STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – 2
CE 524

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN

• GENERAL NOTES
• COLUMN STRENGTH IS A DIRECT FUNCTION OF ITS LENGTH MORE SPECIFICALLY ITS
SLENDERNESS
• ONLY SHORT COLUMNS CAN BE LOADED TO THE YIELD STRESS
• LONGER COLUMNS WILL USUALLY BUCKLE BEFORE THEY YIELD
• MEDIUM LENGTH COLUMNS HAVE INELASTIC BUCKLING CAPACITY
• SLENDER COLUMNS BUCKLE ELASTICALLY

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN

• GENERAL MODES OF FAILURE OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

• FLEXURAL BUCKLING (EULER BUCKLING)
• MEMBERS ARE SUBJECTED TO FLEXURE OR BENDING, WHEN THEY BECOME UNSTABLE.

• LOCAL BUCKLING
• OCCURS WHEN SOME PART OR PARTS OF THE CROSS SECTION OF A COLUMN ARE SO THIN THAT THEY
BUCKLE LOCALLY IN COMPRESSION BEFORE THE OTHER MODES OF BUCKLING CAN OCCUR.

• FLEXURAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

• OCCUR IN COLUMNS THAT HAVE CERTAIN CROSS-SECTIONAL CONFIGURATION. THESE COLUMNS FAIL BY
TWISTING (TORSION) OR BY A COMBINATION OF TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL BUCKLING.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• A COMPRESSION MEMBER THAT IS SLENDER COMPARED TO ITS LENGTH THAT UNDER
GRADUALLY INCREASING LOADS IT FAILS BY BUCKLING AT A LOAD CONSIDERABLY LESS
THAN THOSE REQUIRED FOR CRUSHING
• BUCKLING IS A SUDDEN LOSS OF STIFFNESS DUE TO COMPRESSIVE LOADS
• LEADS INTO A SUDDEN FAILURE OF STRUCTURES
• LEADS TO STABILITY ISSUE
• CRITICAL BUCKLING LOADS WERE FIRST DERIVED BY LEONARD EULER IN 1749

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• MINOR ASSUMPTIONS:
• LOADING IS THROUGH THE CENTROID
• NO TWISTING OR SHEAR DEFORMATION
• NOT A MAJOR CONCERN FOR W SHAPE STEEL
• REASONS WHY REAL COLUMN BEHAVIOUR DEVIATES FROM IDEAL COLUMN BEHAVIOUR
• PRESENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES
• PRESENCE OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
• CONSIDER A SIMPLY SUPPORTED COLUMN
SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL LOAD “P” AS
SHOWN WITH EI AS CONSTANT.
• THE GOAL IS TO DETERMINE THE LOAD P AND
ITS ASSOCIATED STRESSES THAT CAUSES
BUCKLING
• CUTTING A SECTION AT A DISTANCE “X”
FROM THE BOTTOM END OF THE COLUMN.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
• INTERNAL MOMENTS ARE DRAWN IN THE POSITIVE DIRECTION

𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0

𝑀 + 𝑃𝑦 = 0
𝑀 = −𝑃𝑦
• RECALL FROM MOMENT CURVATURE RELATIONSHIP FROM BEAM DEFLECTION
𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
−𝑃𝑦
𝑦" =
𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑦
𝑦" + =0
𝐸𝐼
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
𝑃𝑦
• FROM 𝑦" + =0
𝐸𝐼
• LET
𝑃
𝛼2 =
𝐸𝐼
𝑦" + 𝛼 2 𝑦 = 0 2ND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝑥
• APPLYING THE BOUNDARY CONDITION
𝑦 0 =0 𝑦 𝐿 =0
𝑦 0 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
𝐶1 = 0
𝑦 𝐿 = (0)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐿
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO
𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐿 = 0 ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
• SOLVING 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐿 = 0
WHEN 𝐶2 = 0 (INDICATES NO DEFLECTION)
WHEN 𝐿 = 0 (COLUMN HAS NO LENGTH)
WHEN 𝛼 = 0 (COLUMN HAS NO LOAD)
WHEN 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐿 = 0 WITH 𝛼𝐿 = 𝑛𝜋 (𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … )

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
• PLUGGING INTO THE EXPRESSION
𝑛𝜋
𝛼=
𝐿

𝑃
𝛼2 =
𝐸𝐼

𝑛𝜋 2 𝑃
=
𝐿 𝐸𝐼

𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃=
𝐿2
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃=
𝐿2
• BUCKLED SHAPES (BUCKLING MODES)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DERIVATION OF EULER BUCKLING
• BUCKLING LOAD FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED COLUMN
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿
• EQUIVALENT BUCKLING STRESS
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐼
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = = 2
𝐴 𝐿 𝐴
𝐼
𝑟2 =
𝐴
𝜋 2 𝐸𝑟 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
𝐿2
𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO 𝑟 ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EXAMPLE:
• (A) A W10 X 22 IS USED AS A 15-FT LONG PIN – CONNECTED COLUMN. USING THE EULER
EXPRESSION, DETERMINE THE COLUMN’S CRITICAL OR BUCKLING LOAD. ASSUME THAT HE STEEL HAS A
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT OF 36 KSI.
• (B) REPEAT PART (A) IF THE LENGTH IS CHANGED TO 8 FT.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR “K”
• MODIFIES THE LENGTH OF A COLUMN TO RELATE IT TO A
PINNED – PINNED COLUMN
• IT REFERS TO THE DISTANCE BETWEEN INFLECTION POINTS
• FOR A PINNED – PINNED COLUMN, K = 1.0
• FOR FIXED – FREE COLUMN K = 2.0
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝐾𝐿 2
𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐾𝐿
𝑟
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN

