CROP DIVERSIFICATION AND RAINFED

FARMING SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Dr M.D. Reddy
Principal Scientist (Agro) & Head, Water Technology Centre,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-
Hyderabad-500 030.

National seminar on "Agriculture diversification in the changing Global Scenario-

Scenario- a 1
paradigm shift." March 33--4, 2006.
Diversification in Agriculture - brings desirable
change in the existing cropping pattern towards
more balanced cropping pp g system
y to meet ever
increasing demand for cereals, pulses, oilseeds,
fibers, horticultural crops, fodder and grasses, and
fuel, etc
etc.. (Jana, 2006
2006))

„ Aims to improving soil health and agroagro--ecosystem with

socio-
socio
i -economic
i improvement
i t off the
th people.
peoplel .
„ It takes into account the economic returns from
different crops and other allied farming for the
development of the nation
nation..

2
Catalysts for Crop Diversification
„ Demand
„ Supply response
„ Price
„ Market mechanism
„ Competitiveness

„ Sustainability
„ Response for efficient resource use
„ Policy Stimulants
3
Analysis of Crop Diversification
State perspective
Rice-- Wheat rotation states
Rice
„ Punjab
„ Haryana
„ Uttar Pradesh
„ Rice dominant states
„ West Bengal
g
„ Bihar
„ Other states
„ Andhra Pradesh
„ Karnataka
„ Maharashtra
„ Rajasthan 4
Agricultural Diversification in India

„ Slowlyy ppicking
g up
p momentum in favor of
high--value food commodities to augment
high
income..
income

„ The nature of diversification differs across

regions due to wide heterogeneity in agro
agro--
climatic and socio
socio--economic environments
environments..

„ Crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry

constitute the core sectors of agriculture
agriculture.
g .
5
Crop Diversification in the Indian Perspective can be broadly
categorized
t i d into
i t
„ Resource related factors covering irrigation, rainfall and soil
fertility
„ Technology related factors covering not only seed, fertilizer,
and water technologies but also those related to marketing,
storage andd processing
i
„ Household related factors covering food and fodder self self--
sufficiencyy requirement
q as well as investment capacity
p y
„ Price related factors covering output and input prices as well
as trade policies and other economic policies that affect
these prices either directly or indirectly
„ Institutional and infrastructure related factors covering farm
size and tenancy arrangements, research, extension and
marketing systems and government regulatory policies
6
 Crop Pattern Changes is observed both in
N i and
Nation dS State
„ Pre--Green Revolution period -before 1966/
Pre 1966/67

„ Post-- Green Revolution is represented by three sub-

Post sub-periods

¾ The impact of the Green Revolution has mainly been on

wheat, especially in the irrigation
irrigation--wise better endowed
Northwestern
No t weste paparts
ts oof India.
India
d a.
a.
¾ In the second period, i.e., 19761976//77 to 1986/
1986/87,
87, the new
technologies have expanded to Southern and Eastern
regions
g and also covered crops p such as rice with marked
increase in growth and productivity
productivity..
¾ In the third period, i.e. 1986
1986//87 to 1996/
1996/97
97,, is characterized
byy a number of ppolicy y changes
g includingg the launchingg of
the Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) as well as
price support and stabilization policies for oilseed crops.
crops. 7
 Table 1: All India Temporal Change (%) in the Area Share of Main Crops and
Crop Groups, 1966/67 to 1996/97
S.No. Crops TE TE TE TE
1966/67 1976/77 1986/87 1996/97
1. Rice 23.90 24.13 24.75 25.29
2. Wheat 11.99 10.01 9.62 15.03
3. Course Cereals 26.49 29.20 28.09 18.70
4. All Cereals 62.38 63.34 62.47 59.03
5. Gram& Pigeon Pea 7.26 6.48 6.25 6.30
6. Other Pulses 8.06 7.99 7.85 7.45
7. All Pulses 15.32 14.46 14.10 13.75
8. All Foodgrains 77.70 77.80 76.56 72.78
9. Sunflower & Soybean 0.54 0.79 0.91 0.77
10. All oilseds 11.27 11.24 12.07 15.35
11. Fibres 6.28 5.25 5.18 5.72
12. Spices 0.64 0.83 1.02 1.12
13. Fruits & Vegetables 0.75 0.92 1.15 1.40
14. Other Field Crops 3.04 3.54 3.51 3.23
15. Plantation Crops 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.41
16. All Commercial Crops 11.03 10.96 11.36 11.87 8
17. All Non-Cereals 37.62 36.66 37.53 40.98
 Table 2: All India Temporal Change in Area (000 ha) Composition of Crop Groups,
1966/67 to 1996/97
S. No Crops TE TE TE TE
1966/67 1976/77 1986/87 1996/97
1. Rice 35728 38625 41154 42978
2. Wheat 17930 16018 15995 25548
3. Course Cereals 39610 46741 46711 31788
4. All Cereals 93268 101384 103860 100314
5. Gram& Pigeon Pea 10848 10367 10393 10712
6. Other Pulses 12057 12787 13044 12661
7. All Pulses 22905 23154 23437 23373
8. All Food grains 116172 124537 127297 123686
9. Sunflower & Soybean 807 1270 1511 1310
10. All oilseeds 16848 17988 20071 27837
11. Fibers 9383 8403 8618 9716
12. Spices 950 1326 1695 1904
13. Fruits & Vegetables 1120 1480 1913 2382
14. Other Field Crops 4544 5665 5828 5486
15. Plantation Crops 489 667 840 691
16. All Commercial Crops 56238 58691 62402 71389 9
17. All Non-Cereals 149506 160075 166262 171703
 Area shifts occurred 1966
1966//67 and 1996
1996//97 from coarse cereals
to oilseeds.
oilseeds. The three notable aspects
p are

