Himalayas 1

Himalayas
Himalayas
Range

The north face of Mount Everest as seen from the path to the base camp in Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.

Countries  Bhutan,  People's Republic of China,  India,  Nepal,  Pakistan,  Burma,  Afghanistan

Highest point Mount Everest

 - elevation 8848 m (29029 ft)

 - coordinates 27°59′17″N 86°55′31″E

The Himalaya Range (Sanskrit: literally, "abode of snow", Sanskrit: Devanagari: हिमालय, IPA: /hɪˈmɑːləj(ə)/), the
Himalayas or Himalaya for short, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan
Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu
Kush, and other, lesser, ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot.
Together, the Himalayan mountain system is the planet's highest, and home to the world's highest peaks, the
Eight-thousanders, which include Mount Everest and K2. To comprehend the enormous scale of this mountain
range, consider that Aconcagua, in the Andes, at 6962 metres (22841 ft) is the highest peak outside Asia, whereas the
Himalayan system includes over 100 mountains exceeding 7200 m (23622 ft).[1]
Some of the world's major rivers, the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Red River (Asia),
Xunjiang, Chao Phraya, Irrawaddy River, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Tarim River and Yellow River, rise in the
Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to some 3 billion people (almost half of Earth's population) in
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, People's Republic of China, India, Nepal, Burma, Cambodia, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Pakistan.
The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism,
Buddhism and Sikhism. The main Himalaya range runs west to east, from the Indus river valley to the Brahmaputra
river valley, forming an arc 2400 km (1491 mi) long, which varies in width from 400 km (249 mi) in the western
Kashmir-Xinjiang region to 150 km (93 mi) in the eastern Tibet-Arunachal Pradesh region. The range consists of
three coextensive sub-ranges, with the northernmost, and highest, known as the Great or Inner Himalayas.
Himalayas 2

The general location of the Himalayas mountain range.

Ecology

Everest, the highest peak of the Himalayas (left) and K2, on the border of Pakistan and People's Republic of Kangchenjunga, on the border of Nepal and Sikkim,
Lhotse (right), no. 5 China India

The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical
at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall
increases from west to east along the front of the range. This diversity of climate, altitude, rainfall and soil conditions
generates a variety of distinct plant and animal communities.

Lowland forests
On the Indo-Gangetic plain at the base of the mountains, an alluvial plain drained by the Indus and
Ganges-Brahmaputra river systems, vegetation varies from west to east with rainfall. The xeric Northwestern thorn
scrub forests occupy the plains of Pakistan and the Indian Punjab. Further east lie the Upper Gangetic plains moist
deciduous forests of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests of Bihar and
West Bengal. These are monsoon forests, with drought-deciduous trees that lose their leaves during the dry season.
The moister Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests occupy the plains of Assam.
Himalayas 3

The Terai belt

Above the alluvial plain lies the Terai strip, a seasonally marshy zone of sand and clay soils. The Terai has higher
rainfall than the plains, and the downward-rushing rivers of the Himalaya slow down and spread out in the flatter
Terai zone, depositing fertile silt during the monsoon season and receding in the dry season. The Terai has a high
water table due to groundwater percolating down from the adjacent zone. The central part of the Terai belt is
occupied by the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, a mosaic of grasslands, savannas, deciduous and evergreen
forests that includes some of the world's tallest grasslands. The grasslands of the Terai belt are home to the Indian
rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis).

Bhabhar belt
Above the Terai belt is an upland zone known as the Bhabhar, a zone of porous and rocky soils made up of debris
washed down from the higher ranges. The Bhabhar and the lower Shiwalik ranges have a subtropical climate. The
Himalayan subtropical pine forests occupy the western end of the subtropical belt, with forests dominated by Chir
Pine (Pinus roxburghii). The central part of the range is home to the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests,
dominated by the sal tree (Shorea robusta). They are at the foot of the Himalayas where the Himalayan streams
descend on to the plains.

Shiwalik Hills
Also called Churia or Margalla Hills, Sivalik Hills is an intermittent outermost range of foothills extending across
the Himalayan region through Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. This region consists of many sub-ranges. Summits
are generally 600 to 1200 metres (2000 to 3900 ft). Steeper southern slopes form along a fault zone called
Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT); northern slopes are gentler. Permeable conglomerates and other rocks allow
rainwater to percolate downslope into the Bhabhar and Terai, supporting only scrubby forests upslope. The
Himalayan subtropical pine and broadleaf forests continue here.

Inner Terai or Dun Valleys

The Inner Terai valleys are open valleys north of Shiwalik Hills or nestled between Shiwalik subranges. Examples
include Dehra Dun in India and Chitwan in Nepal. Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests grow here.

