Aquilia Franklin Envi-Science IA

CAPE Environmental Science 2020-2021
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE UNIT 2
I.A
NAME: Aquilia Franklin

TEACHER: MRS Lemonius
SCHOOL: Christiana High
YEAR: 2020-202
CENTRE: 100019
CANDIDATE: 10001902
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
General Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………….
Site Visits………………………………………………………………………………
Labs Entries…………………………………………………………………………….
Problem Statements…………………………………………………………………….
Purpose of Project……………………………………………………………………….
Methods of Data
Collection………………………………………………………………………………….
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………….
Presentation of Data……………………………………………………………………….
Analysis of Data……………………………………………………………………………
Discussion of Findings……………………………………………………………………..
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
On October 7th, 2019 we went on a field trip which was located in the parish of St. Elizabeth.
We leave the school campus about 9:00 am which we were expected to be back by 5:00pm. Our
first stop on the field trip was the Hydro Garden. The Hydro Garden was completed December
2010 and it is founded by Petro Caribe Development fund which the energy for union. The place
is mostly loam soil and has a lot of gravel and it was located on a slope. We notice that in the
green house they grow mostly scallion using quay and perlite since quay and perlite help to deal
with anaerobic conditions. The temperature in the green house was very warm and humid, thus,
fans were used in the green house to keep it cool. We also learned about the advantages and
disadvantages of using hydroponics system of farming. We take pictures of the green house and
the scallion and we collected samples of soil and scallion. Our next stop is at little ochie
(Alligator Pond) where we get a bathroom break then we went on the sea side and samples were
collected their also. Alligator pond is name after a mountain there that looks like an alligator
which it border both Manchester and St. Elizabeth. Finally it was time to leave we reach back at
the school campus around 5:10pm.
On November 22th 2019 we went on a field trip which was located in the parish of Manchester. .
We leave the school campus about 9:00 am which we were expected to be back by 5:00pm. On
our way to Guts River we notice a sand dome on the side of the road, it was said to be the largest
sand dome in the Caribbean. We have a lonely flat ride to Guts River, when we finally reach
Guts River there was a lot of vegetative plant in which coconut trees surrounded the water and
the water looks dark blackish. The river banking has old boats, tractor and a lot of flies,
mosquito, lizard are present there samples were also collected.
On February 19, 2020 we went on a fieldtrip to Bogue power station, located on the Bogue
Industrial Estate in the city of Montego Bay and is our second largest power station. It houses the
120- Megawatt combined cycle generating plant, and contains five gas turbines with total
generating capacity of 83.5MW. The first turbines, designated as GT3, was commissioned in
1972, and the other four turbines (GTs) were commissioned into service during 1990 and 1991.
We wish we would have got on opportunity to participate in the testing for phosphate levels,
total& fecal coliform and the BOD test in water samples and we are very grateful to have the
different tests conducted by the hard working staff at the Bogue power station
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher takes this time to say a very special thank you to GOD for giving her the energy
and strength to complete this course of work in Environmental Science. The researcher also
extends gratitude to her parents for supporting her finically in getting this work done and also her
teachers for the good advice which motivated her to continue moving forward not only as an
Environmental Science student but also as an individual. Once again the researcher would like to
say thank you very much for the supports.
SITES VISITS
ENTRIES
Site Visit # 1
Entry: # 1
Date: 7-11-19
Site Location: Hydro gardens, Jamaica, St Elizabeth
OBJECTIVES:
 Observation of plants grown in Hydroponics green house

 To observed how plant grow in an Hydroponics system compared to plant grow using
soil
 To collect samples from different sources
Activities: we took a walk to view the different plants that are grown using hydroponics. We use
bottles to collect samples of water and plastic bag to collect soil samples from the site.
Observations:
We observed that quay and perlite was used to grow the plant grown in the green house since
quay and perlite helps deal with anaerobic conditions. Perlite holds air so well and because it’s a
course texture. We also observed that the plant grown in the green house were not affected by
little or no pest infestation
Comments: According to my observation, quay and perlite was used to grow the pant were
grown in the green house. Quay and perlite helps deal with anaerobic conditions. Perlites holds
air so well and because it`s a course texture. The temperature in the green house was very warm
and humid, thus, fans were used in the green house to keep it cool, also plant grown in the green
house were affected by little or no pest infestation since some of the plants were exposed to pest
while some were not exposed. We also learned about the advantages and disadvantages of using
hydroponics system of farming and we also got on opportunity to take pictures of the green
house and samples of scallions, water and soil were also collected.
Follow up activity: the samples that were collected were labeled and were put away in a box and
were carried back to the lab in which they were used for experiment
Site visit# 2
Entry#2
Date: 7-11-19
Site Location: Alligator pond, St. Elizabeth
Objective;
 To collect samples from the site visited

 To identify the flora and fauna plants
 To identify pollutions and pollutants in the area
Activities: we took a walk on the sea side in little ochie (Alligator pond) to collect samples.
However in the sand there was metal in it which gives the sand a dark shiny look.
Observation: we observed a lot of vegetation which include the flora and the fauna plants. There
were a lot of pollution on the sea side and crabs holes and fish bones were seen in the shore.
Comments: According to my observation the metallic content was high and due to this the sand
become hot and this will cause the temperature to rise and according to this it will have an
impact on organism, garbage were also seen on site and this will have an increase in both land,
water and even air pollution and also it will serve as a breeding ground for organism such as rat
and other organism hence these organisms can transmit disease to human causing sickness or
even death in some cases. Also the garbage can be as a point source for water, air and land
pollution because now hence water pollution can lead to destruction of plants and water
organisms by causing algae growth which will cause oxygen to dissolve from the water, and as
for the air pollution this can contribute to global warming.
Follow up activity: the samples were labeled and brought back to the lab in which experiment
were done from them.
Site# 3
Entry: # 3
Date:
Site location: Guts River, Manchester
Objectives:
 To collect samples from different sources

