15 ARC 5.

3 –BUILDING SERVICES – 2 (Electrical Services and Illumination)

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 Construction of cables
 Parts of a cable
 Properties of cable insulators
 Properties of conductors
 Types of cables
 Underground cables
 Methods of laying underground cables
 Types of cable faults
 Comparison between overhead and
underground cables

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Cable:

In electro-technology, cable
means an insulated
electrical conductor used for
transmitting electrical
energy

The purpose of a power

cable is to carry electricity
safely from the power source
to different loads. In order to Alluminium conductor underground
accomplish this goal, the cables are being used in india
cable is made up with some
components or part

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

CABLE CLASSIFICATION

1. LT (Low tension cables) upto 1000 volts

2. HT(High Tension cables) upto 22kv
3. ST (Super Tenson cables) from 22000 volts to 33000 volts
4. EHT (Extra High tension cables) from 33000 volts to 66000 volts
5. Oil filled /pressure /gas pressure cables from 66000 volts to 132000 volts

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

1. LT (Low tension cables)

• USED UPTO 1000 VOLTS

• USED FOR DISTRIBUTION OF POWER AT 400 VOLTS
• 2 TYPES – SINGLE CORE & MULTICORE

• The conductors are insulated with rubber or PVC

• Around all the 4 conductors a layer of fibrous compound material is provided
• Above this layer a lead sheath is provided to restrict the moisture to enter the
core of the cable
• The lead sheath is covered with a compounded fibrous material
• It is covered with al layer of serving

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)
I. Cores or Conductors.
 The conductors are made of tinned copper or aluminum and are usually
stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.

II. Insulation:

 Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulation,

the thickness of layer depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the
cable. The commonly used materials for insulation are impregnated paper,
varnished cambric or rubber mineral compound

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)
III. Metallic Sheath.
In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids (acids
or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is
provided over the insulation

IV. Bedding
Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of a fibrous
material like jute or hessian tape. The purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic
sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armoring.

V. Armoring.
Over the bedding, armoring is provided which consists of one or two layers of
galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the cable from
mechanical injury while laying it and during the course of handling. Armoring may
not be done in the case of some cables.

VI. Serving.
In order to protect armoring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous
material (like jute) similar to bedding is provided over the armoring. This is known
as serving.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

(i) High insulation resistance to avoid leakage current.
(ii) High dielectric strength to avoid electrical breakdown of the cable.
(iii) High mechanical strength to withstand the mechanical handling of
cables.
(iv)Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air or soil. The
moisture tends to decrease the insulation resistance and hastens the
breakdown of the cable. In case the insulating material is hygroscopic,
it must be enclosed in a waterproof covering like lead sheath.
(v) Non-inflammable.
(vi)Low cost so as to make the underground system a viable proposition.
(vii)Unaffected by acids and alkalies to avoid any chemical action.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Advantages of Aluminum Wiring

 Due to its lightweight nature, aluminum is fairly malleable and easy to work with.
 The lightweight nature of aluminum is beneficial when wiring is to be done over long
distances as it makes the job less rigorous.
 Aluminum also reduces corona, an electric discharge associated with high power
transmissions.
 When it comes to cost, aluminum is more affordable than copper wire.With aluminum,
you will require about half the amount you would need if copper wire were used instead.

Disadvantages

• If not installed properly, aluminum wiring can raise the risk of house fires.When
aluminum wire warms, it expands and when it cools, it contracts. The tightness of the
wiring decreases with each progressive warm-cool cycle experienced, creating the
phenomenon known as “cold creep." These loose connections can cause sparking which
may result in fires.Wires progressively heat up and could even melt surrounding
insulation and fixtures, triggering a fire.
• Aluminum wires require higher maintenance than copper wiring. This is partly due to the
high wear and tear rate as well as greater risk of fire. For.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Advantages of Copper Wiring

Copper has one of the highest electrical conductivity rates among metals, which
allows it to be soldered with ease. It also makes it possible for smaller conductors to be
used to transmit power loads. Smaller conductors are easier to transport and install,
and they cost less, which helps manage wiring costs. Copper doesn’t undergo the
same extreme expansion and contraction cycles as aluminum so it is a more stable
material to use.
Due to its high ductile properties, copper can be formed into very fine wire, making it
more versatile. Copper has a high tensile strength as well, so it can undergo extreme
stress but show minimal signs of wear and tear. This makes the wiring more durable
than aluminum. Due to its great resilience, high durability, low maintenance, and high
performance, copper wiring also adds to home value.

Disadvantages

Copper wire costs much more than aluminum, so when extensive wiring is necessary, the
overall costs may prove to be prohibitive. Copper is also heavier which can add to the
difficulty in wiring. More supports are required to secure the heavier wire in place, which
also adds to overall cost.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

RUBBER

 It can be obtained from milky sap of

tropical trees or from oil products.