Lesser Himalaya
Also called Mahabharat Range, the Lesser Himalayas is a prominent range 2000 to 3000 metres (6600 to 9800 ft)
high formed along the Main Boundary Thrust fault zone, with a steep southern face and gentler northern slopes.
They are nearly continuous except for river gorges, where rivers from to the north gather like candelabra in a handful
of places to break through the range.
At these elevations and above the biogeography of the Himalayas is generally divided by the Kali Gandaki Gorge in
central Nepal, one of the deepest canyons in the world.
At the middle elevations of the range, the subtropical forests yield to a belt of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
growing between 1500 and 3000 metres (4900 and 9800 ft), with the western Himalayan broadleaf forests to the
west of the Gandaki River, and the eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests to the east. The western broadleaf forests
stretch from the Kashmir Valley, across Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and through western Nepal. The eastern
broadleaf forests stretch across eastern Nepal, through Sikkim and Bhutan, and through much of Arunachal Pradesh.
Himalayas 4

Midlands
This 'hilly' region (Pahad), averaging about 1000 metres (3300 ft) immediately north of the Mahabharat Range, rises
over about 100 kilometres ( ft) to about 4000 metres (13000 ft) at the Main Central Thrust fault zone, where the
Greater Himalaya begin.
Above the broadleaf forests, between 3000 and 4000 metres (9800 and 13000 ft), are temperate coniferous forests,
likewise split by the Gandaki River. The western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests are found below treeline in
northern Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and western Nepal. The eastern Himalayan
subalpine conifer forests are found in eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. Along the border
between Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet, the eastern subalpine conifer forests mix with the northeastern Himalayan
subalpine conifer forests. East Himalayan Fir, West Himalayan Spruce, and Himalayan Hemlock are some important
trees of these forests. Rhododendrons are exceptionally diverse here, with over 60 species recorded in the
northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests.

Greater Himalaya
North of the Main Central Thrust, the highest ranges rise abruptly as much as 4000 metres (13000 ft) into the realm
of perpetual snow and ice. As the Himalayan system becomes wider from east to west, the number of parallel high
ranges increases. For example, the Kagmara and Kanjiroba ranges both reach well over 6000 metres (20000 ft) north
of the Dhaulagiri Himalaya in central Nepal.
Montane grasslands and shrublands grow above treeline. The northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows are
found in the high elevations of northern Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh. To the east, the
western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows cover extensive areas along the Tibetan border with Uttarakhand and
western Nepal. The eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows grow above the eastern and northeastern subalpine
conifer forests, along the Tibetan border with eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. The
shrublands are composed of junipers as well as a wide variety of rhododendrons. They also possess a remarkable
variety of wildflowers: Valley of Flowers National Park in the western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
contains hundreds of species. The upper limit of the grasslands increases from west to east, rising from 3500 metres
(11500 ft) to 5500 metres (18000 ft). The grasslands are the summer habitat of the endangered snow leopard (Uncia
uncia).
Himalayas 5

Trans-Himalaya
The watershed between rivers flowing south into the Ganges or Indus and rivers flowing north into the Brahmaputra
or mainstem Indus that flow around the ends of the entire range often follows somewhat lower, less rugged
mountains tens of kilometers north of the highest ranges. South-flowing rivers form valleys in this region, often
semi-arid due to rainshadow effects. These valleys hold some of the highest permanent villages on earth.

Origins and growth

The Himalayas are among the youngest mountain ranges on the planet
and consist mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock.
According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, their formation is a
result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent
boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
This is referred to as a fold mountain.

The collision began in the Upper Cretaceous period about 70 million

years ago, when the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate, moving at
about 15 cm per year, collided with the Eurasian Plate. About 50
million years ago, this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had
completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been
determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the
volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they
crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. The
Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the
Tibetan plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards. The
Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this
collision.

The Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over The 6,000 km plus journey of the India landmass
the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About (Indian Plate) before its collision with Asia
20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting (Eurasian Plate) about 40 to 50 million years ago

along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising
by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate
also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.

Glaciers and river systems

The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 of freshwater. The
70 km-long Siachen Glacier at the India-Pakistan border is the second longest glacier in the world outside the polar
region. Some of the other more famous glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand), Nubra, Biafo
and Baltoro (Karakoram region), Zemu (Sikkim) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region).
The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics,
and they form the sources for several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems:
• The western rivers combine into the Indus Basin, of which the Indus River is the largest. The Indus begins in
Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to
the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others.
Himalayas 6

• Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its two main rivers are the Ganges and
the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, among other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo
River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the
Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta.[2]
The eastern-most Himalayan rivers feed the Ayeyarwady River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south
through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea.
The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and the Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan plateau that
are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some
geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers.[3] In recent years, scientists have
monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change.[4]
Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of
millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers of northern India during the dry seasons.[5]

Glaciers near K2 in the People's
Republic of China and Pakistan.
This image shows the termini of the glaciers Snow-capped peaks and
in the Bhutan-Himalaya. Glacial lakes have ridges of the eastern
been forming rapidly on the surface of the Himalaya Mountains
debris-covered glaciers in this region during create an irregular
the last few decades. white-on-red patchwork
between major rivers in
south-western China.