 To identify the pollution or pollutants that exist in the area visited
 To view the flora and fauna plants
Activities: we took a walk to view the river and record observations. We use bottles to collect
samples of the water and plants of the water and plastic bag to collect soil samples from the
river.
Observation: A majority of plants were seen like the large ferns, sea weeds and many others.
There were a lot of files, mosquitos, lizard, bees, and butterfly in the area, and a lot of
forestatives plants. There were also old buildings with trees growing inside and old tractor and
boat were dumped on the banking side of the river. A lot of coconut trees were seen on the side
of the guts river and because of the sea to run over in to the river it gives it a dark color because
it contains salt and has metal. The sand temperature is about 45 degree Celsius while the sea
water is 36 degree Celsius.
Comments: according to my observation to metallic content in the guts river is low and also the
water show sigh of pollution, the surrounding had a lot of grass and trees, algae growth was
present in the water also a few garbage was on the sea shore.
Follow up activities: the samples were labeled and brought back to the lab in which experiment
Site visit: 4
Entry#4
Date: February 19, 2020
Site location: Bogue NWC, power plant, Montego Bay
Objectives:
 To test for dissolved substances, phosphate level, total and Fecal coliform and the BOD
(Biological Oxygen Demand) taken from each sites visited.
Activities: we went on a site visit to the Bogue NWC, power Plant, Montego Bay to observed
how they test for phosphate level, total & Fecal coliform and BOD in water.
Observation: we observed how different individuals test for phosphate level, total & fecal
coliform and BOD in water. We also record the results for the different test, it is important to test
for different impurities in water to ensure it have a good water quality and it is safe for use and
consumption.
Comments: the Bogue power station, located on the Bogue Industrial Estate in the city of
Montego Bay, is our second largest power station. It houses the 120- Megawatt combined cycle
generating plant, and contains five gas turbines with total generating capacity of 83.5MW. The
first turbines, designated as GT3, was commissioned in 1972, and the other four turbines (GTs)
were commissioned into service during 1990 and 1991. We wish we would have got on
opportunity to participate in the testing for phosphate levels, total& fecal coliform and the BOD
test in water samples and we are very grateful to have the different tests conducted by the hard
working staff at the Bogue power station.
Follow up activity: the samples were labeled and brought back to the lab in which experiment
LABS
ENTRIES
Planning and Designing Lab
Problem: How does grass affect the movement of water in an ecosystem?
Hypothesis: If grass is grown in a soil sample, then it will slow done the movement of water and
make the collected runoff clearer, indicating less soil erosion.
Part of the experiment:
 Control Group- The soil sample without anything added

 Experimental Groups- Gravel and Grass samples
 Independent Variable- The type of soil cover (grass, gravel, etc.)
Material:
 Three 2 liter bottles that are cut in half

 Soil
 Grass seeds
 Water
 Gravel(pebbles)
 Graduated Cylinder
 Beaker
Observation:
Procedure:
 Cut an empty 2L bottle in half, and place soil inside. Evenly spread grass seeds on this
soil.
 Place it under a light source and wait for it to grow, making sure and Wait for it grow,
making sure to water it every couple of days and trimming it to an appropriate length.
Test effects after it has grown 2-4 inches in length
 Fill two more 2L bottles with soil after they have been cut in half. Keep one soil by itself
(control), and place a layer of gravel over the other soil filled bottle.
 Place one of the samples of soil on an elevated slope with a beaker below to catch runoff
 Pour the water in to the sample ,and catch the runoff in the beaker, while doing this use a
timer to time how long it takes for the runoff water to empty in the beaker, start the timer
when pouring beings, and end when water stops emptying into the beaker.
 Record the time, characteristic, and amount of water in the beaker.
 Repeat steps 5-7 for the other two bottles of soil.
Discussion: after pouring water into each of the three bottles, the bottle with grass cover yielded
the highest amount of water in the beaker form runoff. It had 17Ml of water by the end, and only
took 78 seconds, which was the shortest amount of time for runoff to be released when compared
to the other 2 samples. The water had the clearest runoff sample, which was a little murky but
with sediment at the bottom. Next, the soil by itself yielded 40ml of runoff in the beaker in 117
seconds. It was brown water with a little debris, and the darkest of all samples. The soil with
gravel only collected 27ml of runoff in 87 seconds, but it had almost no debris in the runoff
water collected and was light brown.
Conclusion: The data collected from the experiment proves the hypothesis accurate in only some
areas. Although it supports that the runoff will be clearer in the grass soil, as the hypothesis
states, it does not, however, illustrate that the water will move less easily through the grass soil.
In the recorded data, it states that the runoff beaker collected 17ml of runoff from the soil with
the grass, which was the most out of all the samples. This mean that the water moved easily
through the soil and opposes the hypothesis. A problem, however, that may have led to error in
the experiment`s results is that the sample with grass in it was already saturated from constant
watering. This would lead to more water in the soil, and therefore more water in the runoff
collecting beaker
Lab#2
Date: February19, 2020
Title: Water quality test
Aim: To determine the level of Total phosphates in the water sample collected for all four sites.
Material/Apparatus:
 Sample water from each sites