 It has the dielectric strength of 30

KV/mm.

 Relative permittivity varying between 2

and 3.

 They readily absorbs moisture, soft and

liable to damage due to rough handling
and ages when exposed to light.

 Maximum safe temperature is very low

about 38 C

 Cannot withstand high temparature

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Vulcanized India Rubber

 It can be obtained from mixing pure

rubber with mineral compounds i-e
zinc oxide, red lead and sulphur and
heated up to 150C.

 It has greater mechanical strength,

durability and wear resistant property.

 The sulphur reacts quickly with

copper so tinned copper conductors
are used.

 It is suitable for low and moderate

voltage cables.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

This material has good dielectric

strength, high insulation resistance and
high melting temperatures.

These have not so good mechanical

properties as those of rubber.

It is inert to oxygen and almost inert to

many alkalis and acids.

Polyvinyl chloride steel wire armored

(PVC SWA)

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Polychloropene PCP

 provides good heat resistance,

 flame resistance
 resistance to oil
 sunlight and weathering
 low temperature resistance and
abrasion resistance.
 Due to its ruggedness, neoprene is
used widely in the mining industry.
Does not deform with high
temperatures and does not contain
halogens.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

XLPE Cables (Cross Linked Poly-
ethene)
This material has temperature range
beyond 250 – 300 C
This material gives good insulating
properties

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable

is a variety of electrical cable made from copper conductors inside a copper

sheath, insulated by inorganic magnesium oxide powder.
The name is often abbreviated to MICC MI cable is made by placing copper
rods inside a circular copper tube and filling the intervening spaces with
dry magnesium oxide powder.
The overall assembly is then pressed between rollers to reduce its diameter
(and increase its length). Up to seven conductors are often found in an MI
cable
A similar product sheathed with metals other than copper is called mineral
insulated metal sheathed (MIMS) cable.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

PIL CSWA

for power distribution in the oil, gas, petroleum and chemical industries
where underground cables are exposed to waterlogging and corrosive liquids
and vapors - cable construction including lead sheath cover protects against
penetration and degradation of electric cable insulation.

by far the most common form of insulation between the conductors of a cable.
In earlier times oil impregnated paper was commonly used and is still used
for high voltage, say 132kV normally underground, cables.

A typical cable is known as P I L C S W A.

The advantages of oil impregnated paper is that oil and paper are very good
insulators, and the oil fills all small gaps which would otherwise exist in the
insulation layer

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

PRESSURE CABLES
When the operating voltages are greater than 66 kV and up to 230 kV, pressure
cables are used. In such cables, voids are eliminated by increasing the
pressure of compound and for this reason they are called pressure cables.
Two types of pressure cables viz oil-filled cables and gas pressure cables are
commonly used.

(i) Oil-filled cables :-

In such types of cables, channels or ducts are provided in the cable for oil
circulation. The oil under pressure (it is the same oil used for impregnation) is
kept constantly supplied to the channel by means of external reservoirs
placed at suitable distances (say 500 m) along the route of the cable.
Oil under pressure compresses the layers of paper insulation and is forced into
any voids that may have formed between the layers.
Oil-filled cables are of three types viz., single-core conductor channel, single-
core sheath channel and three-core filler-space channels

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

The fig alongside shows the
constructional details of a single core
sheath channel oil-filled cable. In this
type of cable, the conductor is solid
similar to that of solid cable and is paper
insulated. However, oil ducts are
provided in the metallic sheath as shown.

In the 3-core oil-filler cable shown in Fig

alongside the oil ducts are located in the
filler spaces. These channels are
composed of perforated metal-ribbon
tubing and are at earth potential.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

The oil-filled cables have three principal advantages.:-

 Formation of voids and ionization are avoided.

 Allowable temperature range and dielectric strength are
increased.
 If there is leakage, the defect in the lead sheath is at once
indicated and the possibility of earth faults is decreased

Disadvantages
 the high initial cost
complicated system of laying

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 Gas pressure cable
 The construction of the cable is of
triangular shape and thickness of
lead sheath is 75% that of solid
cable. The triangular section
reduces the weight and gives low
thermal resistance but the main
reason for triangular shape is
that the lead sheath acts as a
pressure membrane. The sheath
is protected by a thin metal tape.
 The cable is laid in a gas-tight
steel pipe. The pipe is filled with
dry nitrogen gas at 12 to 15
atmospheres. The gas pressure
Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)
produces radial compression and
closes the voids that may have
formed between the layers of
paper insulation.
 Advantages:-
 Such cables can carry more load
current and operate at higher
voltages than a normal cable.
 Moreover, maintenance cost is
small and the nitrogen gas helps
in quenching any flame.
 Disadvantage:-
 the overall cost is very high
AN UNDERGROUND CABLE
consists of one or more conductors covered with some suitable
insulating material and surrounded by a protecting cover. The cable is
laid underground to transmit electric power
Before laying cable under the ground, its route should be surveyed &
selected. The position of water mains or drains etc. Should be
ascertained. moisture of soil should not enter the core of cable.
Properties Of Under Ground Cables
I. it must possess high insulation resistance.
II. it should not be costly.
III. it should be sufficiently flexible.
IV. it should not be bulky.
V. it should be able to withstand heat produced due to flow of current.
VI. it should not be capable of being damaged while laying in the
ground.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