Lakes
The Himalaya region is dotted with hundreds of lakes.
Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than 5,000 m,
with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude.
Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border
between India and China, and Yamdrok Tso, located in
central Tibet, are amongst the largest with a surface
area of (700 km²), respectively (638 km²). Other
notable lakes include Gurudogmar lake in North
Sikkim, Tsongmo lake, near the Indo-China border in
Sikkim, and Tilicho lake in Nepal in the Annapurna
massif.
A high Himalayan lake at an altitude of around 5,000 metres Sikkim,
The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns India

if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found

mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres.[6]
Himalayas 7

Impact on climate
The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of
the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau. They
prevent frigid, dry Arctic winds blowing south into the
subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer
than corresponding temperate regions in the other
continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon
winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and
causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The
Himalayas are also believed to play an important part
in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the
Taklamakan and Gobi. Pass in Ladakh with the typical Buddhist prayer flags and chorten

The mountain ranges also prevent western winter

disturbances in Iran from traveling further, resulting in snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of Punjab and northern
India. Despite being a barrier to the cold, northernly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid
winds, thus lowering the temperature in the North East India and Bangladesh.
The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost
outside of the poles. Ten of Asia’s largest rivers flow from here, and more than a billion people’s livelihoods depend
on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are rising more rapidly here than the global average. In Nepal, the
temperature has risen 0.6 degree C over the last decade, whereas the global warming has been around 0.7 degree C
over the last hundred years.[7]

Mountain passes
The rugged terrain makes few routes through the
mountains possible. Some of these routes include:
• Banihal is an important pass connecting the hill
areas of Jammu to the Kashmir Valley.
• Zoji La lies between the vale of Kashmir and the
Kargil district, and is the only Western entrance to
the highlands of Ladakh.
• Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh, India. The Himalayan range at Yumesongdong in Sikkim, in the Yumthang
River valley
• Mohan Pass is the principal pass in the Siwalik
Hills, the southern most and geologically youngest
foothills running parallel to the main Himalayas in Sikkim.
• Kora La at 4594 metres (15072 ft) elevation on the Nepal-Tibet border at the upper end of Mustang. The Kali
Gandaki Gorge (a graben), transects the main Himalaya and Transhimalayan ranges. Kora La is the lowest pass
through both ranges between K2 and Everest, but some 300 metres (980 ft) higher than Nathula and Jelepla
passes further east between Sikkim and Tibet.
• Arniko Rajmarg/Friendship Highway route from Kathmandu, Nepal crossing into Tibet at Kodari/Zhangmu, to
Nyalam, Lalung-La pass (5,050m/16,570'), Tingri, Xêgar, Lakpa La pass (5,250m/17,225'), to Lhatse on the
Yarlung Tsangpo/Brahmaputra River about 460 road kilometers west of Lhasa.
• Gangtok in Sikkim to Lhasa in Tibet, via the Nathula Pass and Jelepla Passes (offshoots of the ancient Silk Road).
Himalayas 8

Impact on politics and culture

It should be noted that almost half of the humans and
livestock of India live on one-third of the landscape
within 500 km of the Himalayan range.
The Himalayas, due to their large size and expanse,
have been a natural barrier to the movement of people
for tens of thousands of years. In particular, this has
prevented intermingling of people from the Indian
subcontinent with people from China and Mongolia,
causing significantly different languages and customs
between these regions. The Himalayas have also
hindered trade routes and prevented military Mountain sheds like these are used by the rural populace as shelter
expeditions across its expanse. For instance, Genghis for cattle in summer months as they take them for grazing in higher
Khan could not expand his empire south of the altitudes.

Himalayas into the subcontinent.

Notable peaks of the Himalayan system (includes outlying ranges)

Peak Name Other names and Elevation Elevation First Notes
meaning (m) (ft) Western
ascent

Everest 8,848 29,035.44 1953 Highest mountain on Earth, on the border between Nepal and
Sagarmatha (Nepali),
[8] Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
"Head of the World",
Chomolangma
(Tibetan), "Goddess
[9]
mother of the snows"

K2 Chogo Gangri 8,611 28,251 1954 2nd highest mountain on Earth. Located on the border
between the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of
Xinjiang, People's Republic of China and the Northern Areas
of Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

Kangchenjunga Kangchen Dzö-nga, 8,586 28,169 1955 3rd highest mountain on Earth. Located on the border
"Five Treasures of the between Nepal and Sikkim, India.
Great Snow"

Lhotse "South Peak" 8,516 27,940 1956 4th highest mountain on Earth. Situated between Tibet
Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, and Nepal,
in the shadow of Mount Everest.