 0.1M HCI
 Lab Quest 2 Interface
 Fernier Color meter
 10ml graduated cylinder
 Phosphate Standard (10.0mg/L PO4)
 25ml graduated cylinder
 One cuvette
 Four 50ml Erlenmeyer flasks
 5.0M NAOH
 Hot plate
 Phos Vera 3 Phosphate Powder Pillow
 Distilled water
 Sulphate powder pillows
Procedure:
1. Water samples were collected at each of the visited sites by placing the water bottles
under water for 1 minute, until all the air bubbles were removed. The lid of the bottle was
then tightened quickly under water. The bottle was then labelled ``bottle C`` with the
name of its corresponding site. The bottles were then taken back to the laboratory for
testing
2. A 25ml graduated cylinder was used to measure and place 25ml of sample water from
each site into each flask.
3. Water samples from each facility were mixed as follows-
a) One sulphate powder pillow was added to each flask and swirled.
b) A 10ml graduated cylinder was used to measure and add 2.0ml of 2.63ml H2SO4to
each flask swirled.
c) The samples were boiled for 30 minutes while adding the amount of distilled water to
keep the volume near, but not above 25ml
d) After 30 minutes, the flasks were removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool.
e) A 10ml graduated cylinder was used to add 2.0ml of 5.0M N AOH to each flask and
swirled to neutralize the acid
f) If a flask contained below 25ml of liquid, the volume was made up to 5ml using
distilled water.
g) One Phos Vera 3 Phosphate Powder Pillow was added to each sample and completely
dissolved prior to reading on the colorimeter.
4. The phosphate standards and standard curve was already done for us by the Bogue NWC,
Power plant and stored on the Lab quest 2 interface for use in the determination of the
sample readings. The data was tabulated in Table 1.
5. An empty cuvette was filled ¾ full with distilled water and the lid was sealed to prepare a
blink.
6. The blank was then placed into the verrier colorimeter and the blank button was clicked
on the interfaced.
7. The cuvette was washed after each reading and the samples for each sites was then read
on the colorimeter and tabulated in Table 2.
Data collection/ result
Table 1- Results showing the standards Absorbance Readings

Flask Number 10.0 mg/L Distilled H2O Concentration Absorbance
PO4(mL) (ML) (mg/L PO4)
1 5 20 2 0.3414
2 10 15 4 0.737
3 15 10 6 0.844
4 20 5 8 1.179
Table 2: Results Showing the Absorbance Values for the various Sites
Site Absorbance Total Total Phosphorus
Phosphate Concentration(mg/L)PO4
concentration
(mg/L) PO4
A 0.4011 2.35 0.768
B 0.7903 4.63 1.513
C 0.2270 1.33 0.435
D 0.3619 2.12 0.693
DISCUSSION: Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15.
Elemental phosphorous exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but
because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found to be a free element on Earth. It has a
concentration in the Earth`s crust of about one gram per kilogram (compare copper at about one
0.06 grams). In minerals, phosphorus generally occurs as phosphate. Phosphorus has been a
defining element throughout modern human history. The element was discovered around 1669
by the German alchemist Henning Bandit.
This lab was done to determine the level of total phosphate present in the water samples taken
from each of the four sites visited. Minute amounts of phosphorous are required for all aquatic
plants and algae as it vital nutrient to these species. An excess amount results in eutrophication,
the condition whereby there’s an excessive richness in nutrients. Which results in increased plant
growth. Eutrophication lowers the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water and makes the water
uninhabitable by many aquatic organisms.
It was found that the values for the concentration of the total phosphate present in the samples of
water for sites `À,`.` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` was 2.35mg/L. 4.63mg/L, 1.33mg/L and 2.12mg/L
respectively. These values were relatively low and as such it would not result in eutrophication,
thus allowing tilapia and other organisms to live there easily
Data Analysis:
Calculation of Phosphorus- phosphorus (mg/L PO4-P) = Phosphates (mg/L PO4)
____________________
3.06
Conclusion: The level of total phosphates present in the four sites was investigated and
determined. The levels of total phosphates of sites `À``, ```B``, ``C`` and ``D`` were 2.35mg/L,
4.63mg/L 1.33mg/L and 2.12mg/L respectively. All four sites contained acceptable level of total
phosphates.
Lab#3
Title: water quality test
Aim: To determine the level of Total Solids present in the water sample collected for all four
sites
Material/Apparatus:
 Analytical balance ( 0.001g)

 Drying oven
 Tongs
 100ml graduated cylinder
 Four(4) 250ml beakers
 Sample water from each sites
Procedure:
1. Water samples were collected at each visited sites by placing the water bottles under
water for 1 minute, until all the air bubbles were removed .the lid of the bottle was then
tightened quickly under water. The bottle was then labelled ``Bottle B`` with the name of
the corresponding costal 2one. The bottles were then taken back to the laboratory for
testing.
2. A measuring cylinder was used to measure and pour 200cm3 of sample water from each
site into each of the pre-died and weighed 250ml beakers
3. The beakers were placed in a drying oven at a 100 degree Celsius until the following day.
4. The beakers were then removed and placed in a desiccator and they were cooked to room
temperature.
5. Each beaker was weighed to determine the difference by mass.
6. The results were tabulated in Table 1.
Data collection/ Result:

