hall, completed by the
American architect in 1963, is an example of how
concrete was used in Brutalist architecture, popularized in
the 1950s through the 1970s. Its blocklike, hammered
exterior contains 37 levels scattered across nine main
floors.
In 2013 Mari Ito, of the Tokyo-based Urban Architecture
Office, designed the Science Hills museum in Komatsu,
Japan, with a wavy concrete roof that integrates the
building’s architecture with the land, creating a structure
that also serves as a park.
Pritzker Prize–winning architect Richard Meier
designed Jubilee Church, just outside Rome, as
part of Pope John Paul II's 1993 initiative to
reinvigorate parish activity in the city. Three
concrete sails, modeled on the half circle, are
supported by a square spine. Windows nestled
between each of the slabs allow light to fill the
volume at varying degrees, depending on the
hour.

Challenges
Santiago Calatrava’s auditorium in Santa Cruz de
Tenerife in the Canary Islands cuts a striking figure
against the Atlantic Ocean. Inside the structure, completed
by the Spanish architect in 2003, a performance space is
enclosed by curving abstract concrete forms.

Challenges
The Salk Institute, a monumental research center Challenges
designed by Louis Kahn in 1965, is perched on a bluff
overlooking the Pacific Ocean in La Jolla, California,
creating a symphony of geometry and shadow. For the
two identical six-story buildings that flank a courtyard of
imported travertine, Kahn chose poured concrete for its
proven durability and low maintenance.
For two buildings at Chile’s new Diego Portales
University campus, Chilean architects Duque
Motta & AA and Rafael Hevia sought to create a
design that stood out from the other glass-box
structures in the area. To that end, they
incorporated green space—parks, gardens, and
living walls—into fortified concrete structures.

Challenges
The Pierre, an Olson Kundig project completed in
Washington in 2010, was inspired by the client’s fondness
for an imposing stone deposit on her property. For the
home, conceived as a hideaway amid the crag, the AD100
architects cut away portions of the rock, which were
crushed, made into concrete, and used in other parts of
the house.

Challenges
Chandigarh, the utopian city designed by Le Corbusier
with Pierre Jeanneret in 1947, in post-independence India,
was built largely out of concrete. In the Palais de
l’Assemblée, situated on a reflecting pool, the swooping
sculptural form at the entrance contrasts with the
building’s linear concrete columns throughout.

Challenges
From the top terrace of the Cidade das Artes in Rio de Janeiro, completed by Pritzker Prize–
winning French architect Christian de Portzamparc in 2013, you can see both the mountains and
the sea. The curvilinear concrete walls, an homage to Brazilian modernist architecture of the mid-
20th century, create an interplay between voluminous shape and empty space, visible from a
distance

Challenges