Makalu "The Great Black" 8,462 27,765 1955 5th highest mountain on Earth. Situated on the border
between, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of
China and Nepal.

Cho Oyu Qowowuyag, 8,201 26,905 1954 6th highest mountain on Earth. Situated on the border
"Turquoise Goddess" between Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of
China, and Nepal

Dhaulagiri "White Mountain" 8,167 26,764 1960 7th highest mountain on Earth. Situated in Nepal.

Manaslu Kutang, "Mountain of 8,156 26,758 1956 8th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Gurkha Himal,
the Spirit" Nepal.

Nanga Parbat Diamir, "Naked 8,126 26,660 1953 9th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Northern
Mountain" Areas of Pakistan.
Himalayas 9

Annapurna "Goddess of the 8,091 26,545 1950 10th highest mountain on Earth. Situated in Nepal.
Harvests"

Gasherbrum I "Beautiful Mountain" 8,080 26,509 1958 11th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram of
Pakistan

Broad Peak Faichan Kangri 8,047 26,401 1957 12th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram of
Pakistan.

Gasherbrum II - 8,035 26,362 1956 13th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram of
Pakistan.

Shishapangma Xixiabangma, "Crest 8,013 26,289 1964 14th highest mountain on Earth. Located in Tibet
Above The Grassy Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
Plains"

Gyachung Kang unknown 7,952 26,089 1964 15th highest mountain on Earth. Located on the border
between Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of
China, and Nepal, it is the highest mountain under 8,000
meters.

Gasherbrum IV - 7,925 26,001 1958 17th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram of
Pakistan.

Masherbrum unknown 7,821 25,660 1960 22nd highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram
of Pakistan.

Nanda Devi "Bliss-giving Goddess" 7,817 25,645 1936 23rd highest mountain on Earth. Located in Uttarakhand,
India. It is the highest peak entirely within India.

Rakaposhi "Shining Wall" 7,788 25,551 1958 A massive peak that towers above local terrain. Located in
the Pakistani Karakoram.

Gangkhar Gankar Punzum, "Three 7,570 24,836 Unclimbed World's highest unclimbed peak remains off limits to
Puensum Mountain Siblings" mountaineers. Located in the Kingdom of Bhutan.

Ama Dablam "Mother And Her 6,848 22,467 1961 Considered by some to be one of the most beautiful peaks in
Necklace" the Himalayas. Located in the Khumbu, Nepal.

Panorama

2004 photo mosaic the Himalayas with Makalu and Mount Everest from the International Space Station, Expedition
8.