Table: Result showing the Total Suspended solids present in each water sample collected at
the various sites.
sites Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of Total Total
empty beaker plus solids (g) solids(mg) volume(L) solids(mg/L)
beaker solids(g)
(g)
A 97.850 97.865 0.015 15 0.2 75
B 95.950 95.968 0.018 18 0.2 90
C 103.550 103.567 0.017 17 0.2 85
D 96.995 97.011 0.016 16 0.2 80
Discussion: Total suspended solids (TSS) is the dry- weight of suspended particles that are not
dissolved, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analyzed using a filtration
apparatus. It is a water quality parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of
water or water body, ocean water for example, or waste water after treatment in a waste water
treatment plant. It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act. TSS was
previously called non – filterable residue (NFR), but was changed to TSS because of the
ambiguity in other scientific disciplines.
TSS of a water or waste water sample is determined by pouring a carefully measured volume of
water (typically one liters; but less if the particulate density is high, or as much as two or three
Liters for every clean water) through a pre-weighed filter of a specific pore size, then weighing
the filter again after the drying process that removed all the water from the filter. Filters for TSS
measurements are typically composed of glass fibers. The gain in weight is a dry weight measure
of the particulates present in the water sample expressed in units derived from calculated from
the volume of water filtered( typically milligrams per liter or mg/L).
This lab was done to determine the level of Total Solids present in the water samples taken from
each of the sites visited. Total Solids is measure of all the suspended, colbida 1, and dissolved
solids in a sample of water. It was detected that the level of Total Solids of the sample of water
for the four sites `À. ` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` were 75, 90, 85 and 80 respectively. As such, it can
be inferred that all four sites contained suspended, colbida and dissolved solids. High levels of
Total solids causes a decrease in photosynthesis rate and also reduces water clarity
Conclusion: the levels of Total solids present in the four visited sites were investigated and
determined. The levels of Total Solids of sites `À, `` `B``, ``C`` and ``D`` were 75, 90, 85 and
80 respectively. All sites contained high levels of Total solids which would endanger tilapia and
other aquatic organisms which live there.
Lab: 4
Title: Biological Oxygen Demand
Aim: To determine the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of all four sites.
Material / Apparatus:
1. Verrier Lab Quest 2 interface

2. BOD Water Sample
3. Verrier Dissolved Oxygen Probe
4. 100% calibration bottle
5. D.O. Electrode Filling Solution
6. Wash bottle with distilled water
7. Sodium Sulfite Calibration Solution
8. Sample water from each site
9. Pipette
10. 250 ml beaker
Procedure:
Day 0
1. At each of the four sites visited, the group collected five water samples for the BOD test.
2. Each of the glass BOD sample bottles were then placed approximately 10cm below the
water`s surface and kept there for 1 minute until all air bubbles were removed and the
bottle was completely filled. The BOD bottle lid was secured tightly, while still
submerged.
3. Each bottle was then wrapped in foil and labelled E1 to E5 and with the name of its
corresponding site. The bottles were stored in ice and returned to the laboratory for
testing.
4. At the laboratory, the bottles E1 to E5 were removed from the ice and the initial
dissolved oxygen reading was measured using the Lab QUEST 2 Dissolved Oxygen
Probe.
5. Sodium Sulfite solution was used to calibrate the Lab Quest 2 Probe. The probe was wash
with distilled water and the readings of the samples were then taken.
6. The results were recorded in Table 1as the `Ìnitial dissolved oxygen level``.
7. The BOD bottles were then placed in an incubator (dark closet) at around 27 degree
Celsius for five days.
Day 5
8. The BOD bottles were removed from the incubator at approximately the same time of
day they were placed into the incubator and the dissolved oxygen was measured
following step5.
Data Collection/ Results:
Table 1: Results of Group 1 showing the levels of dissolved oxygen in samples E1-E5 after 5
days for each site.
Sites Dissolve E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Average
d Oxygen (BOD5)
(mg/L)
A Initial 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.8
(mg/L)
Final 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.4
(mg/L)
BOD5 7.4 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.32
(mg/L)
B Initial 11.3 11.2 10.9 11.1 11.1
(mg/L)
Final 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.7 4.5
(mg/L)
BOD5 6.1 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.50
(mg/L)
C Initial 11.3 11.1 11.3 11.1 11.2
(mg/L)
Final 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.8
(mg/L)
BOD5 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.38
(mg/L)
D Initial 8.3 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.7

