The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"

The Role of Saussure's Letter “E”
Joannes Richter
Fig. 1: Inscription "E of Gaia" at the omphalos in Delphi
Abstract
As a 21-year old student Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) claimed all verbs in the ancestor
languages had just one core vowel: *e. A languages with only one vowel however is suboptimal.
The bandwidth of a human voice may be optimized by applying three vowels in a ternary coding
system.
Only a few symbolic inscriptions may have survived the prehistorical phase of symbolism. The
letter E is one of these elements, which may have played a fundamental role in the development of
European languages. In English language the letter “E” is the most used of all symbols.
Saussure claimed that the change in vowels could be changed by a few neighboring 'rough sounds'
such as /w/ and /y, which were to be transformed or color the /e/ into a /u/ or /a/.
Saussure's theoretical reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European language vocalic system and
particularly his theory of laryngeals, otherwise unattested at the time, bore fruit and found
confirmation after the deciphering of Hittite.
Hittite also seems to practices repetitions of phonemes, which may have been inherited from archaic
repetitions, which improved the communication in languages with one vowel. After the expansion
of the number from 1 to 3, 5, respectively 7 vowels these repetitions seemed to be superfluous and
disappeared, although the tradition may have survived in Pig Latin or Gibberish.
This paper analyses a number of ancient, documented “E”-applications, which may be relevant in
the historical development of European languages.
Introduction to Saussure's Letter E
languages had just one core vowel: *e. The limitation to one vowel is a sub-optimal choice, which
does not fully use the available bandwidth of the human voice. In spoken language the signal/noise-
relation depends on the coding system and the sensitivity of the hearing receivers.
In an alphabet with only one vowel “e” the vowels in the sample word “ehedefe” cannot be varied
by exchanging the vowels and modifying the word to “ahidofu”. The limitation of the vowels to
only one character gravely restricts the dictionary of available words. Also the usage of only one
vowel frequency reduces the available bandwidth for the communication.
On the other hand an overdose of vowels would be disadvantageous in the decoding process as
some of the vowels with neighboring frequencies may be misunderstood by the receiver. This e.g.
would lead to misunderstanding an “E” as “A” or an “I” by “E”.
This paper investigates how the optimal number of vowels in an alphabet could be increased from 1
to 3 and expanded to 5 and 7.
Theoretically the ternary coding system is the most efficient coding method in mathematics and
communications.
In the ancestor languages Saussure's suggested vowel “E” may have been supported with dedicated
consonantal laryngeals *h₁ , *h₂ and *h₃, which colored the “E” into /e/, /a/ or /o/. These consonants
more or less behaved like the “Mothers of Reading” in the Hebrew language.
In later phases three vowels A, I, U have been introduced in various alphabets such as Old Persian,
the Hälsing or Staveless Futhark, etc.
On a larger scale the current alphabets for Latin and Greek language have been equipped with 5 (A,
E, I, O, U) respectively 7 vowels (A, E, H, I, O, U, Ω).
An alphabet with only one vowel “e”
some of the vowels with neighboring frequencies may be misunderstood by the receiver. This
The optimal number of vowels in an alphabet

In Information theory the ternary numeral system is superior to the binary – system and is
considered as the most efficient coding system. The ternary coding system also seems to have
played a role in the optimizing of communication.
In The Unfolding Of Language1 I learned the claims of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), who as
a 21-year old student claimed all verbs in the ancestor languages had just one core vowel: *e.
According to these hypothesis, verbal roots in Proto-Indo-European looked like *wsek (for 'cut'),
*wbher (for 'bear'), *bhewg (for 'flee'), *deyk (for 'show'), which could be traced in the PIE-
daughter languages.
Saussure claimed that the change in vowels could be changed by a few neighboring 'rough sounds'
such as /w/ and /y, which were to be transformed or color the /e/ into a /u/ or /a/. Of course this
description is a simplified and abbreviated quotation of a complex theory.
Saussure's theoretical reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European language vocalic system and
particularly his theory of laryngeals, otherwise unattested at the time, bore fruit and found
confirmation after the deciphering of Hittite.
Möller's three laryngeals

Around the millennium 2000 a widespread, though not unanimous agreement was reached in the
field on reconstructing Möller's three laryngeals.[36]
The range of 1-8 laryngeals

This mechanism based on three laryngeals represents an optimum in the range of one laryngeal and
a greater number of laryngeals. Some scholars, such as Oswald Szemerényi, reconstruct just one
laryngeal. Some follow Jaan Puhvel's reconstruction of eight or more (in his contribution to
Evidence for Laryngeals, ed. Werner Winter).
The range 1 up to 8 (and more) laryngeals with an optimum of 3 corresponds to the optimal value of
a ternary system, in which 3 archaic consonantal laryngeals h₁, h₂ and h₃ (respectively the 3 sonantal
laryngeals ə₁, ə₂, ə₃) represent the inherited vocalic elements -ē-/-e-, -ā-/-a- and -ō-/-o-.
1 Source: from page 104 onwards in The Unfolding Of Language (2010) by Guy Deutscher
Optimal Coding of numbers
In Information theory2 the ternary numeral system is superior to the binary – system and is
considered as the most efficient coding system. The ternary numeral system is a base-3 counting
system. The binary number system is a representation of numbers using only two digits (0 and 1).
Although the ternary numeral system is superior engineers prefers the binary number system for the
designs in computer and communication technology.
The problem of optimal coding of numbers has been examined by many scholars (e.g. [1 3][24]) and
it is known that ternary coding is more efficient than binary coding [3 5]. In technology binary
coding is preferred for its simplicity. Ternary coding remains relevant in algorithms that use
decision trees. The superiority of the ternary numeral system is described by Subhash Kak, who
publishes the formulas and tables to calculate the characteristics of the efficiency:
Let’s consider coding of numbers to an arbitrary base b. Given that the probability of
the use of the b symbols can be taken to be the same and equal to 1/b, the information
associated with each symbol is log (b). The efficiency of the coding scheme per symbol
is:
E (b) = ln (b) / b …..... (1)
To find the value of b for which it is a maximum we take its derivative with respect to b
and equate that to zero. This yields the condition that ln (b) = 1, from which we
conclude that the optimal base is e, with E (e) = 0.368 nats or 0.531 bits6.
2: Efficiency of different number bases