A panorama of Garhwal Himalaya from Dhanaulti, India

Himalayas 10

Notable Himalayan mountaineers

• George Mallory (1886–1924) Attempted first ascent of Mount Everest in 1922 and 1924; died on North Face
along with Sandy Irvine.
• Noel Odell (1890–1987) British. First ascent, in 1936, of Nanda Devi, which remained the highest summitted
peak until 1950. Last person to see Mallory and Irvine high up on Everest in 1924.
• Bill Tilman (1898–1977) British. First ascent of Nanda Devi in 1936. In 1934, first person to penetrate Nanda
Devi sanctuary
• Frank Smythe (1900–1949) British. Kamet, and early attempt on Kangchenjunga.
• Eric Shipton (1907–1977) British. With Bill Tilman, first to penetrate Nanda Devi sanctuary. Discovered route to
Everest over Khumbu Glacier.
• John Hunt (1910–1998) British. Leader of 1953 expedition of Mount Everest.
• Tenzing Norgay (1914–1986) Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer. First man on Everest's summit along with Edmund
Hillary.
• Maurice Herzog (b. 1919) First person to summit an Eight-thousander, Annapurna, in 1950. Lost all toes and
most fingers due to frostbite. Peak not climbed again until 1970.
• Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) New Zealand mountaineer and explorer, the first man on Everest's summit
along with Tenzing Norgay.
• Tom Bourdillon (1924–1956) member of British Everest expeditions 1951, 1952, and 1953, reached 300 feet (90
m) from summit of Everest three days before Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay finally conquered it.
• Hermann Buhl (1924–1957) First ascent of Nanga Parbat in 1953 (feat accomplished solo and without oxygen).
First ascent of Broad Peak. Died in fall on Chogolisa, body never found.
• Willi Unsoeld (1926–1979) United States. First ascent of Everest from West Face and first major traverse of a
Himalayan peak, with Tom Hornbein 1963. Daughter Nanda Devi Unsoeld killed during Nanda Devi expedition
1976. Died during avalanche on Mount Rainier, 1979.
• Chris Bonington (b. 1934) First ascent of Annapurna (South Face), 4 ascents of Everest.
• Nawang Gombu (b. 1936) Indian mountaineer. First person to climb Everest twice: 1963 and 1965.
• Jim Whittaker (b. 1936) United States. First American to summit Everest.
• Reinhold Messner (born 1944) Italian mountaineer. First man to climb all fourteen mountains over 8000 metres
(collectively known as the eight-thousanders).
• Jerzy Kukuczka (1948–1989) Polish mountaineer. Ascended all fourteen eight-thousanders faster than anybody
else, establishing ten new routes.
• Nazir Sabir Pakistani mountaineer. First ascent of two eight thousanders (Broad Peak & Gasherbrum II) in a
single attempt.
• Swami Sundaranand (b. 1926 India) Climbed 25 mountains with little or no equipment from 1950-1990 to
experience open eyed Samādhi using the ancient techniques of the Himalayan yogis. Noted also for his extensive
photography of the Indian Himalayas.[10] [11] [12]
• Casey Mackins An English mountaineer who climbed Mt Everest by a new route without oxygen from Tibet in
1984 and then again from Nepal in 1990 during his famous Sea to Summit expedition where he became the first
person to climb Everest starting from sea level
• José Antonio Delgado Sucre(1965–2006) was the first Venezuelan mountaineer to reach the summit of five
eight-thousanders. He was one of the most experienced climbers in Latin America.
• Ed Viesturs (b. June 22, 1959) is the first American, and 12th person overall, to summit all fourteen
eight-thousanders, and the sixth climber to do it without bottled oxygen.
• Pemba Dorjie (born c. 1977) a Sherpa who currently holds the world record for the quickest climb to the summit
of Mount Everest from camp. On May 21, 2004 Dorjie set that record, with a total time of 8 hours and 10
minutes.
Himalayas 11

• Apa Sherpa (born c. 1960) On May 21, 2009, successfully summited Mt. Everest for the 19th time, breaking his
own record for most successful ascents.
• Krzysztof Wielicki (born 1950) Polish mountaineer, the fifth man to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders. Three
of them (Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga and Lhotse) he ascended as the first man ever to do it in winter.

Religion
Several places in the Himalaya are of religious
significance in Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism,
the Himalaya have also been personified as the god
Himavat, the father of Shiva's consort, Parvati.
Some of the important religious places in the
Himalayas are:-
• Haridwar, the place where the river Ganges enters
the plains.
• Badrinath, a temple dedicated to Vishnu.
• Kedarnath, where one of the 12 Jyotirlingas is
located.
• Gaumukh, the source of the Bhagirathi (and hence, The Taktshang Monastery, also known as the "Tiger's Nest"
by extension, the Ganges), located a few miles
above the town of Gangotri.
• Devprayag, where the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi
merge to form the Ganges.
• Rishikesh, has a temple of Lakshmana.
• Mount Kailash, a 6,638 m high peak which is the
abode of the Hindu Gods Shiva and Uma and is also
venerated by Buddhists. The peak is forbidden to
climb, it is so sacred it is circled at its base. Lake
Manasarowar lies at the base of Mount Kailash, and
is the source of the Brahmaputra.
• Amarnath, has a natural Shiva linga of ice which
forms for a few weeks each year. Thousands of
people visit this cave during these few weeks. The Vaishno Devi shrine in Jammu & Kashmir, India.
• The Vaishno Devi is a popular shrine among Durga
devotees.
• Sri Hemkund Sahib - Sikh gurudwara where Guru Gobind Singh is claimed to have meditated and achieved
enlightenment in a previous incarnation.
In addition to the above, a number of Tibetan Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalaya, including the residence of
the Dalai Lama. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet.[13] The Tibetan Muslims had their own mosques in
Lhasa and Shigatse.[14]
The following mystic entities are associated with the Himalayas:
• The Yeti is one of the most famous creatures in cryptozoology. It is a large primate-like creature that is supposed
to live in the Himalaya. Most mainstream scientists and experts consider current evidence of the Yeti's existence
unpersuasive, and the result of hoaxes, legend or misidentification of mundane creatures.
• Shambhala is a mystical city with various legends associated with it, it is one of twenty-four Himalayan hidden
realms, or beyul, in Vajrayana Buddhism.[15] While some legends consider it to be a real city where secret
Himalayas 12

Buddhist doctrines are being preserved, other legends believe that the city does not physically exist, and can only
be reached in the mental realm.

