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TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
Task 1………………………………………………………………………………………..2-4
Task 2………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Part 1 ………………………………………………………………………………..5-13
Part 2………………………….....…………………………………………………14-21
References…………………………………………………………………………………….22
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BSc(Hons) in Civil Eng., Principles of Structural Design/BTEC HND in CBE-Civil 2
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Task 1
There are many types of loads can be impact on the structure. Now let’s discuss about
these load types.
Impact loads are a fraction of the live loads used to account for additional stresses and
detections resulting from movement of the live loads. Impact loads are forces that need
a structure or its components to absorb energy in a very short interval of time. An
example is dropping a heavy weight on a floor slab, or the shock wave from an explosion
striking the walls and roof of a building. External forces might also be classified as
distributed and concentrated.
Wind loads are maximum forces which might be applied to a building by wind in a mean
recurrence interval, or a set of forces which will produce equivalent stresses.
Snow loads are maximum forces that might be applied by snow accumulation in a mean
recurrence interval.
Static loads are forces which are applied gradually and then remain quite constant. An
example is the weight, or dead load, of a floor or roof system.
Dynamic loads that vary with time. They include repeated and impact loads.
Repeated loads are forces which are applied a number of times, causing a variation in
the magnitude, and sometimes also in the internal forces. A good example is an off
balance motor.
Uniformly distributed loads are forces that are, or for practical purposes might be
considered, constant over a surface area of the supporting member. Dead weight of a
rolled-steel I beam is a good example.
Concentrated loads are forces that have such a small contact area as to be negligible
compared with the entire surface area of the supporting member. A beam supported on
a girder, for instance, might be considered, for all practical purposes, a concentrated
load on the girder. Another common classification for external forces name them axial,
eccentric, and torsion.
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An axial load is a force whose passes through the centered of a section under
consideration and is perpendicular to the plane.
An eccentric load is a force perpendicular to the plane under consideration but not
passing through the centered of the section, hence bending the supporting member.
Torsion loads are forces which are offset from the shear center of the section under
consideration and are inclined to or in the plane of the section, therefore twisting the
supporting member.
Seismic loads are forces that yield maximum stress or change in a building during an
earthquake.
Now let's discuss how these factors of safety relate to Sri Lankan statutory requirements
and how they ensure the safety of the structure.
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TASK 02
Part 01
↑ ∑𝑦 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 − 150 − 80 − 25 × 2 + 𝑅𝐷 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 50 + 150 + 80
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 280𝑁
50 + 495 + 584
𝑅𝐷 =
5.3
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝒌𝑵
∴ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
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𝟐≫𝒙≫𝟎
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙
𝑥=0
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑥=1
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 1 = 66.98 − 25
𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑥=2
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 2 = 66.98 − 25 × 2
𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑥=1
1
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 1 = 66.98 × 1 − 25 × 1 ×
2
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥=2
2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 2 = 66.98 × 2 − 25 × 2 ×
2
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𝟑. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟐
Shear force
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟓𝟎
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 66.98 − 50
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝒌𝑵
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝑥=2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 2 = 66.98 × 2 − 50 × 1
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥=3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3 = 66.98 × 3 − 50(2)
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 3.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 66.98 × 3.3 − 50(2.3)
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑.𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎
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𝟓. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟑. 𝟑
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 66.98 − 200
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = −𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝒌𝑵
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟑)
𝑥 = 3.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 66.98 × 3.3 − 50(2.3) − 150(0)
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 221.034 − 115 − 0
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 106.034𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑.𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 5.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 66.98 × 5.3 − 50(4.3) − 150(2)
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 354.994 − 215 − 300
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = −160.006𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟑 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
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𝟕. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟑
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 − 50 − 150
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 280 − 200
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 80𝑘𝑁
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 + 𝑹𝑫 (𝒙 − 𝟓. 𝟑) − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟑)
𝑥 = 5.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 66.98 × 5.3 + 213.02 × 0 − 50 × 4.3 − 150 × 2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 354.994 − 215 − 300 − 0
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟑 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟑 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 7.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 7.3 = 66.98 × 7.3 + 213.02 × 2 − 50 × 6.3 − 150 × 4
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 7.3 = 488.954 − 315 − 600 − 426.04
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 7.3 = −0.006
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟕.𝟑 = 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
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(b) Plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams showing principle values.
