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Differential leakage reactance in multiphase induction machines

Conference Paper · January 2006

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 503
Differential Leakage Reactance in Multiphase
Induction Machines
Gojko M. Joksimović1
Abstract − Differential leakage reactance coefficient for
induction machine windings is commonly given in tabular or in
a graphical form, and exclusively for two or three phase
induction machines. The objective of this paper is to present
manner of calculation of this type of reactance, for multiphase
stator winding, based on winding function approach.
Calculation of this type of leakage reactance could be done for
distributed as well as for cage winding. Results are compared
with results obtained using existing analytical expressions for
three phase machines. Comparison shows excellent agreement
between them.
Index Terms − Differential leakage reactance, Induction
machine, Winding function.
I. INTRODUCTION
E lectric power has been generated, transmitted and
distributed using three phases since beginning of the last
century. As a consequence, the induction motor has come to
be regarded primarily as three-phase device. A direct result
of this is that combining a three-phase induction motor with
a three-phase inverter forms most variable speed induction
motor drives. It is only the inverter, however, that interfaces
directly with the public electricity supply, and it is therefore
only the input to the inverter that is constrained to have
three phases. In theory the motor may have any phase
number. Multiphase induction machines have several
advantages in comparison with three-phase counterpart.
Firstly, they have several percent smaller stator cooper
losses. Secondly, multiphase machines produce harmonic
fields, as do three-phase machines. However, the use of
more than three phases increases the pole numbers of these
harmonics, and this diminishes their negative impact.
Thirdly, these machines have smaller torque pulsations, [1].
Differential leakage reactance for induction machine
windings is often given through the differential leakage
reactance coefficient, defined as ratio of differential leakage
reactance and mutual reactance. This coefficient is
commonly given in tabular or in a graphical form, for the
most common winding configuration, and exclusively for
two or three phase induction machines [2]-[7]. Recent paper,
[8], gives analytical expressions for differential leakage
reactance of any ac electric motors, but authors does not
show usefulness of these expressions for machines with
phase number greater than three.
1
Manuscript received 10.02.2006.
Gojko M. Joksimović is with Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Montenegro Cetinjski put b.b, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
tel: (+381) 81 245 873, fax: (+381) 81 245 839, e-mail: joxo@cg.ac.yu
1
The objective of this paper is to present manner of
calculation of differential reactance, for symmetrical stator
winding regardless of number of stator phases, based on
winding function approach. Obtained results are compared
with results obtained using existing analytical expressions
for three phase machines. Comparison shows excellent
agreement between them.
II. DIFFERENTIAL LEAKAGE REACTANCE COEFFICIENT
Stator winding produce fundamental MMF wave and
higher space harmonics. Some of them are known as phase
belt harmonics and they are consequence of stator winding
distribution in belts. In symmetrical n phase winding, order
of these harmonics are ν=(2ng+1)p, where g=±1, ±2...and
where p is number of pole pairs. Other ones are
consequence of stator winding placement in slots and they
are known as stator slot harmonics. Order of these
harmonics are S+gp, g=±1, ±2... where S is number of stator
slots.
Rotor cage has as many phases as rotor bars. So, this
winding is not distributed in sense as stator winding is, but
this winding is also of discrete nature, i.e. it is placed in
slots, too. Therefore, this winding besides fundamental
MMF wave will produce only additional rotor slot
harmonics. Their order is μ=R±νp, where R is number of
rotor bars and where ν is order of space harmonics of
magnetic field from stator side, which induce currents in
rotor bars [9].
All of these harmonics are of different frequencies and
could not participate in electromechanical power conversion
at fundamental frequency. So, from fundamental harmonic
point of view, these additional harmonics produce leakage
flux. This leakage flux could be described by so called
differential leakage reactance.
Assuming that flux density and field intensity wave is
constant in axial direction, along the ideal length of stack l
and along the ideal air gap length δ, magnetic energy in air
gap is:
2π
1 1
Wmδ = ∫ BHdV = ∫ B (θ )H (θ )lδrdθ (1)
2 2 0
i.e.
μl
2π
1
Wmδ = 0 ∫ M 2 (θ )dθ = Lδ I 2 , (2)
2δ 0 2
 503 2