„ First, most of these area shifts occurred during 1996/

1996/97.
97. A
protective trade environment, favorable price policy and the
connecting of the Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO)
during this period have all enhanced the comparative
advantage of oilseeds.
oilseeds.

„ Second, the area shift during this period comes mainly from
barleyy and ppulses other than ppigeon
g ppea g
grown under rain fed
conditions where as for oilseeds the area shift involve mostly
rain fed areas and also groundwater irrigated areas.
areas.

„ Third, there is also a significant area shift within oilseed crops

crops..
Groundnut still has a dominant place, rapeseed and mustard,
sunflower and soybean are increasing steadily, those of
sesamum, linseed
li d andd nigerseed
i d are declining
d li i gradually
gradually.
d ll .
10
 The regional patterns of agricultural
growth

9 The southern and western regions have followed crop

diversification towards high
high--value commodities
commodities..
9 The annual compound growth rates of area and gross
value of high
high--value commodities in these regions are
much higher and the differences are more during
1990ss.
1990
9 The share of highhigh--value commodities in the gross
cropped area and value of agricultural output has also
risen..
risen
11
 Table 3: Share of food grain and non-food grain crops in cropping pattern
and
d value
l off output
t t in
i India
I di att constant
t t prices
i (percent).
( t)

Region Share of food grain and non food grain crops

TE 1981-82 TE 1998-99
Food grain Non-food grain Food grain Non-food grain
crops crops crops crops
Area Value Area Value Area Value Area Value
Eastern 81.63 51.73 18.37 48.27 73.83 43.04 26.17 56.96
Northeastern 70.11 44.43 29.89 55.77 65.06 35.80 34.94 64.2
Northern 77.42 54.92 22.58 45.08 76.86 53.74 23.14 46.26
Southern 62.86 41.82 37.14 58.18 53.08 28.20 46.92 71.80
Western 71.92 44.44 28.08 55.56 61.85 36.10 38.15 63.90
All-India 70.34 48.05 29.66 51.95 65.44 39.85 34.56 60.15
12
Table 4: Contribution of different commodities in agricultural
growth during 1980-2000 (percent)

Commodity 1980s 1990s 1980-2000

Rice 21.3 21.5 21.4
Wheat 6.8 22.2 15.6
Coarse cereals -1.6 2.1 0.5
Pulses 79
7.9 15
1.5 42
4.2
Oilseeds 20.4 1.8 9.9
Fibers 5.0 -0.4 1.9
Sugarcane 7.0 8.8 8.0
Beverages 2.7 2.6 2.6
Fruits and vegetables 23 7
23.7 32 1
32.1 28 5
28.5
Spices 6.4 7.6 7.1
Others 0.4 0.4 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
13
 Drivers of Agricultural Diversification