(mg/L)
Final 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.2
(mg/L)
BOD5 6 6.3 5.7 5.6 6.5 6.02
(mg/L)
Data Analysis:
BOD E1= Final Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) – Initial Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
BOD5= BODE1 + BODE2 + BODE3+ BODE4 + BODE5
___________________________________ (mg/L)
The results for the values of the values of BODE1-BODE5 and BOD5 are shown in table 1
above.
Discussion: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a representation of dissolved oxygen

content in relation to the speed dot which bacteria aerobically decompose, oxidize, organic
matter within a sample. Thus it is a method of defining the strength of waste water, which itself
depends on the level of easily biodegradable organic matter within a given sample. If there is
dissolved oxygen present and organic matter that can be oxidized by bacteria, the organic matter
will be decomposed by the bacteria aerobically until the oxygen is low enough that an aerobic
bacteria becomes dominant. BOD testing was developed over 100years ago, with one of the
earliest and standardization of BOD testing on sewage coming from the royal commission on
Sewage Disposal in 1912, which states their regulations on BOD of affluent at 65 degrees
Fahrenheit. BOD testing has since been standardized at 20 degree Celsius.
This lab was done to determine the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of the water samples taken
from each of the four costal zones visited. In a ``healthy body of water, oxygen is replenished
quicker than it`s used by aquatic organisms. However, in some bodies of water, aerobic bacteria
decompose such as a vast volume of organic material. That oxygen is oxygen is known as the
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Also, oxygen is vital to aquatic species as they use it to
build energy through respiration. Dissolved oxygen is the form of oxygen accessible to aquatic
organisms.
After testing it was found that the average level of BOD in sites `À,`.` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` was
calculated to be 7.32mg/L, 6.50mg/L, 7.38mg/L and 6.02mg/L respectively. A level of BOD
between 6mg/L – 9mg/L indicates that the water is contains. Lots of organic material and
bacteria. Furthermore, to prevent reductions in growth and disease resistance. The dissolved
oxygen concentration should be kept at 1mg/L Therefore, it can be deducted that the water in the
four sites `À, `. ` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` contained a lot of organic material and bacteria.
Conclusion: the BOD5 levels of the four visited sites were investigated and determined. The
BOD5 levels of the sites `À,`.` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` were 7.32mg/L, 6.50mg/L, 7.38mg/L and
6.02mg/L respectively. All four sites had unacceptable BOD levels.
Lab: 5
Date: March 2, 2019
Title: Water P.H
Aim: to find out the water P.H reading for both Guts River and Alligator pond.
Material / Apparatus: Beaker, test tubes, P.H scale
Procedure:
1) The test tubes and beakers were rinse with water. Gloves were worn on the hands to
avoid skin contract with the water samples.
2) The water from Guts River and alligator ponds were compare using beaker.
3) The beaker was used to measure the amount of sea water(alligator pond) and Guts River
equally which was 20ml
4) The water was then placed in a test tube
5) It was then tested using a P.H scale to get the reading of the water. Result was recorded
Data collection/Results:
Table 1: Showing the reading for the water P.H for Guts River
GUTS RIVER AMT WATER P.H READING
River water 20ml 6.74 water P.H
Table 2: showing the reading for the water P.H for Alligator Pond
ALLIGATOR POND AMT WATER P.H READING
Sea water 20ml 6.77 water P.H
Discussion: In Chemistry, PH is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based

solution is. Acidic solutions have a lower PH, while basic solution is. Acidic solutions have a
higher PH. At room temperature (25degree Celsius or 77 degree Fahrenheit), pure water is
neither acidic nor basic and has a PH of 7.The PH is traceable to asset of standard solutions
whose PH is established by international agreement. Primary PH standard values are determined
using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a
hydrogen electrode and a standard such as the silver chloride. The PH of aqueous solutions with
a glass electrode and PH meter, or a color- changing indicator. Measurements of PH are

important in chemistry, agronomy, medicine, water treatment, and many other applications.
This lab was done to find out the PH reading for both Guts River and Alligator Pond. Alligator
pond sea water and guts river water was measured in a beaker which was exactly 20ml, it was
then converted into test tube one for alligator pond and the other one for guts river. They were
measured on a PH scale to get the water PH reading, however when measuring a PH sample we
must put the test tubes in distilled water for it to be clean.
Conclusion: Alligator pond has a higher water PH than in Guts River.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
To analyze the environmental impacts of pollutions for various purposes.

PURPOSE OF PROJECT
In this research, the researcher seek to highlight how pollution affects the environment and
society at large. According to conserve energy future, pollution is the introduction of
contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse changes. Pollution can take the
form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of
pollution is often classed as point sources or nonpoint sources pollution. This research is being
conducted in the scope of a confidential examination of the sites visited. Pollution is a prevalent,
objectionable issue that affects potentially progressive people, families, communities and
societies. As a result, an investigation was conducted on the issue of pollution by visiting the
following sites: Hydro Garden & Alligator Pond located in the parish of St. Elizabeth, Guts
River located in the parish of Manchester & Bogue NWC, Power plant located in the parish of
St. James. And samples of water were collected from each site to test for Phosphates levels,
Total Suspended Solids, Fecal coliform and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) in water and
water P.H.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The method used in carrying out the investigation was observing, sampling and experiment. The
researcher uses the Quantitative method to carry out her data. The researchers choose to use
these methods of investigation because of the following categories.
1. The information gather were obvious