• EULER BUCKLING
• EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR “K”
• ALWAYS USE RECOMMENDED VALUES INSTEAD
OF THEORETICAL VALUES
• THESE VALUES ARE FOR SINGLE COLUMNS.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• RESIDUAL STRESSES:
• RECALL THE ELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS OF A COLUMN:

𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐾𝐿
𝑟

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• STRESS – STRAIN CURVE
(NO RESIDUAL STRESSES) WITH RESIDUAL STRESSES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• RESIDUAL STRESSES:
• STRESSES THAT REMAIN IN A MEMBER AFTER IT HAS BEEN FORMED INTO A STRUCTURAL
PRODUCT
• RESULTS FROM:
• UNEVEN COOLING
• COLD BENDING / CAMBERING
• WELDING
• ONSET OF YIELDING OCCURS MUCH SOONER THAN IF NO RESIDUAL STRESSES ARE PRESENT

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• RESIDUAL STRESSES
• IN ROLLED SHAPES, AFTER THE HOT ROLLING PROCESS:
• FLANGE TIPS AND THE CENTER OF THE WEB COOL FIRST, THEN SOLIDIFY AND
SHORTEN
• THIS CAUSES THIS REGIONS TO GO INTO COMPRESSION
• THE FLANGE-TO-WEB JUNCTION THEN COOLS AND GOES INTO TENSION TO
RESTORE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE SECTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EULER BUCKLING
• GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTION
• ALL COLUMNS POSSESS SOME AMOUNT OF OUT-OF-STRAIGHTNESS

• AISC ADOPTS THE COLUMN CAPACITY NOT JUST THE EULER BUCKLING (FOR
PERFECTLY SHAPE ELEMENT) BUT ALSO THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND
GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMN
• LONG COLUMN
• COLUMN BUCKLES ELASTICALLY WHERE THE AXIAL BUCKLING STRESS REMAINS BELOW
THE PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
• SHORT COLUMN
• FAILURE STRESS WILL EQUAL THE YIELD STRESS AND NO BUCKLING WILL OCCUR.
• INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
• SOME OF THE FIBERS WILL REACH THE YIELD STRESS AND SOME WILL NOT.
• THE MEMBERS WILL FAIL BY BOTH YIELDING AND BUCKLING, AND THE BEHAVIOR IS
INELASTIC

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DESIGN STRENGTH OF COLUMN
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
=
Ω Ω
• WHERE:
• ∅ = 0.90 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷)
• Ω = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)

𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦
• IF ≤ 4.71 OR ≤ 2.25 (INELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS)
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• DESIGN STRENGTH OF COLUMN
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦
• IF > 4.71 OR ≤ 2.25 (ELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS)
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 2
𝐾𝐿
𝑟

𝐾𝐿
• THE AISC MANUAL PROVIDES COMPUTED VALUES OF CRITICAL STRESSES FOR 0 ≤ ≤ 200
𝑟
AND FOR STEELS WITH 𝐹𝑦 = 35, 36, 42 46 𝑎𝑛𝑑 50 𝑘𝑠𝑖IN TABLE 4-22
𝐾𝐿
• IF > 200 THE CRITICAL STRESS, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 < 6.31 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑟

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EXAMPLE 1:
• (A) USING THE COLUMN CRITICAL STRESS VALUES IN TABLE 4-22 OF THE MANUAL,
DETERMINE THE LRFD DESIGN STRENGTH AND ALLOWABLE STRENGTH FOR THE
COLUMN SHOWN IF A 50 KSI STEEL IS USED.
• (B) REPEAT PART (A) USING TABLE 4-1 OF THE MANUAL
• (C) CALCULATE THE LRFD DESIGN STRENGTH AND ASD ALLOWABLE STRENGTH OF
THE COLUMN.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EXAMPLE 2:
• AN HSS 16 X 16 X ½ WITH 𝐹𝑦 = 46 𝑘𝑠𝑖 IS USED FOR AN 18-FT LONG COLUMN WITH SIMPLE END
SUPPORTS.
• (A) DETERMINE THE LRFD DESIGN STRENGTH AND THE ASD ALLOWABLE STRENGTH OF THE COLUMN
WITH THE APPROPRIATE EQUATION
• (B) REPEAT PART (A) USING TABLE 4-4 OF THE MANUAL

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EXAMPLE 3:
• DETERMINE THE LRFD DESIGN STRENGTH AND THE ASD ALLOWABLE STRENGTH FOR THE AXIALLY
LOADED COLUMN SHOWN IF 𝐾𝐿 = 19 𝑓𝑡 AND 50 KSI STEEL IS USED.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN
• EXAMPLE 4:
• (A) DETERMINE THE LRFD DESIGN STRENGTH AND THE ASD ALLOWABLE STRENGTH
FOR THE AXIALLY LOADED W14 X 90 COLUMN SHOWN IF 50 KSI STEEL IS USED.
BECAUSE OF ITS CONSIDERABLE LENGTH, THE COLUMN IS BRACED PERPENDICULAR
TO ITS WEAK OR Y AXIS AT THE POINTS SHOWN. THESE CONNECTIONS ARE
ASSUMED TO PERMIT ROTATION OF THE MEMBER IN A PLANE PARALLEL TO THE
PLANE OF THE FLANGES. AT THE SAME TIME, HOWEVER, THEY ARE ASSUMED TO
PREVENT TRANSLATION OR SIDESWAY AND TWISTING OF THE CROSS SECTION
ABOUT A LONGITUDINAL AXIS PASSING THROUGH THE SHEAR CENTER OF THE
CROSS SECTION.
• (B) REPEAT PART (A) USING COLUMN TABLES OF PART 4 OF THE MANUAL.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT