International Journal of Emerging

Electric Power Systems

Volume 7, Issue 3 2006 Article 6

A Novel FACTS Based (DDSC) Compensator

for Power-Quality Enhancement of L.V.
Distribution Feeder with a Dispersed Wind
Generator
Adel M. Sharaf∗ Khaled Mohamed Abo-Al-Ez†

∗
University of New Brunswick, sharaf@unb.ca
†
University of New Brunswick, g051q@unb.ca

Copyright 2006
c The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.
A Novel FACTS Based (DDSC) Compensator
for Power-Quality Enhancement of L.V.
Distribution Feeder with a Dispersed Wind
Generator
Adel M. Sharaf and Khaled Mohamed Abo-Al-Ez

Abstract

In a deregulated electric service environment, an effective electric transmission and distribu-

tion networks are vital to the competitive environment of reliable electric service. Power qual-
ity (PQ) is an item of steadily increasing concern in power transmission and distribution. The
traditional approach to overcoming capacity and quality limitations in power transmission and
distribution in many cases is the addition of new transmission and/or generating capacity. This,
however, may not be practicable or desirable in the real case, for many of reasons. From tech-
nical, economical and environmental points of view, there are two important - and most of the
time combined - alternatives for building new transmission or distribution networks to enhance
the transmission system capacity, and power quality: the Flexible alternating current transmission
devices and controllers, and the distributed generation resources near the load centers. The con-
nection of distributed generation to the distribution grid may influence the stability of the power
system, i.e. angle, frequency and voltage stability. It might also have an impact on the protec-
tion selectivity, and the frequency and voltage control in the system. This paper presents a low
cost FACTS based Dynamic Distribution System Compensator (DDSC) scheme for voltage sta-
bilization and power transfer and quality enhancement of the distribution feeders connected to a
dispersed wind generator, using MATLAB/ SimPower System simulation tool.

KEYWORDS: voltage stabilization, power quality, FACTS, distributed/dispersed resources, novel

dynamic distribution system compensator (DDSC)
 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

I. INTRODUCTION

In a deregulated electric service environment, an effective electric transmission

and distribution networks are vital to the competitive environment of reliable
electric service [1]. Power quality (PQ) is an item of steadily increasing concern
in power transmission and distribution. Since transmission services are now
provided under contract, restrictions on voltage and current distortion, sags and
fluctuations are coming into force at a scale hitherto unseen in many countries.
Light flicker in work places as well as domestic dwellings, and energy and
production outages due to poor quality of electrical grids is no longer acceptable.
The traditional approach to overcoming such capacity and quality limitations in
power transmission and distribution in many cases is the addition of new
transmission and/or generating capacity [2, 3]. This, however, may not be
practicable or desirable in the real case, for a variety of reasons. Adding of new
lines and/or extending of existing substations may be too costly and time-
consuming, concessions for new rights-of-way may be hard or impossible to come
by, and last but not least, there may be serious obstacles in the way from an
ecological point of view [4].
From technical, economical and environmental points of view, there are two
important -and most of the time combined- alternatives for building new
transmission or distribution networks to enhance the transmission system
capacity, and power quality:
1- The Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices and controllers.
2- The distributed/Dispersed generation resources (DGR) near the load
centers.
In fact the distributed generation becomes more economically viable if there is
a strong backbone of the transmission/ distribution grid. Flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of present as well as new
and upgraded lines. In this paper a novel low cost Dynamic Distribution System
Compensator (DDSC) is developed based on the FACTS technology to overcome
the voltage stability and power transfer capability and quality of the distribution
feeders connected to Distributed generation resources.

II. THE FACTS DEVICES AND CONTROLLERS

By the IEEE definition [1]: Flexibility of electric power transmission is the ability
to accommodate changes in the electric transmission/Distribution system or
operating conditions while maintaining steady state and transient margins.
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are alternating current transmissions

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 International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Vol. 7 [2006], Iss. 3, Art. 6

systems incorporating power electronic–based and static controllers to enhance

controllability and increase power transfer capability.
FACTS are designed to remove congestion constraints and to meet planners´,
investors´ and operators´ goals without their having to undertake major system
additions. This offers ways of attaining an increase of power transmission
capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability, minimum
transmission losses, and minimum environmental impact at minimum investment
cost and time expenditure. Improving or safeguarding of power quality in
transmission and distribution is the second very important driving force for the
implementing of FACTS in power systems. For instance, the building of a steel
plant may be an undertaking of great importance to a country or a region, offering
GNP growth as well as employment. In many cases, however, where the
supplying grid is weak or insufficient, this added value will also become a
nuisance to many due to pollution of the grid, pollution which will spread far and
wide over the grid and in the worst case become an impediment to industrial
endeavor elsewhere and in any case a source of complaint. FACTS will offer
remedy in such cases, by enabling confinement or neutralizing of electrical
disturbances such as voltage sags and fluctuations, harmonic distortion, and phase
unbalance in three-phase systems. As a useful added value, improved economy of
the process or processes in question will usually also be achieved [4].

III. The DISTRIBUTED / DISPERSED GENERATION RESOURCES

Distributed Renewable generation Resources (DGR) are small-scale generation

technologies located near to the load. These are typically 5 MW or less. Photo-
voltaic cells, micro-turbines, fuel cells, wind turbines, combustion turbines, and
small synchronous generators are typical examples of the distributed resources
[5]. Benefits of the (DGR) to the utility are: Maximum use of standby capacity
through safe parallel operation with the utility grid, enhanced voltage stability and
avoided line losses during heavy-load conditions, and Improved system load
factor [5, 6]. Customer Benefits of (DGR): Reliability improvement, Power
Quality (PQ) improvement, and Electricity Consumption reduction [5].
Recently, there has been great interest in the integration of dispersed
generation units at the distribution level. Recent technology improvements in
micro-turbines, fuel cells, wind energy and energy storage devices have provided
the opportunity for dispersed generation at the distribution level. With the
possibility of significant penetration of distributed generation, more studies are
needed on dynamic analysis of distribution systems.
The traditional distribution system differs from the transmission system in the
following aspects [7]:
• It is typically radial or weakly meshed.

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

• Distribution lines usually have a larger R/X ratio.

• There may be significant three-phase unbalance including unbalanced loads
and single phase or two phase lines.
Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRES), also called distributed
generation resources (DGR), and describes smaller-scale power generation or
storage located close to where the power is needed. Units can be connected
directly to the consumer or to a utility’s transmission and distribution system.
Distributed generation can provide standby generation, peak shaving capability,
base load generation or cogeneration. Capacity ranges from one kilowatt (the
approximate demand for a residential customer) to 15 megawatts to supply large
commercial or medium industrial facilities. Various technologies are used for
distributed generation, including wind and solar power, external combustion
engines and “combined heat and power” generators. The connection of distributed
generation to the grid may influence the stability of the power system, i.e. angle,
frequency and voltage stability [8]-[9]. It might also have an impact on the
protection selectivity, and the frequency and voltage control in the system. On the
other hand, DG units have not been designed to support system stability during
power system failures [8]. The applied small synchronous generators have simple
exciter and governor control schemes compared to large central power generators
and induction generators are not able to control the reactive power at all. (DGR)
units connected via electronic power converters do not have large capabilities to
control active and reactive power. The system inertia of DG units is normally low.
Further more, the power generation from DG leads to a reduction of power
generation from central power units and the number of online generators, spinning
reserve. This results in a larger uncertainty in terms of power system stability
when a major disturbance occurs [10].

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM UNDER STUDY

The system under study, shown in Fig.1 is composed of:

1. The distribution system feeder of 25 km with a hybrid load (Linear,
Nonlinear (arc type), and motorized loads) at the end of the feeder, and
four linear loads uniformly distributed along the feeder length.
2. The wind energy generator (WECS) is connected to the distribution
feeder at the middle of its length.
System parameters, load, and control settings are given in the Appendix.

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Fig.1. Single line diagram of the Distribution feeder with proposed WECS interference at the
middle of the feeder.

V. THE WIND GENERATOR

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power.
Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using
electricity to make wind, a turbine uses wind to make electricity. The wind turns
the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to an induction generator and
makes electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution
lines to a substation, then on to homes, business and schools. Wind energy offers
many advantages over conventional power production, including minimal
environmental impact, reduced dependence on fossil fuels, and potential long-
term income for property owners who lease land for wind farms [11]. A generic
model of Wind Energy-Penetration with no Storage, Wind-Diesel (HPNSWD)
system is used [12]. This technology was developed by Hydro-Quebec to reduce
the cost of supplying electricity in remote northern communities [13]. The optimal
wind penetration (installed wind capacity/peak electrical demand) for this system
depends on the site delivery cost of fuel and available wind resource. The wind
speed is assumed to be constant at 10 m/sec. the wind turbine data is given in the
appendix. The wind turbine characteristics are shown in Fig.2 [14].

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

Fig. 2. Characteristics of the wind turbine of the study system [14].

VI. THE NOVEL DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

COMPENSATOR (DDSC) AND ITS CONTROL SCHEME

The power systems of today, by and large, are mechanically switched. There is a
widespread use of microelectronics, computers, and high speed communications
for control and protection of the grid; however, when operating signals are sent to
the power circuits, where the final control action is taken, the switching devices
are mechanical and there is little high speed control. In effect, in the point view of
both dynamic and steady state operation the system is really uncontrolled. The
FACTS controllers have the ability to control the interrelated parameters that
govern the operation of the grid including series impendence, shunt impedance,
current, voltage, phase angle, and the damping of oscillations at various
frequencies below the rated frequency. These constraints can not be overcome,
while maintaining the required system reliability, by mechanical means without
lowering the usable transmission capacity. By providing added flexibility, FACTS
controllers can enable a line to carry power closer to its thermal rating.
Mechanical switching needs to be supplemented by rapid response power
electronics. It must be emphasized that FACTS are enabling technology, and not a

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one-on-one substitute for mechanical switches [1]. This is shown from the
construction of The Novel low cost FACTS based Dynamic Distribution System
Compensator (DDSC), and the design of its control scheme. Fig.3 shows the
novel (DDSC) MATLAB/ SIMPOWER SYTEM block model, comprising a
switched power filter that ensures voltage stability and power quality at the load
bus, the distribution substation bus, and the wind generator bus.

Fig.3. MATLAB / Sim-Power System block model of the Novel FACTS (DDSC).
Fig.4 shows the proposed novel Tri-loop (PI) Proportional plus Integral,
dynamic error driven sinusoidal SPWM switching controller. The dynamic
controller is used to stabilize the voltage at the required key buses by regulated
pulse width switching of the two ideal mechanical switches shown in Fig.3. The
dynamic tri-loop error driven variable structure sliding mode controller is
characterized by structural simplicity.

Fig.4.MATLAB / Sim-Power System block of the (DDSC) Controller.

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

The selected fixed switching frequency fs =1/Ts is usually a function of

nonlinear load dynamic variations and ranges from (300- 3000 Hz). The
modulated controller parameters are usually selected for a given controller near
tuned frequency in the range of (150 – 900 Hz) and with a damping factor (0.2 to
0.5) and quality factor (5-10). The tri-loop regulator uses a global error (et)
consisting of the RMS load voltage, RMS load current and a dynamic current
ripple loop. The three key dynamic loops play a vital role in effective dynamic
voltage regulation and reactive power compensation. The scaling and time delay
selection of these key loops is done using an offline guided trial and error method
to insure fast response and minimize total error (et).The three regulating loops are
[17, 18]:
Loop 1 – the main loop for the dynamic voltage error using the RMS voltage at
the load bus; this loop is to maintain the voltage at the load bus at a reference
value by modulating the admittance of the compensator.
Loop 2 – the dynamic error is using RMS dynamic load current. This loop is an
auxiliary loop to compensate for any sudden electrical load excursions.
Loop 3 – the dynamic error is using the instantaneous absolute value of the load
current to provide an effective dynamic tracking control to suppress any current
harmonic ripples.
The Complete MATLAB/ SIMPOWER SYTEM block models of the system
under study, is shown in the appendix.

VII. SIMULATION RESULTS

To validate the proposed low cost (DDSC) Scheme, A MATLAB/ SimPower

System Model is built for the system under study, and the simulation is performed
for two cases, each case consider the system with and without the DDSC Scheme.
The two cases are:
1. The Hybrid load is connected to the end of the distribution feeder, without
the wind energy generator.
2. The Hybrid load is connected to the end of the distribution feeder, and the
wind energy generator is inserted at the mid point of the distribution
feeder.
The distribution feeder has a uniform distributed linear load, and at the end of
the distribution feeder there is one nonlinear load at the beginning of the
simulation:
• At t= 0.1sec the distributed generation source located at the middle of the
feeder is inserted into the feeder circuit.
• AT t=0.2 sec the NLL (arc type) is inserted at the end of the feeder.
• At t=0.3 sec the Motorized load is inserted at the end of the feeder.
The novel FACTS (DDSC) device is used to stabilize the voltage at the key
buses, and enhance the power transfer capability of the distribution feeder to

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decrease the feeder congestion problems, and improve the power quality. The
simulation is applied to the system under study for 1 sec.