The Himalayas in art,

literature, and film
• Kim, by Rudyard Kipling, is the
signature account of life in 19th
century India as seen through British
eyes and is based on the exploits of a
young boy in the Himalayas and
plains of India while engaged in the
Great Game.
• Shangri-La is a fictional utopia
situated somewhere in the
Himalayas, based on the legendary
«Tibet. Himalayas», 1933 Nicholas Roerich
Shambhala. It is described in the
novel Lost Horizon, written by the
British writer James Hilton in 1933.
• Tintin in Tibet is one of the series of classic comic-strip albums, written and illustrated by Belgian writer and
illustrator Hergé, featuring the young reporter Tintin investigating a plane crash in the Gosain Than massif in the
Himalayas. (1960)
• The Hollywood movie Vertical Limit (2000), is set in the K2 peak of the Himalayas, in Pakistan.
• Several levels of Tomb Raider II and one level in Tomb Raider: Legend of the Tomb Raider series are situated in
the Himalayas.
• The Inheritance of Loss written by Kiran Desai is partly set in the Himalaya Mountains.
• Rumer Godden's novel Black Narcissus (1939) is about an order of nuns who set up a convent in the Himalayas.
The film, released in 1947 by Powell and Pressburger and starring Deborah Kerr, was not actually shot in the
Himalayas and relied primarily on matte paintings to evoke the mountains.
• Isabel Allende's novel, Kingdom of the Golden Dragon takes place mostly in the Forbidden Kingdom, a fictional
country in the Himalayas.
• Dragon Rider is authored by Cornelia Funke and tells the story of an epic journey that a small boy, a brownie,
and a dragon take to the "Rim of Heaven," a place in the Himalayas where dragons reside.
• Expedition Everest - Legend of the Forbidden Mountain is an elaborately themed roller coaster located at Disney's
Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World that takes riders through a yeti-guarded Mount Everest.
• Seven Years in Tibet is an autobiographical travel book written by Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer based on
his real life experiences in Tibet between 1944 and 1951 during the Second World War and the interim period
before the Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet in 1950. Heinrich Harrer took part in a
German mountaineering expedition to the Himalayas, intending to climb Nanga Parbat, the ninth-highest
mountain in the world.
• Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film) is a 1997 film based on the book of the same name written by Austrian
mountaineer Heinrich Harrer.
• Journey of a Red Fridge [16] (2007), directed by Lucian and Natasa Muntean (Lunam Docs), is an award-winning
documentary that tells the story of child porters working in the Himalayan mountains of Nepal.
• G.I. Joe: The Movie is a 1987 animated feature in which an ancient civilization known as Cobra La has taken
refuge deep within the Himalayas after the Ice Age that nearly wiped them off the face of the Earth.
Himalayas 13

References
[1] Yang, Qinye (2004). Himalayan Mountain System (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4q_XoMACOxkC& pg=PA25& lpg=PA23&
dq="South+ Tibet+ Valley"). ISBN 9787508506654. . Retrieved 2007-08-07.
[2] "Sunderbans the world’s largest delta" (http:/ / www. gits4u. com/ wb/ wb6a. htm). gits4u.com. .
[3] Gaillardet, J; Métivier, Lemarchand, Dupré, Allégre, Li, Zhao (2003). "Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum-Himalayan
Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs" (http:/ / www. cosis. net/ abstracts/ EAE03/ 13617/ EAE03-J-13617. pdf) (PDF).
Geophysical Research Abstracts 5 (13617). . Retrieved 2006-11-04.
[4] "Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion" (http:/ / www. planetark. com/ dailynewsstory. cfm/ newsid/ 42387/ story. htm). Planet
Ark. June 5, 2007. . Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[5] "Glaciers melting at alarming speed" (http:/ / english. peopledaily. com. cn/ 90001/ 90781/ 90879/ 6222327. html). People's Daily Online.
July 24, 2007. . Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[6] Drews, Carl. "Highest Lake in the World" (http:/ / www. highestlake. com/ highest-lake-world. html). . Retrieved 2010-11-14.
[7] Gravgaard, Anna-Katarina (2009-12-13). "Nepalis note climate change" (http:/ / www. globalpost. com/ dispatch/ asia/ 091208/
nepal-glaciers-climate-change). Global Post. .
[8] Unsworth, Walt (2000). Everest - The Mountaineering History (3rd ed.). Bâton Wicks. p. 584. ISBN 978-1898573401.
[9] "No Longer Everest but Mount Qomolangma" (http:/ / english. people. com. cn/ 200211/ 19/ eng20021119_107017. shtml). People's Daily
Online. 2002-11-20. . Retrieved 2005-06-09.
[10] United Nations, May 2007, Our Planet magazine
[11] Personal Time with Swami-ji, 157 mins Film, The Center for Healing Arts (http:/ / thecenterforhealingarts. com/ swamiji. php)
[12] Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sudu Published August 2001 ISBN 81-901326-0-1
[13] Tibetan monks: A controlled life (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ asia-pacific/ 7307495. stm). BBC News. March 20, 2008.
[14] Mosques in Lhasa, Tibet (http:/ / english. peopledaily. com. cn/ 200510/ 27/ eng20051027_217176. html). People's Daily Online. October
27, 2005.
[15] Levine, Norma (1993). Blessing Power of the Buddhas: Sacred Objects, Secret Lands. Element Books. p. 132. ISBN 1-85230-305-0.
[16] http:/ / www. lunamdocs. com/