1. Direct Laying
In direct laying method, the cables with
steel tape or wire armoring are laid directly
as they afford excellent protection from
mechanical injury. This method of the
laying underground cables is simple and
cheap and in much use. In this method of
laying, a trench about 1.5 m deep and 45cm
wide is dug through out the route of the
cable. The trench is covered with a layer of
fine sand and the cable is laid over this
sand bed. The purpose of sand is to prevent
the entry of moisture from the ground and
thus protects the cable from decay

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Advantages:-
 Repairs, alterations or additions to the cable network can be
made without opening the ground.
 As the cables are not armored, therefore, joints become simpler
and maintenance cost is reduced considerably.
 There are very less chances of fault occurrence due to strong
mechanical protection provided by the system.

Disadvantages:-
 The initial cost is very high.
 The current carrying capacity of the cables is reduced due to
the close grouping of cables and unfavorable conditions for
dissipation of heat.
 This method is generally used for short length cable routes such
as in workshops, road crossings where frequent digging is
costlier or impossible.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

2. DRAW IN SYSTEM
This method of cable laying is suitable for
congested areas where excavation is expensive
and inconvenient, for once the conduits have
been laid, repairs or alterations can be made
without opening the ground.
In this method, a line of conduits or ducts are of The Figure below shows section through four
the glazed stoneware cement or concrete. way underground duct line. Three of the ducts
carry transmission cables and the fourth duct
After laying conduits or ducts, the cables are put carries relay protection connection, pilot wires
into the position from man-holes or brick pits
spaced at regular intervals.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

Advantages of Draw In System
Repairs, alterations or additions to the cable network can be
made without opening the ground.
As the cables are not armored, therefore, joints become simpler
and maintenance cost is reduced considerably.
There are very less chances of fault occurrence due to strong
mechanical protection provided by the system.

Disadvantages of Draw In System

The initial cost is very high.
The current carrying capacity of the cables is reduced due to
the close grouping of cables and unfavorable conditions for
dissipation of heat.
This method is generally used for short length cable routes
such as in workshops, road crossings where frequent digging is
costlier or impossible.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

SOLID SYSTEM
In this system the cable is laid in open pipes or troughs dug out in earth along the cable
route. The toughing is of cast iron or treated wood Toughing is filled with a bituminous after
cables is laid.

Advantages
 It provides good mechanical strength.
Disadvantages
 It has poor heat dissipation conditions.
 It requires skilled labor and favorable weather conditions.
 It is very much expensive system.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 Advantages:- of underground systems

I. Better general appearance

II. Less liable to damage through storms or
lighting
III. Low maintenance cost
IV. Less chances of faults
V. Small voltage drops

Disadvantages:- of underground systems

I. The major drawback is that they have greater
installation cost and introduce insulation
problems at high voltages compared with
equivalent overhead system.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 C O M PA R I S O N B T W
OV E R H E A D S Y S T E M & U N D E R G R O U N D S Y S T E M

Particular Overhead Underground system

Public safety It is less safe It is more safe

Initial cost It is less expensive it is more expensive

Faults Faults occur frequently Very rare chances of faults

Appearance It is more flexible as new conductors It is not flexible as new

can be laid along existing conductors conductors are to be laid in
new channels

Location of fault Fault point can be easily located Fault point cannot be easily
located
Repair Can be easily repaired Cannot be easily repaired

Working It can work up to 400kV It can only work up to 66kV due

voltage to insulation difficulty

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 C O M PA R I S O N B T W
OV E R H E A D S Y S T E M & U N D E R G R O U N D S Y S T E M

Lightning More chances of being subjected Very little chances of being

to lightning subjected to lightning

Supply More chances of supply interruption Little chances of accidents

interruption
Interference with It interferes with communication No interference with
communication systems communication systems
systems
Insulation cost Less – the overhead conductors are More insulation cost- under
bare supported on steel towers ground cables are provided with
through insulators various wrappings of high grade
tape, lead sheath is also provided
Erection cost Much less comparatively Erection cost of high voltage cable
is quite high
Uses This is used for long distance The large charging current on high
transmission voltage limits the use of long
distance transmission

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)