Triggered by the rapid technological change in agricultural

production these are broadly classified as demand and supply
forces..
forces

„ Demand side:
side: per capita income and urbanization
„ Supply side
side:: infrastructure
infrastructure-- markets and road, technology,
relative profitability and risks in different commodities,
resource endowments - water and labor and socio socio--economic
variables, pressure on land and literacy rate

™ Technology
™ Policy support

™ Infrastructural Development

™ Institutional arrangement
™ Reforms in Financial Sector

14
 Technology
¾ The share of nonnon--food grain commodities in the total
value
al e of agriculture
agric
agriculture-
lt re- crossed 50 %
¾ Improved technologies can be targeted for high high--value
food commodities to increase productivity,
productivity minimize
post--harvest losses, enhance shelf
post shelf--life and improve
commodity
co od y traitss likee sshape,
pe, co
color,
o , ssize,
e, nutrition,
u o , eetcetc.
c.
c.
¾ The research in these commodities has shown
positive impact
p p by
y evolvingg novel food commodities
in non
non--traditional areas even in unconventional
seasons..
seasons

15
 Policy Support for promoting agro
agro--processing of high-
high-
value commodities
„ Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development
Agency (APEDA) and
„ National Horticultural Development Board (NHDB),
„ Private sector.

Infrastructure Development
„ High-value food commodities require a different set of
High-
infrastructure..
infrastructure
„ Beingg pperishable in nature should reach the consumer or
processed in a short period to minimize losses.
losses.
„ In India, the existing infrastructure for agroagro--processing is
inadequate but demand for the processed food has been
increasing..
increasing
16
Institutional Arrangements
g

„ In the form of contract farming or cooperatives can integrate

production with markets
markets..
„ Innovative institutional arrangements can link production and
markets and improve the marketing efficiency involving
smallholders
llh ld i production
in d i andd marketing
k i off high-
hi h-value
high l
commodities..
commodities

Reforms in Financial Sector

„ Stepping-up investments in the key areas to promote high-

Stepping- high-
value commodities and their processing.
processing.
„ High-
High
g -value food commodities need more workingg capital,
p , and
face higher risks in both production and marketing
marketing..
17
Farming system is matrix of

„ Soil
„ Plants
„ Animals
„ Implements
„ Power
„ Labour
„ Capital and other inputs

In turn controlled by

„ Farming families,
families political,
political economic,
economic institutional and
social factors that operate at all levels

Farmer exercising control and allocate the resources available

with them for maximizing their income to various enterprises18–
crops, livestock and off farm enterprises.
Rainfed Agro-
Agro-Ecosystem (AES)

„ Covering 68% of cultivated area (96 m ha)

Supporting

„ 40% of human,,
„ 60% of livestock population
„ produce 44% of food requirements

The human population is likely to reach

„ 600 millions by 2025 from the present 410 million

„ Livestock population is likely to exceed
„ 650 million byy 2025 A.D. from the present
p 500 million

19
Area under rainfed Agro-
Agro-Ecosystem

™ Decrease to 85 million ha from its present 97

million ha by 2025 A.D.
AD

Population
p below p
poverty
y line accounts 44%
44%

¾ Which is dominated with rain fed agriculture

¾ The average size of farm holding has been declined
over 85 million out of 105 million operational holdings
are below the size of 1 ha

20
Cereal based p
production systems
y
9 Sorghum, pearl millet, maize with pigeon pea and other
pulses

9 Mostly located in western and central parts of the country

and semi- arid hot high lands of Deccan plateau

9 Receives mean annual rainfall of 648 mm with 60

60-150
150 days
growing season

9 Alfisols
9 Vertisols
9 Aridisols are predominant in this region.

21
Farming systems in various parts of India
Western zone of Tamilnadu
Sorghum + cowpea (grain) 0.33 ha
Sorghum + cowpea (fodder) 0.33 ha
Cenchrus glaucus intercropped in 0.33
0 33 ha
E. officinalis
goat component (5+1) 0.01 ha

Resulted in
Higher productivity
economic returns
provided better employment opportunities
improved soil fertility than sole sorghum alone
(Rangaswamy et al., 1995).

Employment
E l t generation
ti through
th h
Dairy cum poultry based system 550 man days
Cropping alone 245 man days in a year

Mohammad Ali et al., (1984)

22
Dharwad

Cropping pattern total holdings of small farmers

Food grains 35.39%

Pulses 25.71%
Oil seeds 20 7%
20.7%
Commercial crops 17.3%
Fodder crops 1.17%
Backyard poultry (6 birds)

Helped the farmers to stabilize the farm income.

income.