2. The result can be easily measured and analyzed
3. The information can be collected from all types of experiment
In carrying out this research samplings were done and experiments were carried out to ensure
that the results were accurate.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to West, Larry (March 26, 2006). `` World Water Day: A Billion People Worldwide
Lack Safe Drinking Water`` About.com postulated that water pollution is the contamination of
water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes,
rivers, oceans, aquifers and ground water. Water pollution results when contaminants are
introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated.
Wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this
can lead to public health problems for people living downstream. They may use the same
polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation. Water pollution is the leading
worldwide cause of death and disease cause of death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne
diseases. The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well
as physical parameters. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Elevated
temperatures can also lead to polluted water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of
water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated temperatures
decreased oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduces species
biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species.
Water pollution is measured by analyzing water samples, physical, chemical and biological tests
can be conducted. Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management
plants and industrial waste water treatment plants are usually required to protect water bodies
from untreated waste water. Agricultural wastewater treatments for farms, and erosion control at
construction sites can also help prevent water pollution. Nature-based solutions are another
approach to prevent water pollution. Effective control of urban runoff includes reducing speed
and quantity of flow. United States, best management practices for water pollution include
approaches to reduce the quantity of water and improve water quality.
Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants due

to these contaminants. Due to these contaminants it either does not support a human use, such as
drinking water or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its biotic contaminants such
as fish, natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae major changes in water quality and the
ecological status of water. Water pollution is a major global problem. It requires ongoing
evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual
aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of
death and diseases. Water pollution accounted for the deaths of 1.8 million people in 2015. The
organization Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES) consider water pollution as one of
the main environmental problems that can present a danger for the existence of life on earth in
the next decades. One of the main concerns, is that water pollution, heart phytoplankton who
produce 70% of oxygen and remove a large part of carbon dioxide on earth. The organization
proposes a number of measures for fixing the situation, but they should be taken in the next 10
years for being effective.
India and China are two countries with high levels of water pollution. An estimate 580 people in
India die of water pollution related illness (including water borne diseases) every day. About
90% of the water in the cities of the China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no
access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing
countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in
a report on water quality in the United States in 2009, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64
percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were
classified as polluted. According to Moss, Brian (2008). ``Water Pollution by Agriculture``
postulated that surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. A subset of
surface water pollution is marine pollution. Marine pollution, one common path of entry by
contaminants to the sea are rivers. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial
waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nation. In fact, the
10 largest emitters of ocean plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China,
Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh,
largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the
Mekong, and accounting for 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world`s oceans.
Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. Plastic debris can absorb toxic
chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning any creature that eats it. Many of these
long-lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in
obstruction of digestive pathways, which lead to reduced appetite or even starvation. There are a
variety of secondary effect stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition.
An example is silt- bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through
the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Groundwater pollution:

Interactions between groundwater and surface are complex. Consequently, groundwater
pollution, also referred to as groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination, is not as
easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are
susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies. The
distinction of point vis. Non-point source may be irrelevant in some situations. Analysis of
ground water contamination may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology,
hydrology, and the nature of contaminants. Causes of groundwater pollution include; naturally –
occurring (geo-genic), on -site sanitation systems sewage, fertilizers and pesticides, commercial
and industrial leaks, hydraulic fracturing, and landfill leachate.
According to Dryden, Howard. ``We have 10 years to save the seas` [Global Oceanic
Environmental Survey. Retrieved September 1, 2019. Postulated that surface water and
groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources even though they are
interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely,
groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are
generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.
Point sources: Point Source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a
single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include
discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water
Act (CWA) defines point sources of regulatory enforcement purposes. The CWA definition of
point sources was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as
industrial storm water, such as from construction sites.
Non-point sources: Non-point source pollution refers to the diffuse contamination that does not
originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of
small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching
out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from
``sheet flow `` over agricultural field or a forest are also cited as example of nonpoint sources.
Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways. Called urban runoff,
is sometimes included under the category of non-point sources. This run-off become a point
sources because it is typically channeled into stormed drain systems and discharges through
pipes to local surface waters.
Water pollution is one of the raging environmental issue plaguing our planet today. According to
the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), around 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage,
storm water, and industrial waste is dumped in the US water annually. It`s not much different in
other parts of the world, with developing countries at the forefront of the mess that we are
creating ourselves. If the UN estimates are to go by, 47% of the world population will faced
shortage of drinking water by 2050 at the ongoing.
PRESENTANTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Laboratory Tests
Figure#1-
Graph Showing The Total Phosphates (mg/L )at each