Source: On Ternary Coding and Three-Valued Logic – arXiv by S Kak - (2018)
2 Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed
by Claude Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as
data compression, in a landmark paper titled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".
3 Frieder, G., Fong, A. and Chow, C.Y. (1973). A balanced ternary computer. Conference Record of the 1973
International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic, pp. 68–88.
4 Hurst, S.L. (1984). Multiple-valued logic - Its status and its future. IEEE Trans. Computers, C-33, 1160–1179.
5 Hayes, B. (2001). Third base. American Scientist 89: 490-494
6 On Ternary Coding and Three-Valued Logic – arXiv by S Kak - (2018)
If we consider only the capacity of a code to carry information, then binary comes up considerably
short compared to the optimal value. For binary, the value is ln (2) = 0.693 which is short by ln (e/2)
= 0.307 from the optimal7. (In bits, the corresponding numbers are 1.0 and 0.443, respectively.)
For ternary, the coding is vastly more efficient since ln (3) = 1.099 and ln (e/3) = −0.099. As we see,
the carrying capacity differences are much more significant compared to those based on efficiency
measure given in equation (1). For example, for b = 2, the carrying capacity is less by 30.7%.
The Radix R and the Width W of the digits.

Consider again the task of representing all numbers from 0 through decimal 999,999. If r is
the radix and w is the width in digits, we want to minimize rw while holding rw constant.
In base r = 10 this obviously requires a width w of six digits, so that rw = 60. Binary does
better: 20 binary digits suffice to cover the same range of numbers, for rw = 40. But ternary
is better still: The ternary representation has a width of 13 digits, so that rw = 39. (If base e
were a practical choice, the width would be 14 digits, yielding rw=38.056.) 8
Alternative Applications of the Ternary System

Johannes Kepler used a balanced-ternary scheme modeled on Roman numerals. There is
even a suggestion that signed-digit arithmetic was already implicit in the Hindu Vedas,
which would make the idea very old indeed!
James Allwright, who maintains a Web site promoting balanced ternary notation, suggests a
monetary system based on the same principle. If both a merchant and a customer have just
one bill or coin in each power-of-3 denomination, they can make exact change for any
transaction.
Philosophical issues
In this article the author Subhash Kak suggests an optimal coding may also be found in Nature in
cases in which (1) “yes”, (2) “no” and (3) “maybe” may represent the 3 elements of a ternary
system:
Since coding has aspects that go beyond representation of data, the issue of optimal
coding leads to many philosophical questions. Since binary is not optimal, there ought
to be a logic that has more than two classes but it is not clear how such a logic manifests
itself in natural processes or in cognition.
Absolute optimality appears to be unachievable as it corresponds to a non-integer,

irrational value. We may conclude that mathematics is not an optimal or complete way
to represent reality and this shortcoming may be added to the known limitations of
mathematics [5].
Although interactions with Nature are normally seen as responses to binary questions in
terms of “yes” or “no” [69][710], this is incorrect if a third category of “maybe” is
included.
7 In these formulas the e (mathematical constant) is "Euler's number" (e ≈ 2.71828...)

8 http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2001/11/third-base/99999 by Brian Hayes
9 Brassard, G. (2005). Is information the key? Nat. Phys. 1: 2–4.
10 Chiribella, G., Perinotti, P., D’Ariano, G.M. (2011). Informational derivation of quantum theory. Phys. Rev. A, 84,
012311:1–012311:47.
The superiority of the ternary numeral system in the alphabet
The superiority in efficiency does not play a great role in the number bases of 26, which is used for
the letter symbols in our alphabet, but really matters in the “vowels”-subset of the alphabet.
Originally some languages restricted their spectrum of vowels to the triad A, I, U, which may be
observed in Old Persian language, which is considered as a special linguistic design for the imperial
documents of the ruling class.
3 The 3 vowels A, I and U in the cuneiform Old Persian

language (Source: Old Persian)
Saussure's hypothesis
The laryngeal theory

While a student, Saussure published an important work in Indo-European philology that proposed
the existence of ghosts in Proto-Indo-European called sonant coefficients.
The Scandinavian scholar Hermann Möller suggested that they might actually be laryngeal
consonants, leading to what is now known as the laryngeal theory. It has been argued that the
problem that Saussure encountered, trying to explain how he was able to make systematic and
predictive hypotheses from known linguistic data to unknown linguistic data, stimulated his
development of structuralism. His predictions about the existence of primate coefficients/laryngeals
and their evolution proved a success when Hittite texts were discovered and deciphered, some 50
years later.
The confirmation after the deciphering of the Hittite language