Case 1: The Hybrid load is connected to the end of the distribution feeder,
without the wind energy generator:

1. Without FACTS - (DDSC) Scheme:

The voltage, current, active power, reactive power, total appearant power, and the
power factor at the Key Buses (The Distribution substation Bus, and the Hybrid
load Bus) are shown in the following figures. (All parameters are per unit values).

Fig.5. Unified System dynamic response Parameters at the Distribution Substation Bus.

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

Fig.6. Unified System dynamic response Parameters at the Hybrid Load Bus.

2. With FACTS- (DDSC) Scheme connected in shunt to the Hybrid load bus:

Fig.7. Unified System Parameters at the Distribution Substation Bus with the (DDSC).

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Fig.8. Unified System dynamic Response Parameters at the Hybrid Load Bus with the (DDSC).

Case 2: The Hybrid load is connected to the end of the distribution feeder, and
the wind energy generator is inserted at the mid point of the distribution feeder.
1. Without FACTS- (DDSC) Scheme:

Fig.10. Unified System dynamic Response Parameters at the Distribution Substation Bus.

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

Fig.11. Unified System Dynamic Response Parameters at the Hybrid Load Bus.

Fig.12. Unified System Dynamic Response Parameters at the Wind Generator Bus.

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2. With FACTS- (DDSC) Scheme connected in shunt to the Hybrid load bus, and
the Wind Generator Buss:

Fig.13. Unified System dynamic Response Parameters at the Distribution Substation Bus with the
(DDSC).

Fig.14. Unified System Dynamic Response Parameters at the Hybrid Load Bus with the (DDSC).

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

Fig.15. Unified System Dynamic Response Parameters at the Wind Generator Bus with the
(DDSC).

VIII. CONCLUSIONS
• Deregulation in the electric power system sectors, make it essential to provide
reliable, secure, and stable transmission and distribution grids with integrated
Distributed Renewable Wind Energy Schemes.
• Power quality (PQ) is an issue of steadily increasing concern in power
transmission and distribution.
• The evolving technologies of Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS),
along with different Distributed/ Dispersed Generation Resources (DGR),
provided technical, economical and environmental effective solution to overcome
the congestion constraints and Power Quality (PQ) problems of the transmission
and distribution grids.
• Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are alternating current
transmission systems incorporating power electronic–based and static controllers
to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.
• Distributed Renewable generation Sources (DRGS) are small-scale generation
technologies located near to the load being served. Thus, connected at the
distribution voltage levels.
• The connection of distributed generation to the grid may influence the stability
of the power system, i.e. angle, frequency and voltage stability.
• A generic model of the High-Penetration Wind with no Storage, Wind-Diesel
(HPNSWD) system is used in this paper.

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• It must be emphasized that FACTS are enabling technology, and not a one-on-
one substitute for mechanical switches. This is shown from the construction of
The Novel low cost FACTS based Dynamic Distribution System Compensator
(DDSC), and the design of its control scheme proposed in this paper.
• The proposed novel Tri-loop (PI) Proportional plus Integral, dynamic error
driven sinusoidal SPWM switching controller is used to stabilize the voltage at
the required key buses by regulated pulse width switching of the two ideal
mechanical switches.
• the proposed low cost (DDSC) Scheme is validated using a MATLAB/
SimPower System Model built for the system under study, and the simulation is
performed for two cases, each case consider the system with and without the
(DDSC) Scheme.
• The proposed (DDSC) FACTS based device with dynamic tri-loop controller
did enhance the voltage stability at the system key buses, and improved the
system’s power quality, and also increased the power transmission capacity of the
distribution feeder, which will prevent any problems due to power congestion.
The stability and power quality were greatly enhanced in case of the wind energy
source interference at the mid-point of the distribution feeder. The following
tables summarizes the results of the a MATLAB/ SimPower System simulations:

METER READINGS OF THE SYSTEM PARAMETERS AT THE KEY

BUSES:

Case 1: The Hybrid load is connected to the end of the distribution feeder,
without the wind energy generator:

System Parameter at Without the (DDSC) Scheme With the (DDSC) Scheme
the Key Buses (in p.u)

Substation Bus Load Bus Substation Bus Load Bus

Phase Voltage 0.7063 0.6544 0.9849 1.008
Current 1.526 1.249 1.384 1.077
Power Factor 0.5215 0.424 0.919 0.7737
Active Power 0.3842 0.2451 0.8858 0.594
Reactive Power 0.6151 0.5149 -0.1028 -0.2358
Total Appearant Power 0.7253 0.5702 0.8917 0.6391

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 Sharaf and Abo-Al-Ez: A Novel FACTS DDSC for Power Quality Enhancement