sites
4.63
sites
2.35
2.12
1.33
A B C D
Column1
This graph indicates that the total level of phosphates presents at sites `À, `. ` ``B``, ``C`` and
``D`` was 2.35mg/L. 4.63mg/L, 1.33mg/L and 2.12mg/L respectively. These values were
relatively low and as such it would not result in eutrophication, thus allowing tilapia and other
organisms to live there easily
Figure#-2
Graph Showing the Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)
D 80
C 85
Sites
B 90
A 75
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Series 3
This graph indicates that the total level of solids present at each sites. . It was detected that the
level of Total Solids of the sample of water for the four sites `À. ` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` were
75, 90, 85 and 80 respectively. As such, it can be inferred that all four sites contained suspended,
colbida and dissolved solids. High levels of Total solids causes a decrease in photosynthesis rate
and also reduces water clarity
Figure#3-
Pie Chart Showing the BOD (mg/L) at each Sites
22%
27%
A
B
C
D
27%
24%
This Pie Chart indicates the total level of BOD (mg/L) present at each sites. it was found that the
average level of BOD in sites `À,`.` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` was calculated to be 7.32mg/L,
6.50mg/L, 7.38mg/L and 6.02mg/L respectively. A level of BOD between 6mg/L – 9mg/L
indicates that the water is contains. Lots of organic material and bacteria. Furthermore, to
prevent reductions in growth and disease resistance. The dissolved oxygen concentration should
be kept at 1mg/L Therefore, it can be deducted that the water in the four sites `À, `. ` ``B``, ``C``
and ``D`` contained a lot of organic material and bacteria.
Figure#4:
Table 1: Showing the reading for the water P.H for Guts River
Guts RIVER P.H Reading
River Water 6.74
Table 2: showing the reading for the water P.H for Alligator Pond
Alligator Pond P.H. Reading
Sea Water 6.77
In figure 4 table 1 & 2 show the reading of water P.H. for Guts River and Alligator pond. It can
be seen that river water from Guts River has a P.H. of 6.74 and sea sand from Alligator pond has
a P.H. OF 6.77, however it is notice that Alligator pond has a higher water P.H. Guts River.
ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS
Figure#1: This graph indicates that the total level of phosphates presents at sites `À, `. ` ``B``,
``C`` and ``D`` was 2.35mg/L. 4.63mg/L, 1.33mg/L and 2.12mg/L respectively. These values
were relatively low and as such it would not result in eutrophication, thus allowing tilapia and
other organisms to live there easily
Figure# 2: This graph indicates that the total level of solids present at each sites. . It was detected
that the level of Total Solids of the sample of water for the four sites `À. ` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D``
were 75, 90, 85 and 80 respectively. As such, it can be inferred that all four sites contained
suspended, colbida and dissolved solids. High levels of Total solids causes a decrease in
photosynthesis rate and also reduces water clarity.
Figure# 3: This Pie Chart indicates the total level of BOD (mg/L) present at each sites. it was
found that the average level of BOD in sites `À,`.` ``B``, ``C`` and ``D`` was calculated to be
7.32mg/L, 6.50mg/L, 7.38mg/L and 6.02mg/L respectively. A level of BOD between 6mg/L –
9mg/L indicates that the water is contains. Lots of organic material and bacteria. Furthermore, to
prevent reductions in growth and disease resistance. The dissolved oxygen concentration should
be kept at 1mg/L Therefore, it can be deducted that the water in the four sites `À, `. ` ``B``, ``C``
and ``D`` contained a lot of organic material and bacteria.
Figure# 4: tables show the reading of water P.H. for Guts River and Alligator pond. It can be
seen that river water from Guts River has a P.H. of 6.74 and sea sand from Alligator pond has a
P.H. OF 6.77, however it is notice that Alligator pond has a higher water P.H. Guts River.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This research have brought about some interesting findings. Water pollution is one of the raging
environmental issue plaguing our planet today. According to the US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), around 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage, storm water, and industrial waste
is dumped in the US water annually. It`s not much different in other parts of the world, with
developing countries at the forefront of the mess that we are creating ourselves. If the UN
estimates are to go by, 47% of the world population will faced shortage of drinking water by
2050 at the ongoing. Humans have always preferred to settle near water bodies because of
obvious reasons- a practice that can be traced to the ancient times. Like the practice, even the
problem of water pollution be traced to ancient times. What is new though, is the rate at which
the planet`s water sources are being polluted, and that definitely is a matter of concern. The
amount of waste disposed in water bodies around the world has increased manifold over the last
few decades. The statistics provided below highlight the plight of these water bodies. According
to the data compiled by United Nations World Water Assessment Program (WWAP), which
monitors world`s freshwater resources, 2 million tons of human waste is disposed in water
bodies every single day.
According to WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program me (JMP) for Water Supply and
Sanitation, around 1.8 billion people worldwide drink fecal contaminated water. Also somewhere
around 748 million people do not have access to an improved drinking-water source. In the
WHO/UNICEF JMP, an improved drinking-water source is defined as one that, by the nature of
construction and when properly used, adequately protects the source from outside contamination,
particularly fecal matter.
According to the Toxic Release Inventory maintained by the federal government, 226 million IB
of toxic chemicals were dumped into the 1,400 waterways of the United States in 2010 alone. In
terms of volume, the waste dumped in the US waters was dominated by nitrate compounds.
The developing countries of the world have a major share in water pollution. According to the
WWAP, around 90% of the total waste in these countries is diverted to sources like rivers and
lakes, without subjecting it to proper treatment.\
Additionally, 70% of the industrial waste, which is dumped in the water bodies- untreated
obviously, comes from developing countries. Furthermore, industries dump 300-400 metric tons
of waste-comprising heavy metals and toxic sludge- in water sources every year.
In the United States, the problem of ground water pollution caused as a result of agricultural
activities is quite prominent. A study carried out in the 49 states of the US revealed that nitrate
was the principal contaminant of ground water in the country.
Alongside groundwater, agriculture also plays a significant role in the pollution of larger water
bodies in the form of surfaced runoff. In fact, traces of DDT, which was banned in the US way
back in 1970S, are still found in the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific.
The organization Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES) consider water pollution as one
of the main environmental problems that can present a danger for the existence of life on earth in
the next decades. One of the main concerns, is that water pollution, heart phytoplankton who
produce 70% of oxygen and remove a large part of carbon dioxide on earth. The organization
proposes a number of measures for fixing the situation, but they should be taken in the next 10
years for being effective.
India and China are two countries with high levels of water pollution. An estimate 580 people in
India die of water pollution related illness (including water borne diseases) every day. About
90% of the water in the cities of the China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no
access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing
countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in
a report on water quality in the United States in 2009, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64
percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were
classified as polluted.
According to Moss, Brian (2008). ``Water Pollution by Agriculture`` postulated that surface
water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. A subset of surface water pollution
is marine pollution. Marine pollution, one common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are
rivers. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. Pollution
such as this occurs particularly in developing nation. In fact, the 10 largest emitters of ocean
plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippine,
Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh, largely through the
rivers Yangtze, Indus, yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, and
accounting for 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world`s oceans. Water pollution is a
major global problem. It requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all
levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water
pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases. Water pollution accounted for the
deaths of 1.8 million people in 2015.
Like we said earlier, water pollution also affects numerous species. In a study published in
Marine Pollution Bulletin, it was observed that plastic ingestion occurrence was at a whopping
94 percent in Cory`s shearwater.
CONCLUSION
I have suspect that pollution has been affecting the country and more closely the environment for
many years there are many factor which contribute to the increase of pollution these include
carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust and some industrial processes, nitrogen dioxide from
motor vehicle, power generation, fertiizers, suspended soil fro soiled waste domestic and
industrial waste also sewage toxic chemicals radiation and industrial waste etc. the onus is that
the people of this country need to do more to reduce the rate of pollution in the environment
because the people of the nation know were the sources of pollution are coming from and how to
reduce it or even to eliminate it from the environment. The government along with NEPA in
addition should hold a symposium at the national arena and at surrounding community club for
as long as it take and invite people to come and give their view on pollution and how it can be
reduce as even be elimated from the environment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The researcher highly recommends that in order to prevent pollution in the environment a few
changes and improvement will need to take place, in order for this to take effect the cooperation
of the people of this nation will have to learn how to learn to take care and respect their
environment firstly person will of to reduce the amount of garbage they throw down the gully
and have them recycled and have some of them to be reuse in the home this will have a reduction
of air, water, and land pollution in addition the factories and pollution the government including
NEPA would have to come together and put laws in place with penalities to haves these
companies implenment a treatment system that will filter the harmful substances that has been
emitted in the atmosphere on a dialy basses and also to filter the water that is been release into
the lake, pond, and river that can destroy both plants and animals, vehicles also contribute to
pollution that need to be taken into consideration as it is one of the cause of water pollution.
Land fill need to be look at since it releases a gas that pollute the enviroment so that is another
area that the government need to look at because this contribute to acid rain and this will destroy
plant. Hence power station produce heat and they use water as a coolant, thus, the water will
become hot and they releases the hot water back into the river and sea and this will have an
effect on sub-surface plant and animal so NEPA and the government will have to look at this
issue. Pollution will never be remove from the environment but we can redce the amount of
pollution that is been release in the environment so the people of the country including the
government will have to play their part in the reduction of pollution.
APPENDICES
Hydro Gardens , St Elizabeth
Alligator Pond, St. Elizabeth
Bogue NWC powerplant
Guts River, Manchester