Saussure's theoretical reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European language vocalic system
and particularly his theory of laryngeals, otherwise unattested at the time, bore fruit and
found confirmation after the decipherment of Hittite in the work of later generations of
linguists such as Émile Benveniste and Walter Couvreur, who both drew direct inspiration
from their reading of the 1878 Mémoire.[22]
Saussure had a major impact on the development of linguistic theory in the first half of the 20th
century. His two currents of thought emerged independently of each other, one in Europe, the other
in America. The results of each incorporated the basic notions of Saussure's thought in forming the
central tenets of structural linguistics. According to him, linguistic entities are parts of a system and
are defined by their relations to one another within said system.[23] The thinker used the game of
chess for his analogy, citing that the game is not defined by the physical attributes of the chess
pieces but the relation of each piece to the other pieces.[23] 11
Acceptance of the laryngeal theory

By 2000s, however, a widespread, though not unanimous agreement was reached in the
field on reconstructing Möller's three laryngeals.[36] One of the last major critics of this
approach was Oswald Szemerényi, who subscribed to a theory similar to Zgusta's
(Szemerényi 1996).
Today the laryngeal theory is almost universally accepted in this new standard form. Nevertheless,
marginal attempts to undermine its bases are occasionally undertaken.[37][38] 12
11 Work and influence

12 Criticism
The laryngeal theory
The laryngeal theory is a widely accepted hypothesis in the historical linguistics of the Indo-
European languages positing that:
• Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had a series of phonemes beyond those reconstructed

with the comparative method.
• These phonemes, according to the most-accepted variant of the theory, were "laryngeal"
consonants of an indeterminate place of articulation towards the back of the mouth.
Voiced phonemes such as the pure vowels are, by definition, distinguished by the buzzing sound of
this periodic oscillation of the vocal cords.
Depending on the place of articulation may be varied between an upper and a lower frequency
range.
Phonemes are conventionally placed between slashes in transcription, whereas speech sounds
(phones) are placed between square bracket.
Vowels may range between high frequencies /i/, /e/, a central /a/ and lower frequencies /o/ and /u/.
Most alphabets are based on an uneven number of vowels, such as
Language Vowels ##
Saussure's thesis for all verbs in the ancestor languages E 1
Old Persian A, I, U 3
Roman A, E, I, O, U 5
Greek A, E, H, I, O, U, Ω 7
Table 1: alphabets are based on an uneven number of vowels
Another set of the “Mothers of Reading”

In the spelling of Hebrew and some other Semitic languages, matres lectionis (from Latin
"mothers of reading", singular form: mater lectionis, from Hebrew: ‫אם ם רק יריאה ה‬, 'em k'ri'a) are
certain consonants that are used to indicate a vowel.
The letters that do this in Hebrew are aleph ‫א‬, he ‫ה‬, waw ‫ ו‬and yod ‫י‬. The yod and waw in
particular are more often vowels than they are consonants13.
Definition of a pitch for “E”

There is a conflict between the phonetic definition of "vowel" (a sound produced with no
constriction in the vocal tract) and the phonological definition (a sound that forms the peak of a
syllable). Therefore we do not know the real pitch for the vowel “E”. The best guess may be the
current interpretation as /e/.
13 Mothers of Reading
The Role of the Letter E
See Appendix 1 – Notes to the Omphalos of Delphi
Numeral/statistical categorization of the letter “E”
Statistically E is the most common letter in English

In English language the letter “E” is the most used of all symbols.
Most of us know that 'e' is the most common letter in English and the is the most
common word. Many are familiar with ETAOIN SHRDLU, the nonsense string that
used to appear in print because of early-20thC printer design and now serves as
shorthand for the most popular letters14.
“E” as the 5th letter of the alphabet, representing a male (3) & a female number (2)
One of the more successful explanations of the enigma is the definition of the number 5,
represented by the Epsilon as a matrimonial state, in which the female partner represents 2 and the
male one 3. Therefore Pythagoras, through a certain resemblance, may have suggested that five is
the marriage of the first male (3) and the first female number (2).
The Role of the Letter E in Delphi
The title of Plutarch's report (Greek Περί τού Εί τού έν Δελφοίς – Latin: De E apud Delphos)
According to Plutarch and other sources of evidence a letter “Ei 15” or “E” had been displayed over
the entrance to Apollos Temple at Delphi16. Although Plutarch was responsible for this temple he
was unaware of the symbolism of this inscription.
There is some confusion about the Greek and Latin title of “On the EI at Delphi” (Greek:
Περί τού Εί τού έν Δελφοίς – Latin: De E apud Delphos).
I remembered to have collected a respectable amount of evidence material about the “E” in ancient
sources and modern statistics.
The name Delphoi comes from the same root as δελφύς delphys, "womb" and may indicate archaic
veneration of Gaia, Grandmother Earth, and the Earth Goddess at the site. I remember the omphalos
carrying the name Gaia and “E”.
The “E” on the coins of Faustina Senior as the ei of the Sages