Shear Force
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kN
-50
-100
-150
x value
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Using deferential
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑅𝐴 − 25𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
0 = 𝑅𝐴 − 25𝑥
66.98 = 25𝑥
𝑥 = 2.68𝑚
In this section maximum bending moment given at 𝑥 = 2.68𝑚. But here x is out of range.
By the way we apply x value above equation.
(25 × (2.68)2 )
𝐵𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 66.98 ×
2
𝐵𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 89.73𝑘𝑁𝑚
We apply x value above equation we can get 89.73𝑘𝑁𝑚. But this value is not a
maximum bending moment.
Then we concern other bending moments we can get higher bending moment values
106.034𝑘𝑁𝑚. Therefore maximum bending moment is 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎.
(d) 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = Section capacity
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Using 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥 Equation;
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = section capacity
𝑆𝑥 = Plastic modulus
106.034𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 275𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 × 𝑆𝑥
𝑆𝑥 = 385.5𝑐𝑚3
Now we can choose suitable universal beam for this section. Beam designation
𝟐𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟒𝟔 × 𝟑𝟏 is suitable for this beam.
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Part 02
↑ ∑𝑦 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 132.6 + 200
↑ 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑫 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝑵
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝑵
∴ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝑵
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𝟏. 𝟖 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎
𝑥=0
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟏𝒌𝑵
𝑥 = 1.8
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝒌𝑵
𝑥=0
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 1.8
1.8
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 1.8 = 130.71 × 1.8 − 26 × 1.8 ×
2
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
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𝟓. 𝟏 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟖
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝑥 = 1.8
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 130.71𝑘𝑁 − 135 − 26 × 1.8
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = −𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝑥=3
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 3 = 130.71 − 135 − 26 × 3
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟑 = −𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝑥 = 5.1
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 130.71 − 135 − 26 × 5.1
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝑥 = 1.8
1.82
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 1.8 = 130.71 × 1.8 − 26 × −0
2
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
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𝑥=3
32
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3 = 130.71 × 3 − 26 × − 135(3 − 1.8)
2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3 = 392.13 − 117 − 162
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 5.1
5.12
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 130.71 × 5.1 − 26 × − 135(5.1 − 1.8)
2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 666.621 − 338.13 − 445.5
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝟔. 𝟗 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟏
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𝑥 = 5.1
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 130.71 × 5.1 − 135(5.1 − 1.8) − 132.6(5.1 − 2.55) + 0
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 666.621 − 445.5 − 338.13
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟏 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟗 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 6.9
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 6.9 = 130.71 × 6.9 − 135(6.9 − 1.8) − 132.6(6.9 − 2.55) + 210.89(6.9 − 5.1)
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 6.9 = 901.9 − 688.5 − 576.81 + 363.402
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟔.𝟗 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎 ≅ 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
100
50
0
kN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-50
-100
-150
-200
m
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𝑑𝑦
= 130.71 − 26𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟐
Y=𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − − 𝟏𝟑𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟖)
𝟐
Using by differential
𝑑𝑦
= −4.29 − 26𝑥
𝑑𝑥
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𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
26𝑥 = −4.29
𝑥 = −0.165𝑚
In this section maximum bending moment given at 𝑥 = 0.165𝑚. But here x is out of
range.
(d) 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = Section capacity
Using 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥 Equation;
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = section capacity
𝑆𝑥 = Plastic modulus
193.158𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 300𝑁/𝑚𝑚−2 × 𝑆𝑥
𝑆𝑥 = 644𝑐𝑚2
Now we can choose suitable universal beam for this section. Beam designation
𝟑𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐𝟕 × 𝟒𝟖 is suitable for this beam.
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References
Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures hand book
1995 edition.
Setareh.arch.vt.edu. (2018). Types of
Loads::Fundamentals::Knowledgebase::SAFAS. [online] Available at:
https://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu/safas/007_fdmtl_05_types_of_loads_1.ht
ml [Accessed 5 Dec. 2018].
Handbook of structural steelwork eurocode edition
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