where r is rotor outer radius and M(θ) is MMF of

appropriate winding. With assumptions that μFe→∝ and that IV. CALCULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL LEAKAGE REACTANCE
higher harmonics do not induce any other leakage flux, Wmδ COEFFICIENT
is total magnetic energy in machine. This total magnetic
energy contains magnetic energy of main flux density wave,
A. Stator winding
2π
μol 1
M 2 (θ )dθ = Lδ 1 I 2
2δ ∫0
Wmδ 1 = 1 (3) For stator winding details known, winding function for
2 different phases could be defined. In case of a symmetrical
n-phase winding, this process could be incorporated in a
and magnetic energy of higher harmonics: computer program that have as an input:
2π
μol • number of phases,
∫ [M (θ ) − M (θ )]dθ = 2 L
1
Wmδ _ diff = 2 2
I2 (4)
2δ
1
δ _ diff
• number of slots per pole per phase, and
0
• coil pitch.
Therefore, differential leakage reactance coefficient could
be defined as, [7]: Moreover, for symmetrical multiphase winding,
differential leakage reactance coefficient does not depend of
2π number of pole pairs as well as of number of turns in coil.
∫ [M (θ ) − M (θ )]dθ According to the previous facts, a software program is
2 2
1
Lδ _ diff X δ _ diff developed to calculate the differential leakage related to the
σ= = = 0
(5)
Lδ 1 Xδ1
2π
harmonic waves of any symmetrical n-phase winding.
∫ M (θ )dθ
2
1 Computer program for calculation of σ is written in
MATLAB®. Stator circumference is discretized in 4096
0

(212) points.
Expression (5) is general one, which allows determination
of σ for any arbitrary configuration of stator winding, for
any number of phases and for any coil pitch. 1) One phase winding

Under one phase winding, winding for one phase machine

III. CALCULATION OF MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE without starting phase is assumed. This winding occupy 2/3
of stator circumference. Differential leakage coefficient
MMF of stator (rotor) winding could be calculated using versus number of occupied slots per pole, q, for this type of
winding function definition. Winding function is nothing winding is given in Fig.1. The total number of slots along
else than MMF per unit current [9]. The winding function of stator circumference is S=3q. The differential leakage
multiturn coil placed in slots described by angular coefficient decline as number of stator slots rise.
coordinates θ1 and θ2 is defined by, [10]-[12],
0.03

⎧ ⎛ α ⎞
⎪⎪ N ⎜1 − 2π ⎟, θ 1 ≤ θ ≤ θ 2
N (θ ) = ⎨ ⎝ ⎠ (6)
0.025 Differential leakage coefficient

⎪− N α , for rest of θ
for one phase winding which occupy 2/3 slots per pole

⎩⎪ 2π 0.02

where N is number of turns and α is coil pitch, α=θ2−θ1. For

Sigma

0.015
known winding distribution, i.e. for known arrangement of
coils in slots as well as number of turns in a coil, winding
function of phase winding could be calculated by summing 0.01

of winding functions of all coils in the phase. Multiplying

winding functions of phase windings with instantaneous 0.005
phase currents, MMF of stator (rotor) winding could be
obtained.
For cage rotor, winding function could be defined on 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

following way. Two near-by bars and ring segments Slots per pole

between them make the rotor loop. Therefore, the rotor loop Fig.1. Differential leakage reactance coefficient for one phase winding with
could be observed as an one-turn coil with pitch α=2π/R. 2/3 of slots per pole occupied
Hence, [9]:
The value for this leakage coefficient is σ = 0.0022 for
⎧ 1 q=100 i.e. for S=300. Actual MMF shape, basic harmonic of
⎪⎪1 − R , θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ 2 MMF as well as difference of their squares for this case is
N (θ ) = ⎨ (7) given in Fig.2. According to [5] σ = 0.00215 for q→∝.
⎪− 1 , for rest of θ
⎩⎪ R
 503 3

100
harmonic of MMF and square of difference between actual
50
MMF distribution and fundamental harmonic.
M, M [Aturns]

0 0.03
1

q=2

−50
0.025
Differential leakage reactance coefficient
−100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 for symmetrical three phase machine
Mechanical angle [rad]
0.02
600

400

Sigma
0.015
q=3
200
M2−M2
1

0
0.01 q=4
−200
q=5
q=6
−400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.005
Mechanical angle [rad]

Fig. 2. Actual shape, basic harmonic of MMF and difference of their

0
squares for one phase winding with q=100 slots per pole 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Coil shortening in number of slots

2) Symmetrical two phase winding Fig. 4. Differential leakage coefficient for symmetrical three phase winding

Differential leakage coefficient for symmetrical two 0.01

phase winding with 900 phase belt is given in Fig.3. for 0.009 q=2
different numbers of slots per pole per phase as well as for
different pitch coil. 0.008
Differential leakage reactance coefficient
0.09
0.007 for symmetrical five phase machine
q=2
0.08
0.006

Differential leakage reactance coefficient

Sigma

0.07 0.005
for symmetrical two phase machine

q=3
0.06 0.004

0.003
0.05 q=3
Sigma

q=4
0.002
0.04 q=5

q=4
0.001
0.03 q=5 q=6

q=6 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0.02 Coil shortening in number of slots

0.01 Fig. 5. Differential leakage coefficient for symmetrical five phase winding

0 0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Coil shortening in number of slots
Differential leakage reactance coefficient
q=2
for symmetrical six phase machine
Fig. 3. Differential leakage coefficient for symmetrical two phase winding 0.05
with 900 phase belt
q=3
q=4
3) Symmetrical multiphase winding 0.04 q=5 q=6