Plutarch's description is not the only evidence of the E-inscription. Old coins (e.g. with Faustina
Senior17), depict the “E” at the entrance in the center between 6 columns of Apollo's temple at
Delphi.
14 ETAOIN SRHLDCU, or: What are the most common words and ..
15 Of the Word Ei Engraven Over the Gate of Apollo’s Temple At Delphi. - from Plutarch’s Morals. Translated from
the Greek by Several Hands. Corrected and Revised by William W. Goodwin, with an Introduction by Ralph Waldo
Emerson. 5 Volumes. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1878). Source: Book V-27. On the EI at Delphi (Περί τού Εί
τού έν Δελφοίς - De E apud Delphos)
16 E - of the E-symbol Engraven Over the Gate of Apollos Temple at Delphi
17 died A.D. 141 - the wife of Antoninus Pius.
At Delphi a golden character E has been spent by empress Livia18, the wife of Augustus Caesar. The
brazen character E has been spent by the Athenians, but the first and oldest of all, which is the
wooden one, they call the ei of the Sages, as not being of any one, but the common dedication of
them all.
Plutarch's interpretation in “Εἶ ἕν”, “Thou art one” ("ehyeh"→ “I Am that I Am”)
Then after pages of discussing other alternatives Plutarch summarizes:
I am of opinion, that this syllable “E” signifies neither number, order, nor connection, nor
any other of the deficient parts, but is a self-perfect appellation and salutation of the God,
which brings the speaker to the conception of the power of the God at the very moment of
uttering it. For the God in a manner calls upon every one of us who comes hither, with this
salutation, Know thyself, which is nothing inferior to All hail.
And we again, answering the God, say to him El, thou art; attributing to him the true,
unfeigned, and sole appellation of being, as agreeing to him alone.
Thus ought those who worship to salute and invocate this Eternal Being, or else indeed, as
some of the ancients have done, with this expression Εἶ ἕν, Thou art one.
For the Divinity is not many, as every one of us is made of ten thousand differences in
affections, being a confused heap, filled with all diversities. But that which is must be one,
as one must have a being.
Εἶ ἕν, Thou art one may be compared to I Am that I Am19 a common English translation of
the response God used in the Hebrew Bible when Moses asked for His name (Exodus 3:14).
It is one of the most famous verses in the Torah. Hayah means "existed" or "was" in
Hebrew; "ehyeh" is the first person singular imperfect form. Ehyeh asher ehyeh is generally
interpreted to mean I am that I am, though it can also be translated as "I-shall-be that I-
shall-be."
The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles

The Delphic omphalos often is associated with 2 eagles, which would refer to Zeus. If this is true, then the
Apollo sanctuary had belonged to Zeus and the letter “E” may have been assigned to Zeus as well.
This is another fundamental approach.
The archaic symbols of the earth-goddess Ga and the mystic symbol E (7th Century BCE)
On the block are engraved four archaic letters, referable to the seventh century B.C. (fig. 120), of which the
last three give us in the genitive case the name of the earth-goddess Ga (or Gas, respectively Gaz20) and
the first appears to be the mystic symbol E.
The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)

If this is true, then the Apollo sanctuary had belonged to Zeus and the letter E may have been
assigned to Zeus as well. This is another fundamental approach.
The E may have been the central letter for Zyeus (Zeus), which symbolizes the very link between
• the leading (male?) letter y (yod) and
• the trailing (female?) letter u.
By the ways: it also may be comparable to the letter H in YHV, or the letter A in IAΩ.
18 58 BC-AD 29
19 Source: I Am that I Am
20 Another depiction is given in Varieties of Unreligious Experience: The E at Delphi
Inscription of 4 letters at the Omphalos of Delphi21, found by F. Courby
the first appears to be the mystic symbol E. 23
Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior with the vowel E
In the temple at Delphoi visitors were shown three symbols resembling the letter E — a wooden
original said to have been put up by the sages, a bronze copy of it presented by the Athenians, and a
golden replica dedicated by the empress Livia (Plout. de E apud Delphos).
Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior represent the facade of the temple
with E in the centre of it24.
Other sources for symbolism of the letter “E”
El as the Ancient of gods or the Father of all gods25

• The word El was found at the top of a list of gods as the Ancient of gods or the Father of all
gods, in the ruins of the royal archive of the Ebla civilization, in the archaeological site of
Tell Mardikh in Syria dated to 2300 BC.
• According to church fathers of early Christianity, El was the first Hebrew name of God.
Is Epsilon a symbol for the divine name El?
The divine name “I” (and “El”) in Dante Alighieri's essay De vulgari eloquentia
Dante Alighieri in his De vulgari eloquentia suggests that the name El was the first sound emitted
by Adam: While the first utterance of humans after birth is a cry of pain, Dante assumed that Adam
could only have made an exclamation of joy, which at the same time was addressing his Creator.
In the Divina commedia, however, Dante contradicts this by saying that God was called I in
the language of Adam, and only named El in later Hebrew, but before the confusion of
tongues (Paradiso, 26.134).
Massey's simplified Explanation (Greek Ia, and IE) 26

But why so difficult if Massey explains IE as another coding name for IAU27:
“It is the religious community, not the race, that will account for the Jews who emigrated to
the ends of the earth, and for the names of the Jewish god, who was the Egyptian Iu,
Phoenician Iao, Hebrew Iah, Assyrian Iau, Egypto-gnostic Ieou (greater and lesser),
Chinese Iaou, Polynesian Iho-Iho, Dyak Iaouh, Nicobar Islands Eewu, Mexican Ao, Toda
Au, Hungarian Iao, Manx Iee, Cornish Iau, Welsh Iau (greater and lesser), Hebrew Iao-
Sabaoth, Chaldean Iao-Heptaktis, Greek Ia, and IE28, Latin Jupiter and Jove. “
21 Page 176 in Zeus a Study in Ancient Religion Vol 2 Part I (1925) by Arthur Bernard Cook
23 The Meaning of the E at Delphi
25 Source: El (deity)
26 English and Globish - Optimized Linguistic Designs
27 From: Ancient Egypt – The Light of the World (Vol. 1-page 501) by Gerald Massey
28 This probably correlates to the word EI and the letter E at Apollo's temple as described by Plutarch in Of the word
EI engraven over the gate of apollo's temple at delphi. - The Morals, vol. 4
see the details and the image in : E - of the E-symbol Engraven Over the Gate of Apollos Temple at Delphi
The ieu-pronouns and the Dieu-names in Provencal language
Simultaneously the E-concept may also be the valid answer to the enigma of the ieu-
pronouns and the Dieu-names in Provencal language29.
Cat. Nr. Short definition of the “E”-symbolism