The animal component (poultry bird) helped the farmers

during the drought year to stabilize the farm income as
compared
m d to
t crop alone
l
23
Bangalore

Crop diversification
Finger millet 60%
Pigeon pea 40% area
Drumstick 40% of 60% fingermillet area
with a combination
gave

Additional net returns 16 and 48%

As compared to the sole finger millet alone (Rs.11266/ha)

(Reddy and Ramakrishna, 2005)

24
Southern dry zone of Karnataka,
• Single crop of
Fingermillet,Jowar,Pearlmillet,Redgram,Sunflower and Sesamum
• Intercropping of
Finger milled with crops like cowpea, Dolichos, redgram, fodder,
Jowar
( )
(or)
Niger + Castor
(or)
Groundnut + Redgram, horsegram.
• Orchard crops like
Mango,Sapota, Guava as pure orchard
• One or two milch animals
• 10
10-
-12 or more sheep and goat

p
Dependingg on the extent of land available along
g few local p
poultry
y
fowl are reared besides farming.
25
Hyderabad, marginal farmer with 0.5 ha
B:C ratio

Cotton 3.47
maize
i + pigeonpea
i 4 43
4.43
milch animal (on an average) Rs.380 per year.At CRIDA

Horti-
Horti-pastoral system

In rainfed guava and custard apple Dry forage

Cenchrus 7 tones / ha
with 17.5% of crude protein
p

Stylo 5.6 tones

26
Anantapur

Sheep + Groundnut farming system offers gainful employment in

rainfed areas

Groundnut cake byproduct protein source and cattle

feed
G
Groundnut
d t haulms
h l as feed
f d cattle
ttl andd sheep
h

Economics of different farming systems in scarce rainfall zone of

Andhra Pradesh

Farming systems Net returns

Farming + Poultry for broilers Rs.43360

Farming + dairy with three buffaloes (2 ha) Rs.40606
Sole g
groundnut (2.6 ha) Rs.14872 / ha.

27
 Table. Comparison of different enterprises of
g
integrated farmer Mr Darshan Singh
g

Yield Equivalent yield Gross returns

Enterprise t/ha t/ha Rs/ha
Rice –Wheat 7.0 + 5.0 14.5 81200
Fish + Piggery 4.0 + 3.0 27.5 154000
Crop + Dairy 12.5 +4.0 20.2 113200

Source: Gurbachan Singh, 2005

28
 Predominant farming systems in different agro climatic
zones of Tamil Nadu
Name of the zone Crop components Other component

North Eastern Rice, sugarcane, bajra, ragi, One or two buffaloes or

groundnut jersey cross breed cows or
one unit
it off 20 goats
t or sheep
h

North Western ragi, groundnut, horsegram, Sheep or goat or poultry or

rice,, tapioca
p dairyy

Western Millets, cotton, and rice Dairy or poultry or sheep or

goat

Cauvery delta Rice Dairy or goat or duck or

piggery

Southern Millets,, cotton,, pulses,

p , rice Sheep
p or ggoat or p
poultry
y or
duck

High rainfall Rice, tapioca Dairy or duck

High altitude and hilly Tea, coffee Rabbit or goat or dairy

29
Balasubramanian (1994)
Different types of cropping patterns followed in Konkan region

Situation Farming systems

1)) Coastal midland sub region
g Coconut and coconut based cropping
pp g
system, rice based cropping system

2)Coastal hilly sub region Rice based cropping system, fruit trees

3) Hilly sub region Plantation crops like coconut, arecanut,

palmoil etc.

4) Midland sub region Rice based cropping system

5) Homestead based farming system Consisting of perennial trees mainly

coconut and fruit trees banana, tuber
crops and vegetables together with live-
stock component
p
-
6) Fisheries
30
Ramteke(2005)
 Predominant farming systems in different zones of Vidarbha region
Farming system Per cent adoption
Western zone Central zone Eastern zone
Crop alone 28-29 25-26 50-51
Crops + dairy 30-31 32-33 7-8
Crops + horticulture 13-14 15-16 5-6
Crops +diary + horticulture 5-6 3-4 4-5
C
Crops + psiciculture
i i lt - - 23
2-3
Crops + goatary 3-4 2-3 6-7
Crops + dairy + goatary 2-3 1-2 3-4
Crops + poultry 2-3 1-2 8-9
Crops
p + sericulture 1-2 - -
Agroforestry 2-3 2-3 4-5
Crops + other enterprises 5-6 6-7 5-6
( h as shop,
(such h hi
hiring
i iimplements
l t and
d
machinery, transportation etc)
Dahatonde and Kamdi (2005)31
 Extent of changes in net return and its relative share in total net
return (Rs) of the farming system of the sample farmer
Components 2000-2001 2001-2002 Increase/decrease
or constant over
2000-2001