BIBLIOGRAPHY
West, Larry (March 26, 2006). `` World Water Day: A Billion People Worldwide Lack Safe
Drinking Water`` About.com.
Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES)
Moss, Brian (2008). ``Water Pollution by Agriculture``
Dryden, Howard. ``We have 10 years to save the seas` [Global Oceanic Environmental Survey.
Retrieved September 1, 2019.

Aquilia Franklin Envi-Science IA

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CAPE Environmental Science 2020-2021

NAME: Aquilia Franklin

Site Location: Hydro gardens, Jamaica, St Elizabeth

 Observation of plants grown in Hydroponics green house

Site Location: Alligator pond, St. Elizabeth

 To collect samples from the site visited

Site location: Guts River, Manchester

 To collect samples from different sources

Date: February 19, 2020

Site location: Bogue NWC, power plant, Montego Bay

Planning and Designing Lab

Problem: How does grass affect the movement of water in an ecosystem?

Part of the experiment:

 Control Group- The soil sample without anything added

 Three 2 liter bottles that are cut in half

Date: February19, 2020

Title: Water quality test

 Sample water from each sites

Data collection/ result

Table 1- Results showing the standards Absorbance Readings

Calculation of Phosphorus- phosphorus (mg/L PO4-P) = Phosphates (mg/L PO4)

Date: February 19, 2020

Title: water quality test

 Analytical balance ( 0.001g)

Data collection/ Result:

Date: February 19, 2020

Title: Biological Oxygen Demand

1. Verrier Lab Quest 2 interface

Data Collection/ Results:

D Initial 8.3 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.7

BOD5= BODE1 + BODE2 + BODE3+ BODE4 + BODE5

Discussion: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a representation of dissolved oxygen

Date: March 2, 2019

Title: Water P.H

Material / Apparatus: Beaker, test tubes, P.H scale

Discussion: In Chemistry, PH is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based

a glass electrode and PH meter, or a color- changing indicator. Measurements of PH are

Conclusion: Alligator pond has a higher water PH than in Guts River.

To analyze the environmental impacts of pollutions for various purposes.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

1. The information gather were obvious

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants due

the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Groundwater pollution:

PRESENTANTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Graph Showing The Total Phosphates (mg/L )at each

Graph Showing the Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)

Pie Chart Showing the BOD (mg/L) at each Sites

Hydro Gardens , St Elizabeth

Alligator Pond, St. Elizabeth

Bogue NWC powerplant

Guts River, Manchester

Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES)

Moss, Brian (2008). ``Water Pollution by Agriculture``

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