1 Numeral/statistical categorization of the letter “E”
1 Statistically E is the most common letter in English
2 “E” as the 5th letter of the alphabet, as a male (3) & female number (2)
2 The Role of the Letter E in Delphi
1 The title of Plutarch's report (Greek Περί τού Εί τού έν Δελφοίς – Latin: De E apud
Delphos)
2 The “E” on the coins of Faustina Senior as the ei of the Sages
3 Plutarch's interpretation in “Εἶ ἕν”, “Thou art one” ("ehyeh" → “I Am that I Am”)
4 The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles
5 The archaic symbols of the earth-goddess Ga and the mystic symbol E
(dated 7th Century BCE)
6 The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)
7 Inscription of 4 letters (E, Ga (or Gas, respectively Gaz30)) at the Omphalos of Delphi,
found by F. Courby
8 Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior with the vowel E
3 Metaphysical symbolism of the letter “E”
1 El as the Ancient of gods or the Father of all gods
2 The divine name “I” (and “El”) in Dante Alighieri's essay “De vulgari eloquentia”
3 Massey's simplified Explanation (Greek Ia, and IE)
4 The ieu-pronouns and the Dieu-names in Provencal language
Table 2: The overview of “E”-explanations
29 See: The Hermetic Codex

The repetition of phonemes
From the information theory I knew Saussure's singular vowel “E” could be used to operate a
language, but compared to the ternary basis (A, I, U) the one-vowel system would be sub-optimal.
An improvement may be expected if the vowel “E” would be repeated to double the attentive power
of the phonemes. The repetition would cost some time, but may be advantageous.
I remember the Hittite language had been equipped with a repetition of vowel-phrases, which had
been described in a book (in German) titled Die Hethiter - Volk der tausend Götter ...31. This
repetition was identifiable as a childish Pig Latin or Gibberish in the famous line of Hittite
language:
4: nu NINDA-an ēzzateni, wādar-ma ekuteni -
(Wikipedia, File:1. rozluštěná věta.JPG - Public Domain )
The text is translated as follows:

“nu ninda-an e-iz-za-te-ni wa-a-dar-ma e-ku-ut-te-n(i?)”
(Translated: “Now we will eat bread and drink water”).
This repetition style (comparable to Pig Latin or Gibberish32) may have been implemented in the
language to compensate the communication losses caused by the singular vowel “E”. The
repetitions of phonemes might improve the signal/noise-relation.
Usually a Language game (also called secret language, ludling, or argot) is a system of
manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear, for example in
English style: "Ellohay, owhay are-ay ouyay?".
An early ancestor language (prior to the Hittite language) however might have needed the
repetition.
31 Johannes Lehmann: Die Hethiter - Volk der tausend Götter ...
32 Language game
In Guy Deutscher's book33 the usage of repetitions is explained as follows:
Reduplication is in fact an extremely common strategy among the world's languages. Forms
such as runrun, cutcut or redred are used in many languages to express meanings such as
“run a lot, “cut repeatedly”, “very red”.
The Latin word memento, for instance, is a relic of a reduplication of the Proto-Indo-
European root *mem “think”, presumably through an erosion of menmen to memen.
In The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language 34 Christine Kenneally describes the
babies' babbling repetitions (such as papa, mama, tata) as follows:
From the babling stage on we start to repeat simple vowels and consonants, like
“mamamamamama”, advancing to whole words, sentences, longer tracts, all the while
using rhythms, pitch and loudness.
These samples (papa, mama, tata) however suggest that the letter “a” may be the archaic vowel
instead of Saussure's letter “E”.
The basic vowel “E”

The basic vowel “E” for the ancestor languages does not really match the principal vowel “I”,
which forms the central axis of the pyramid:
E
A, I, U
A, E, I, O, U
A, E, H, I, O, U, Ω
However the “I” with the highest pitch (frequency) might be a unsuitable choice. The vowel “E”
corresponds to the mid-range of the frequency spectrum.
Pronunciation of the three phonemes in PIE *h₁ , *h₂ , *h₃

In its most widely accepted version, the theory posits three phonemes in PIE: the consonantal
laryngeals *h₁ , *h₂ and *h₃ respectively the sonantal laryngeals ə₁, ə₂, ə₃, representing the vocalic
elements -ē-/-e-, -ā-/-a- and -ō-/-o-.
Other daughter languages inherited the derived sounds, resulting from their merger with PIE short
vowels and their subsequent loss.
• It has been suggested by Beekes (1995) that *h₁ is a glottal stop [ʔ]. However, Winfred P.
Lehmann instead theorized, based on inconsistent reflexes in Hittite, that there were two *h₁
sounds: a glottal stop [ʔ] and an h sound [h] as in English hat. 35
• From what is known of such phonetic conditioning in contemporary languages, notably
Semitic languages, *h₂ (the "a-coloring" laryngeal) could have been a pharyngeal fricative
such as [ħ] and [ʕ]. Pharyngeal consonants (like the Arabic letter ‫( ح‬ħ) as in Muħammad)
often cause a-coloring in the Semitic languages.[14] 36
• Likewise it is generally assumed that *h₃ was rounded (labialized) due to its o-coloring
effects. It is often taken to have been voiced based on the perfect form *pi-bh₃- from the root
*peh₃ "drink". Rasmussen has chosen a consonantal realization for *h₃ as a voiced labialized
33 Source: at page 290 onwards in The Unfolding Of Language (2010) by Guy Deutscher
34 Source: at page 145 in The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language (2008) by Christine Kenneally
35 Source: (Wikipdia) *h₁
36 Source: (Wikipdia) *h₂
velar fricative [ɣʷ], with a syllabic allophone [ɵ], i.e. a close-mid central rounded vowel.[4]
Kümmel instead suggests [ʁ].[16] 37
37 Source: (Wikipdia) *h₃