Field crops 14,114.00 23,249.00 (20.61) 9135.00 [64.72]

Plantation crop 24 250 00

24,250.00 24 850 00 (28.44)
24,850.00 (28 44) 600 00 [2.47]
600.00 [2 47]

Livestock 5,562.00 38,400.00 (43.95) 32,838.00

[590 39]
[590.39]
Fishery -50.00 550.00 (0.63) 600.00 [120.00]

Sericulture 420.00 330.00 (0.38) -90.00 [-21.43]

Total 44,296.00 87,379.00 44,083.00 [97.26]

(100.00)
32
 Existing of important farming systems in different
agro-
agro- climatic zones , Madhyapradesh

Idnetified farming systems Leading district

(1) Crop production (a) All districts
(2) a+dairying (b) All districts
(3) a+ vegetable production (c) All districts
(4) a+b+c All districts
(5)a+b+poultry (d) All districts
(6) a + d All districts
(7) b + d All districts
(8) a+b+agro-forestry
a b agro forestry Mandla, Dindori, Betul,
(9) a+c+honey collection Mandla, Dindori
(10) a+b+c + mushroom production Jabalpur, Seoni, Narsinhpur
(11)a+fisheries Ikamgarh, Seoni, Jabalpur
(12) a+singhara cultivation + Tikamgarh, Rewa, Jabalpur,
(13) a + beetle vine cultivation (e)_ Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Satna,
(14) b+c+e Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Satna,
(15) b+c+e Tikamgarh Jabalpur
Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Satna
Satna,

33
 Predominant farming systems in different zones of Himachal pradesh
Sub-montane low-hills Mid hill sub-humid High hills temperate High hills temperate dry
wet
Farming systems Agriculture–livestock- Agriculture-horticulture- Horticulture- Livestock-pastoral-agriculture-
horticulture livestock-silvi pasture livesotkc-pastoral- horticulture
agriculture
Food and other Wheat, maize, rice, oilseeds, Wheat, maize, rice, Maize, wheat, Buckwheat, Barley, Prunus
crops pulses, sugarcane oilseeds, pulses millets, ragi, prunus (Chuli)
(Chuli)
High value crops Vegetables, Ginger, Turmeric Off-season vegetables, Seed potato, Off- Off-season peas, Seed Potato,
Ginger, Turmeric season vegetables Kalazeera, Saffron, Hops
(Humulus lupulus), Other
Fruits Mango, citrus, litchi, peach, Stone fruits, citurs, Apple, Almond, Apple, dry fruits, chilgoza, nuts
apricot mango, peach, apricot, Pear, Nuts
pear
Flowers Marigold Gladiolus, Marigold, Tulip, Lilly, ---
Carnation Carnation
Medicinal plants Amla, Bhehra (Terminalia Amla Bhehra Seabuckthorn Seabuckthorn, Kuth (Saussurea
belerica) lappa)
Livestock Buffalo, Cow Cow, Buffalo Sheep, Goat, Cow Sheep, Goat, Cow, Yak
Fodder trees Grewia, Celtis, Leucaenea, Grewia, Khair, Bauhinia, Salix, Morus, Salix, Poplar, Robinia, Morus,
Robinia, Khair, Bauhinia Morus Quercus Quercus
Subsidiary Aphiculture, Silvi culture, Apiculture, Mushroom, Apiculture Apiculture
34
enterprises Fisheries Rabbitary
 Major food crops and various possible farming systems of different agro
agro--
climatic zones of the Andhra pradesh
Agro climatic zone Major food crops Dairy Sheep and goat Backyard Fishery Apiculture
poultry
North Coastal Rice, pulse, ragi, Cattle, buffalo Sheep, goat Backyard Inland coastal Apiculture
sesame, sugarcane, poultry
cashewnut
Krishna-Godavari Rice, maize, pulse, -do- Sheep in -do- -do- -do-
sugarcane, coconut, Prakasam
cotton,chillies
,
South Groundnut, rice, ragi, -do- Sheep -do- Inland -do-
jowar, pulses, cotton,
sunflower
Scarce rainfall Groundnut, rice, -do- Sheep -do- Inland -do-
safflower jowar
safflower, jowar,
pulses, cotton
Southern Groundnut, castor, Buffalo, cattle Sheep, goat -do- Inland -do-
Telangana sunflower, pulses,
rice, jowar, cotton
N h
Northern Ri maize,
Rice, i jowar,
j B ff l cattle
Buffalo, l Sh
Sheep, goat -do-
d I l d
Inland -do-
d
Telangana pulses, cotton,
groundnut, chillies,
sugarcane
High
g altitude and Rice, maize, bajra,
j Buffalo Sheep, g
goat -do- Inland -do-
tribal zone Jowar, Sugarcane,
pulse
35
Predominant farming system model adopted in three agroclimatic zones of
Chhattisgarh
Sl.No. Farming system model Farming Adoption of farming system Farmers perception
situation Chattisg Bastar Norther
arh plateau n hills
plains
1 Crops + milk animal Small to √ √ √ Common in all the villages expt
(2 to 3) marginal interior area of tribal dominated
2 Crops + draught –animal Small to √ √ √ Generally farmers used to keep
marginal draught animal for field
farmers cultivation and transportation by
bullock cent.
3 Crops in bari+poultry+fish Small to √ √ √ Tribal farmers adopt poultry and
catching
g in ponds
p or nala marginal
g fish catching g mainly y for home
farmers consumption
4 Crops (Kharif ) + collection Tribal √ √ √ Crops for food consumption and
and sale of forest produce dominate collection and sale of forest
like magua, tendu leaves, d region produce for income generation.
harra, chironji, honey and
lakh collection, wood etc,