Case 2: The Hybrid load is connected to the end of the distribution feeder, and the
wind energy generator is inserted at the mid point of the distribution feeder:

Without the (DDSC) Scheme With the (DDSC) Scheme

System Parameter at
the Key Buses (in p.u) The
Load The Wind Substation
Substation Bus Load Bus Wind
Bus G. Bus Bus
G. Bus
Phase Voltage 0.6849 0.6317 0.527 1.001 1.022 1.049
Current 1.688 1.215 0.8706 0.192 1.082 0.5703
Power Factor 0.3398 0.4242 0.9369 0.8961 0.7766 0.8555
Active Power 0.2429 0.2302 0.3299 0.7786 0.6076 0.3621
Reactive Power 0.6618 0.482 0.1125 -0.1058 -0.1861 -0.1876
Total Appearant
0.705 0.5342 0.3486 0.7858 0.6355 0.4078
Power

IX. APPENDIX
1- THE STUDY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
• 3 phase zero impedance programmable voltage source.
• 138 kV (L-L) r.m.s, Phase = 0 degrees.
THE 3 PHASE • Harmonic generation:
Order n=2, Amplitude = 0.15 p.u, Phase = 35 degrees, Negative sequence.
A.C SOURCE Order n= 3, Amplitude = 0.2 p.u, Phase = -25 degrees, Zero sequence.
• Base voltage = 138 kV (L-L) r.m.s.

Hybrid load is at the end of the 25 km short distribution feeder:

• Linear load: 1.5 MW, 0.5 MVAR.
THE HYBRID • Squirrel cage Induction Motor Load: 50 KVA, 25 kV - (L-L) r.m.s, 60
LOAD Hz.
• Non linear arc type load = 30 MW.

• Linear load, each: 1.5 MW, 0.5 MVAR.

THE • The short feeder: R = 0.0127 Ohm/km, L = 0.997 mH/km.
UNIFORMLY • Loads Locations’ from the distribution substation:
LINEAR • Load 1: at 5 km
DISTRIBUTED • Load 2: at 10 km
LOADS ALONG • Load 3: at 15 km
THE FEEDER • Load 4: at 20 km.

Between the Source bus and the distribution substation bus

• Step down transformer: 10 MVA 3 phase 2 winding, 138/25 kV,
THE Connection (∆/Yg).
TRANSFORMER • R1 = R2 = 0.002 p.u
• L1= L2 = 0.08 p.u
Base Power = 10 MVA, Base voltage on the secondary side = 25 kV (L-L)
THE TRI- • The gains :Kp = 100, Ki = 10; (Kp/Ki = τ1 = 0.1)
LOOP • The scaling factors: γv= 1.0, γi = γripple = 0.5

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CONTROLLER • Delay time = 10 ms

THE PWM • 1 arm – two bridge pulses

SWITCHING • αD = ton /T S/W (duty cycle ratio) ; 0 < αD< 1.0
BLOCK • T S/W = 1/ f S/W ; f S/W = 2000 Hz (selected)

• 6 Pulse Diode Rectifier Bridge

• 3 phase capacitors, each Cf= 120 µF
THE FACTS
• Rf = 0.5 Ω , Lf = 10 mH
BASED (DDSC) • Two Ideal switches : Ron = 0.001 Ω, Lon = 0.001 mH , Snubber
Resistance = 0.1 M Ω, Snubber Capacitance = infinity
3 phase Squirrel Cage Induction Generator:
• 4.16 kV (L-L) r.m.s, 3.6 MVA, 60 Hz.
THE DATA OF • Stator : Rs = 0.016 p.u, Ls = 0.06 p.u
• Rotor: Rr’ = 0.015 p.u, Lr’ = 0.06 p.u
THE WIND • Mutual Inductance Lm = 3.5 p.u
GENERATOR • Inertia Constant = 2 , Friction Factor = 0, Pairs of poles = 2
Base Power = 3.6 MVA, Base voltage on the secondary side = 4.16 kV (L-
L)

2- THE COMPLETE MATLAB/SIMPOWER SYSTEM OF THE SAMPLE STUDY

SYSTEM:

Distribution feeder with proposed WECS located at the middle of the feeder MATLAB
Functional- Model

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X. REFRENCES
1. Narain G.Hingorani, Laszlo Gyungyi, “Understanding FACTS: Concepts and
Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems”, IEEE Press, 1999.
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Deregulated Environment”, IEEE CCGEI 2004.
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16. Edward Y.Y. Ho, Paresk C. Sen, “Control Dynamics of Speed Drive
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