Further reading
• Aitken, Bill, Footloose in the Himalaya, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. ISBN 81-7824-052-1
• Berreman, Gerald Duane, Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change, 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford
University Press, 1997.
• Bisht, Ramesh Chandra, Encyclopedia of the Himalayas, New Delhi, Mittal Publications, c2008.
• Everest, the IMAX movie (1998). ISBN 0-7888-1493-1
• Fisher, James F., Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal, 1990. Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1990. ISBN 0-520-06941-2
• Gansser, Augusto, Gruschke, Andreas, Olschak, Blanche C., Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths,
Migrating Peoples, New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. ISBN 0-8160-1994-0 and New Delhi: Bookwise,
1987.
• Gupta, Raj Kumar, Bibliography of the Himalayas, Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981
• Hunt, John, Ascent of Everest, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. ISBN 0-89886-361-9
• Isserman, Maurice and Weaver, Stewart, Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age
of Empire to the Age of Extremes. Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-11501-7
• Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation.
London / New York, Routledge, 1989. ISBN 0-415-01157-4
• Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., The Himalaya, Aspects of Change. Delhi, Oxford University
Press, 1981. ISBN 0-19-561254-X
• Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya, Almora,
GBPIHED, 2006.
• Palin, Michael, Himalaya, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated, 2004. ISBN 0-297-84371-0
• Swami Sundaranand, Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (August
2001). ISBN 81-901326-0-1
Himalayas 14

• Swami Tapovan Maharaj, Wanderings in the Himalayas, English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust,
1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai.
• Tilman, H. W., Mount Everest, 1938, Cambridge University Press, 1948.
• ‘The Mighty Himalaya: A Fragile Heritage,’ National Geographic, 174:624-631(November 1988).

External links
• The making of the Himalaya and major tectonic subdivisions (http://comp1.geol.unibas.ch/~zanskar/
CHAPITRE2/page23.html)
• Geology of the Himalayan mountains (http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html)
• Birth of the Himalaya (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/birth.html)
• Some notes on the formation of the Himalaya (http://snobear.colorado.edu/Markw/Mountains/03/week11.
html)
• Pictures from a trek in Annapurna (film by Ori Liber) (http://www.metacafe.co.il/watch/383729/
the_annapurna_trek_in_5_minutes/)
• Geology of Nepal Himalaya (http://www.ranjan.net.np/geology_of_nepal/geology_of_nepal.htm)
• South Asia's Troubled Waters (http://www.pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106) Journalistic project at
the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting

Image gallery

Mount Everest Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Nanga Parbat, Manaslu North Sikkim,
north face from Pakistan Kangchengyao
Rongbuk in Tibet satellite, India