5 Crops + local poultry Tribal √ √ √ Tribal farmers of Bastar are

(meat) + local pig (meat) dominate adopting this system with local
d region breed of crop and animal
husbandry 36
Vulnerability of Indian agriculture to climate
change
h andd globalisation
l b li ti

Climatic change
g
Rajasthan - Jhalawar district

V l
Vulnerable
bl to the
h impacts
i of
f globalization
l b li i
Karnataka – Chitradurga district

‘Double exposed’
p to climate change
g and
globalization
Andhra Pradesh - Ananthapur

37
 Effects of crop diversification
„ Cultivation of vegetables,
vegetables fruits and spices –
Big change in life and livelihood of the
farmers – more rewarding
„ PM Stress on Crop diversification from Food
crops to Cash crops.
crops
„ Punjab: Paddy – Wheat – over exploitation of
groundd water
„ Contract farming
38
 Crop Diversification – Road ahead
State/Region Specific Issues

„ Sustainabilityy
„ Land, Water,Soil
„ Demarcations – Regions –Districts
„ Supply Issues
„ Demand supply gap
„ Productivity
„ Regional imbalance
„ Potential in Eastern and North eastern states
„ Quality and premium variety potential e.g. Wheat
„ Increasing demand/supply of Horticulture – Livestock
p
productions.

39
 Crop Diversification – Road ahead
State/Region Specific Issues
Comparative Advantage
„ Existing yield gaps
„ Stagnant productivity
„ Alternate cropping choices
„ Research
esea c eextension
te s o Linkages
ages
„ Export Oppurtunity

Market and Institutional issues

„ Backward forward linkages
„ Infrastructure
„ Value Addition
„ R i iti land
Revisiting l d reforms
f
„ Market Reforms 40
 Designing Programmes
„ Focus on concept of Crop diversification
„ Analyze the suitable crop diversification programmes
depending on environmental and socio socio--economic
conditions..
conditions
„ Assess the demand of a particular crop/commodity,
i
its potential
i l for
f profit
fi andd marketability,
k bili andd
processing..
processing
„ The infrastructure roads, technology, risks in different
commodities, resource endowments water and labor
are to be analysed
analysed..
„ Three to five minutes programmes on all the above
aspects are to be developed
developed..
„ The impact
p ppoints of each of these should be included
for adoption of a particular crop diversification
programme..
programme 41
42