Overview of the listed elements of the ternaries
The overview of the listed elements of the ternaries may be listed as follows (without a dedicated or
controlled distribution of the entries in the columns):
Description Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
1 Homer's spectrum of three colors red white black
2 The vowels in the alphabets such as Old Persian A I U
3 The ternary encoding of the basic colors red bright dark
Aristotle (Meteorology) red green purple
4 • The Biblical colors (Hebrew) Tekheleth Argaman Tolaath shani
• The Biblical colors (Vulgata) hyacinthum purpuram coccumque
• The Biblical colors sky-blue dark red crimson
(The Living Torah by Aryeh Kaplan) worm
• Delft-Bible (1477) blue red yellow
• Luther's translation (1545) yellow scarlet rose-red
• King James Bible (Cambridge Ed.) blue purple scarlet
5 The flags' ternary system
The borderlines of the rainbow at red & blue red blue
The Flag of the Netherlands (16th century) Orange white blue
The triads of the flags red white blue
The flags of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador red yellow blue
6 The threefold Celtic categories (Triskelion,
Threefold death, Triple Goddess of the Celts).
7 The threefold categories of the Aetts Freya's eight, Hagal's Tiu's
and eight eight
The threefold initial pattern ᚠ , ᚢ , ᚦ of the runic ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ
alphabet
The reduction of the vowels from the Elder U I A
Futhark to the Hälsing Futhark
8 The threefold categories in the gender system male female neuter
(male, female, neuter)
9 The ternary numbering system (the singular, singular dual plural
plural and dual form)
10 The ternary yau-core in the ego-pronouns and y a u
divine names Dyaus
11 Basic Laryngeal Set *h₁ , *h₂ and *h₃ *h₁ *h₂ *h₃
Table 3: Overview of the listed elements of the ternaries
(without a dedicated or controlled distribution of the entries in the columns)
(From: A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation)
Conclusion
languages had just one core vowel: *e. The limitation to one vowel is a sub-optimal choice, which
does not fully use the available bandwidth of the human voice. In spoken language the signal/noise-
relation depends on the coding system and the sensitivity of the hearing receivers.
some of the vowels with neighboring frequencies may be misunderstood by the receiver. This e.g.
This paper investigates the optimal number of vowels in an alphabet. Theoretically the ternary
coding system is the most efficient coding method in mathematics and communications.
In later phases the three vowels have been introduced in various alphabets such as Old Persian, the
Hälsing or Staveless Futhark, etc.
The alphabets for Latin and Greek language have been equipped with 5 respectively 7 vowels.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction to Saussure's Letter E.......................................................................................................2
An alphabet with only one vowel “e”...................................................................................................3
The optimal number of vowels in an alphabet.................................................................................3
Möller's three laryngeals..................................................................................................................3
The range of 1-8 laryngeals............................................................................................................3
Optimal Coding of numbers.................................................................................................................4
The Radix R and the Width W of the digits.....................................................................................5
Alternative Applications of the Ternary System..............................................................................5
Philosophical issues ........................................................................................................................5
The superiority of the ternary numeral system in the alphabet........................................................6
Saussure's hypothesis............................................................................................................................7
The laryngeal theory........................................................................................................................7
The confirmation after the deciphering of the Hittite language.......................................................7
Acceptance of the laryngeal theory.................................................................................................7
The laryngeal theory ............................................................................................................................8
Another set of the “Mothers of Reading”........................................................................................8
Definition of a pitch for “E”............................................................................................................8
The Role of the Letter E..................................................................................................................9
Numeral/statistical categorization of the letter “E”....................................................................9
Statistically E is the most common letter in English..............................................................9
“E” as the 5th letter of the alphabet, representing a male (3) & a female number (2)...........9
The Role of the Letter E in Delphi..............................................................................................9
The title of Plutarch's report (Greek Περί τού Εί τού έν Δελφοίς – Latin: De E apud
Delphos).................................................................................................................................9
The “E” on the coins of Faustina Senior as the ei of the Sages.............................................9
Plutarch's interpretation in “Εἶ ἕν”, “Thou art one” ("ehyeh"→ “I Am that I Am”)...........10
The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles.......................................................10
..............................................................................................................................................10
The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)..........................................................................................10
Inscription of 4 letters at the Omphalos of Delphi, found by F. Courby..............................11
Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior with the vowel E...............11
Other sources for symbolism of the letter “E”..........................................................................11
El as the Ancient of gods or the Father of all gods...............................................................11
The divine name “I” (and “El”) in Dante Alighieri's essay De vulgari eloquentia .............11
Massey's simplified Explanation (Greek Ia, and IE) ...........................................................11
The ieu-pronouns and the Dieu-names in Provencal language............................................12
The repetition of phonemes.......................................................................................................13
The basic vowel “E”..................................................................................................................14
Pronunciation of the three phonemes in PIE *h₁ , *h₂ , *h₃ ..........................................................14
Overview of the listed elements of the ternaries................................................................................16
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................17
Appendix 1 – Notes to the Omphalos of Delphi ...............................................................................20
The E-Inscription at the Omphalos of Delphi - Notes (1).............................................................20
The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles...........................................................20
..............................................................................................................................................20
The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)..........................................................................................20
Inscription of 4 letters at the Omphalos of Delphi, found by F. Courby..............................21
The E on coins...............................................................................................................................22
Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior with the vowel E....................22
Explanations of the E.....................................................................................................................23
Appendix 2 – Overview of the published papers of Joannes Richter at Academia.edu.....................24
Appendix 1 – Notes to the Omphalos of Delphi
• Synthesis of the Data in 'Zeus' by Arthur B. Cook (1925) – (In Scribd, publ. 28 / 5 /2014 )
The book Zeus by Arthur Bernard Cook (1925) still is a good lecture with numerous
excellent graphics, although it is being loaded with lots of footnotes.
The book documents the historical impact of Roman/Greek trading and the religious
boundary conditions of Janus/Zan as the world's support pillars, their successors Jou-
respectively Jeu-piter/Zeus, who gradually have been replaced by younger successors.
• Notes to "Zeus" by Arthur Bernard Cook (1925) published 27/5:2014, consisting of
1. The E-Inscription at the Omphalos of Delphi - Notes (1)
2. In the Name of Zeus - Notes (2)
3. The Holiest Spot in All Hellas - Notes (3)
4. Januslike Deities - Notes (4)
5. Amber Trading - Notes (5)
6. Retrospect - Notes (6)
Zeus, 'the Bright One,' was originally nothing but the day-light Sky, conceived in zoïstic
fashion as alive with a life of its own ; and traces of that primitive conception could be
detected here and there throughout the classical period. But already in Homeric days, indeed
long before Homer, the divine Sky had developed into the Sky-god, a weather-making ruler,
who dwelt in upper glory (aither). As such he became the recognised head of the Hellenic
pantheon, and in the Hellenistic age was brought into connexion with other manifestations
of celestial brightness—sun, moon, and stars alike.
Further consideration of the sky-prop, as exemplified by the Diana-pillars of Italy and the
Agyeús-pillars of Greece, threw light on some perplexing phenomena of popular cult...
The E-Inscription at the Omphalos of Delphi - Notes (1)
The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles

The Delphic omphalos often is associated with 2 eagles, which would refer to Zeus. If this is true, then the
Apollo sanctuary had belonged to Zeus and the letter “E” may have been assigned to Zeus as well.
This is another fundamental approach.
the first appears to be the mystic symbol E.
The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)

If this is true, then the Apollo sanctuary had belonged to Zeus and the letter E may have been
assigned to Zeus as well. This is another fundamental approach.
The E may have been the central letter for Zyeus (Zeus), which symbolizes the very link between
• the leading (male?) letter y (yod) and
• the trailing (female?) letter u.
By the ways: it also may be comparable to the letter H in YHV, or the letter A in IAΩ.

Inscription of 4 letters at the Omphalos of Delphi39, found by F. Courby
the first appears to be the mystic symbol E. 41
Fig. 5: Inscription "E of Gaia" at the omphalos in Delphi
Fig. 6: Inscription of the “E”, “G” & “A” in "E of Gaia" at the omphalos in Delphi
Details from a photograph at page 174 in Zeus a Study in Ancient Religion Vol 2 Part I (1925) by Arthur Bernard Cook
41 The Meaning of the E at Delphi
The E on coins42
Fig. 7: facade of the temple with E in the center of it
Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior with the vowel E
In the temple at Delphoi visitors were shown three symbols resembling the letter E — a wooden
original said to have been put up by the sages, a bronze copy of it presented by the Athenians, and a
golden replica dedicated by the empress Livia (Plout. de E apud Delphos).
Coppers of Delphoi struck by Hadrian and by Faustina Senior represent the facade of the temple
with E in the centre of it (Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Paus. iii. 119 pi. x, 23 = my
fig. 121 and pi. x, 22 = my fig. 122, J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1896 xx. 36 pi. 27, 12
and 46 pi. 29, 17 f., Head Hist. num.z p. 342).
Explanations of the E
Attempts to explain the symbol have been numerous. Plout. de E apud Delphos 3 takes E as irevTe,
the five sages Chilon, Thales, Solon, Bias, Pittakos; id. ib. 4 equates the second vowel E with the
second planetary body, the sun; id. ib. 5 writes E as et, 'if,' 'if only,' a word that might introduce a
question or a prayer addressed to the god; id, ib. 6 treats E or el as a symbol of dialectic; id. ib. 7—
16 gives a Pythagorean disquisition on E, that is TreVre, as the numerical base resulting from the
union of the first even dtio with the first odd rpia; id. ib. 17—21 concludes that E is for el, ' thou
art,' as a metaphysical invocation of the deity.
Years ago I ventured the suggestion (W. H. D. Rouse Greek Votive Offerings Cam- Fig_ T2I bridge
1902 p. 354 n. n, Folk-Lore 1903 xiv. 287 f.) that the E was a sacred relic, in fact the head of
Poseidon's trident kept in the sanctuary, where he had an altar (Paus. 10. 24. 4) and probably a
chapel (see H. Pomtow in Philologus 1912 Ixxi. 45 ff.), much as the trident of Neptune is kept
affixed to the wall of the ancient church of S. Vigil in Tridentum, the modern Trento, Trent (L.
Schmitz in Smith Diet. Geogr. ii. 1230); and it will be admitted that the trident-head, which
symbolises Poseidon on coins of Corinth, Leukas, Mantineia, Troizen, etc., is of the requisite shape
— indeed Agathon Telephos frag. 4 Nauck2 ap. Athen. 454
D describes the letter E as rpiodovs 7rXd7ios, 'a trident laid crosswise.' My friend Mr A. H. Smith
once told me that in his opinion the mystic E might possibly be explained by the resemblance that it
bears to the ITI-shaped window or smoke-hole over the door of hut-urns from Etruria etc. (Folk-
Lore 1903 xiv. 288).
Miss J. E. Harrison (ib. 1904 xv. 416 n. 271) has acutely compared the Delphic E with the trinity of
pillars represented e.g. on Phoenician reliefs from Sardinia (G. Patroni in the Man. d. Line. 1904
xiv. 230f. pi. 21, 2a and pi. 25, 2) and suggested ' that the E was originally three betyl stones or
pillars placed on a basis and representing the three Charites'....
Appendix 2 – Overview of the published papers of Joannes Richter at Academia.edu
• The 149 following papers are sorted according to the initial upload date43 :
• The optimal Number of Vowels in Languages
• A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation
• A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings
• The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
• Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
• Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
• Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
• The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
• The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet
• The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)
• The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
• Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea
• The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation
• De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
• Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
• The Initials of European Philosophy
• Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
• The War against Atlantis
• The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"
• The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
• The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
• Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
• Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
• Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
• The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
• Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
• Simon Stevin's definitie van wetenschappelijk onderz
• De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
• The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
• The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony
• King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
• Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperik I
• The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend
• A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
• Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
• Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
• De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
• The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
• Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
• A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
• The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
• De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
43 https://independent.academia.edu/JoannesRichter, respectively https://independent.academia.edu/richterJoannes