On a similar way as above, differential leakage

Sigma

0.03
coefficient could be calculated for multiphase symmetrical
winding. For some of them, following figures, Fig.4 – Fig.6.
gives differential leakage reactance coefficient for different 0.02

numbers of slots per pole per phase as well as for different

coil pitch. 0.01

B. Rotor cage winding

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Summing winding functions for all rotor loops, Coil shortening in number of slots

previously multiplied by rotor loop instantaneous currents, Fig. 6. Differential leakage coefficient for symmetrical six phase winding
MMF distribution of rotor cage winding could be obtained.
Fig.7. shows MMF per unit current for cage rotor with R=44 Differential leakage reactance coefficient for this winding is
bars, caused by fundamental stator MMF wave with p=1 σ=0.0017. The same result could be found elsewhere in
pairs of poles. The same figure shows fundamental literature.
 503 4

1
Differential leakage reactance coefficient has the value
0.5
σ=0.0436.
M, M [Aturns] Further detail analysis of cage rotor differential leakage
0 coefficients could be done for every specific multiphase
1

stator winding and any MMF space harmonic from stator

−0.5
side.
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mechanical angle [rad]

0.1
V. CONCLUSIONS

0.05 Method of calculation of differential leakage reactance

coefficient in multiphase induction machines, using winding
M2−M2
1

function approach, was described. It is shown that winding

0

−0.05 function approach is very powerful for this purpose. The

−0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Mechanical angle [rad]
Fig. 7. Actual MMF distribution M, fundamental harmonic M1 and square
of difference between them (upside down). R=44, p=1.
How does this coefficient depend of number of rotor
bars? Fig. 8. shows values of differential leakage reactance
coefficient versus number of rotor bars, for p=1 machine
and fundamental harmonic. Obviously, value of differential
leakage reactance coefficient decrease with increasing of
number of rotor bars. This is one of the most significant
reasons for, always, relatively high number of rotor bars in
induction machines. Typical number of rotor bars for four
pole machine lay in region of 24÷44.
0.01
0.008
0.006
sigma
method of calculation is numerical in nature so it does not
6 provide analytical expressions, but it enables making a
computer program which could give exact answer for any
kind of symmetrical multiphase winding and for any coil
pitch. Described method also could be used for calculation
of differential leakage reactance coefficient for
asymmetrical and fractional-slot windings.
REFERENCES
[1] S.Williamson, S.Smith, “Pulsating Torque and Losses in Multiphase
Induction Machines” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
Vol.39, No.4, pp.986-993, July/August 2003.
[2] M.Liwschitz-Garik, C.Whipple, Electric Machinery, Van Nostrand,
New York, 1946
[3] M.Kostenko, L.Piotrovsky, Electrical Machines – alternating
current machines, Mir Publisher, Moscow, 1977 (in English)

0.004
[4] Fitzgerald, Kingsley, Umans, Electric Machinery, Metric Edition,
0.002 McGraw-Hill, 1985.
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 [5] R.Richter, Elektrische Maschinen IV, Verlag Birkhäuser,
Number of rotor bars
Basel/Stuttgart, 1954, Zweite Auflage (in German)
Fig. 8. Differential leakage reactance coefficient versus number of rotor
[6] W.Schuisky, Berechnung Elektrischer Maschinen, Springer-Verlag,
bars, p=1
Wien, 1960 (in German)

Fig.9. shows MMF per unit current, fundamental [7] K.Vogt, Elektrische Maschinen Berechnung, VEB Verlag Technik
harmonic and difference between them, for the same rotor, Berlin, 1995. (in German)
R=44, p=1, when MMF is caused by 5th stator space [8] H.Xueliang, H.Minqiang, “A Novel Exact and Universal Approach
harmonic. for Calculating the Differential Leakage Related to Harmonic Waves
1 in AC Electric Motors” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
Vol.19, No.1, pp.1-6, March 2004.
0.5
M, M1 [Aturns]

[9] G.Joksimović, M.Djurović, J.Penman, “Cage Rotor MMF - Winding

0 Function Approach”, IEEE Power Engineering Review Letters,
Vol.21, No.4, pp.64-66.
−0.5

[10] X.Luo, Y.Liao, H.Toliyat, A.El-Antably, T.Lipo, "Multiple coupled

−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 circuit modeling of induction machines", IEEE Transactions on
Mechanical angle [rad] Industry Applications, Vol.31, No.2,March/April 1995.

0.4 [11] G.Joksimović, J.Penman, “The Detection of Inter-turn Short Circuits

in the Stator Windings of Operating Motors” IEEE Transactions on
0.2 Industrial Electronics, Vol.47, No.5, pp.1078-1084.
2
M −M1

0 [12] G.Joksimović, “Dynamic simulation of cage induction machine with

2

air gap eccentricity” IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol.152, No. 4,

−0.2 July 2005.

−0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mechanical angle [rad]
Fig. 9. Actual MMF distribution M, fundamental harmonic M1, difference
and square of difference between them (upside down). R=44, p=1, ν=−5.

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