• The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
• The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
• Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid
• De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
• De fundamenten van de samenleving
• De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
• De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
• The Antipodes Mith and With
• The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
• De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
• The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
• Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
• De restanten van de dualis in het Nederlands, Engels en Duits
• Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
• The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
• Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Nederlandse alfabet
• The Backbones of the Alphabets
• The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
• The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
• De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
• The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
• Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
• The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
• De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)
• King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
• De 4 letters van koning Chilperik I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet
• The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
• The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
• In het Nederlands, Duits en Engels is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
• In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
• The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
• A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
• The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
• Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
• Über die Evolution der Sprachen
• Over het ontwerpen van talen
• The Art of Designing Languages
• Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
• Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
• Over het filosofische Nous-concept
• Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
• The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)
• A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
• Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
• The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
• The Unification of Medieval Europe
• The Divergence of Germanic Religions
• De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
• The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
• Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
• Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
• Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
• The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
• Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
• Notes to the book TIW
• Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
• Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
• Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
• The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
• Etymology, Religions and Myths
• The Symbolism of the Yampoos and Wampoos in Poe's “Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
from Nantucket”
• Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
• Ϝut - Het Nederlandse sleutelwoord
• Concepts for the Dual Forms
• The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
• Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
• Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
• The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
• A Linguistic Control of Egotism
• The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
• An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets
• The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
• Die keltische Haarhauben
• De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
• The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
• Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
• De god met de twee gezichten
• The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg
• Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
• De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
• Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
• The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
• Een reconstructie van de Nederlandse scheppingslegende
• The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
• The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism
• The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
• Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
• Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
• Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer "
• De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
• The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
• Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
• Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
• Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
• Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
• Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
• The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre
• The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
• The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
• The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
• De kern van de Futhark-talen
• Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
• De symboolkern IE van het Nederlands
• Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
• Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)
• Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
• A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
• A Paradise Made of Words
• The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
• The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
• The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
• The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
• The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)

The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"

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The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"

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The Role of Saussure's Letter “E”

Fig. 1: Inscription "E of Gaia" at the omphalos in Delphi

The optimal number of vowels in an alphabet

Möller's three laryngeals

The range of 1-8 laryngeals

E (b) = ln (b) / b …..... (1)

2: Efficiency of different number bases

The Radix R and the Width W of the digits.

Alternative Applications of the Ternary System

Absolute optimality appears to be unachievable as it corresponds to a non-integer,

7 In these formulas the e (mathematical constant) is "Euler's number" (e ≈ 2.71828...)

3 The 3 vowels A, I and U in the cuneiform Old Persian

The laryngeal theory

The confirmation after the deciphering of the Hittite language

Acceptance of the laryngeal theory

11 Work and influence

• Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had a series of phonemes beyond those reconstructed

Another set of the “Mothers of Reading”

Definition of a pitch for “E”

Numeral/statistical categorization of the letter “E”

Statistically E is the most common letter in English

The Role of the Letter E in Delphi

The “E” on the coins of Faustina Senior as the ei of the Sages

The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles

The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)

Other sources for symbolism of the letter “E”

El as the Ancient of gods or the Father of all gods25

Massey's simplified Explanation (Greek Ia, and IE) 26

Cat. Nr. Short definition of the “E”-symbolism

29 See: The Hermetic Codex

4: nu NINDA-an ēzzateni, wādar-ma ekuteni -

(Wikipedia, File:1. rozluštěná věta.JPG - Public Domain )

The text is translated as follows:

The basic vowel “E”

Pronunciation of the three phonemes in PIE *h₁ , *h₂ , *h₃

37 Source: (Wikipdia) *h₃

The E-Inscription at the Omphalos of Delphi - Notes (1)

The Delphic omphalos with the letter “E” and 2 eagles

The E in the name Zyeus (Zeus)

38 Another depiction is given in Varieties of Unreligious Experience: The E at Delphi

Fig. 5: Inscription "E of Gaia" at the omphalos in Delphi

Fig. 7: facade of the temple with E in the center of it

43 https://independent.academia.edu/JoannesRichter, respectively https://independent.academia.edu/richterJoannes

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