Geographical coordinates: 28°00′N 82°00′E

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and Contributors

Himalayas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=402723186  Contributors: 190319m9, 661kts, 8.253, @pple, ABF, AMAL1, Abhi182, AbsolutDan, Adam78, Adamsgrizzly2, Agg
kapil, Ahoerstemeier, AjitPD, Akgravgaard, Aksi great, Alanmak, Alansohn, Aldaron, Ale jrb, Aleenf1, Alex.muller, AlexiusHoratius, Algebraic123, Alokprasad, Alvinpiggy, AmarChandra,
Amartyabag, Amd194, Amilolo, Amitparikh, Amitprabhakar, Amod10, Amplitude101, Andonic, Andre Engels, Anilbhx, Animum, Ankurpatil, Anonymous Dissident, Anupam, Anwar saadat,
Apokryltaros, Arjun024, Armanaziz, Arunram, Arvindn, Arzun, AshLin, Ashinpt, Ashwatham, Atletiker, Avalyn, Avnjay, Aymatth2, Baad, Banes, BarretBonden, Bart133, Barunroy, Baseball
Bugs, Bathrobe, Bejnar, Bermy88, Bevo, Bggoldie, Bhadani, BigHairRef, Bigyan ghimire, Bigyanzee, Bikeable, Bill Ganeyson, BillJohnson0003, Billinghurst, Billy607, Billygoatgruff, Blake-,
Blanchardb, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bomac, Bongwarrior, Boobys1234, BorgQueen, Bowhop, Bremnes, Brhaspati, Brian0918, BrokenSegue, Bugtrio, Burmiester, CClio333, CUSENZA Mario,
CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Capitocapito, Caregz, Carsten.nebel, Cbrown1023, Cd95, Cenarium, Cflm001, Cglassey, Ched Davis, Chepry, Chris j
wood, Chris the speller, Ciaccona, Ciiindia, Circeus, Ck lostsword, Clarkk, Claymoreking, Cman, Cminard, Cogcrusher, Collegebookworm, Comancheros, Cosmic Engine, Croners, Cukorka22,
Curps, D. Recorder, DaGizza, Dakinijones, Danny, DarkFalls, Darkwind, Darwinek, Davespice, Dbachmann, Dbfirs, Dc1974, Debresser, Decltype, Deepak, Deeptrivia, Delldot, Deodarvostok,
Dipzone7, Discospinster, DivusFilius, Doc glasgow, Doniago, Doulos Christos, Dr. Blofeld, Dr.-Jeff, Drat, Drmies, Drumguy8800, Dryfus, Dspradau, Dudethatsnotphunny, Duja, Dureo,
Dwaipayanc, Dwalls, Dysepsion, E0steven, Earlypsychosis, Ecoconservant, Ed8r, Edge2319, Edivorce, Egalitus, Ekabhishek, El C, Eleutherosmartin, Eliz81, Elockid, Epbr123, Equazcion,
Erianna, Erictheyeti, Erutuon, Everyguy, Everyking, Excirial, FF2010, FT in Leeds, Failx2, Fang Aili, Farmercarlos, Farosdaughter, Fowler&fowler, Fredrik, FreplySpang, Fundamental metric
tensor, Gaius Cornelius, Gary King, Gavinnauss, Gdavidp, Gdr, Geekmaster34, Generalboss3, Giftlite, Gigemag76, Gilliam, Gimme danger, Glenn, Glu0n, Gogo Dodo, Gothenburg, Gowron,
Gpak360, Griffinofwales, Gurch, Guru.kathavate, HFret, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Hall Monitor, Hansonc, Happypug, Hariax, Hasek is the best, Hayabusa future, Hdt83, Heman, HiDrNick,
Hike395, Hintha, Hitech5, Hmains, Holy Ganga, Hottentot, Howcheng, Hu12, HussainAbbas, Hux, Hvn0413, I like twinkies! Good, IRP, Iain99, IceBlade710, Ihtaham, Ikhanmd, Imagico,
Indiantraveller20, Indiver, Iridescent, Ishikawa Minoru, Ishthefish, Islamuslim, Islescape, Itsfullofstars, Ivan Štambuk, Ixfd64, J heisenberg, J.delanoy, JD554, JForget, Jackol, James086,
JamesAM, Janderk, JarekBalinski, Jclaybaugh2, Jeffhoy, Jeffrey Mall, Jeronimo, Jhbdel, Jim Fitzgerald, Jimaginator, Jni, John K, Jojit fb, Jose77, Joshua Issac, Jpople, Kaal, Kablammo, Kafziel,
Kamalmonami, Kang Luisan, Kataiklaeya, Katalaveno, KateH, Katxijasotzaile, Kbk, Kdehl, Keilana, Kevin, Kimdkim, Kiranchakra, Kirrages, Klausness, KnowledgeHegemony,
KnowledgeOfSelf, Koavf, Kpjas, Krakatoa1883, Krich, Kukini, Kundan Pangtey, Kuzaar, Kwamikagami, LADave, Lacrimosus, Ladislav the Posthumous, Lando Calrissian, Lapsed Pacifist,
Laserpointergenius, Leafyplant, LeaveSleaves, Lightmouse, LittleOldMe, Locketudor, Loginan, Looxix, Lsoer, LucaGaluzzi, Lumos3, Luna Santin, Lunakeet, Lunamdocs, Lupin, MER-C,
MONGO, MPF, Magicalsaumy, Majorclanger, Malerin, Mandeep 619, Mani1, Marek69, MarkAtwood, Marknutley, Markussep, Marquez, Master of the Oríchalcos, Matijap, Matthew Yeager,
MattieTK, Mattisse, Matuenih, Maximillion Pegasus, Maxx1549, McSly, Melesse, Memyselfandirock, Mendaliv, Mentifisto, Mhking, Mic, Miguel.v, Moumine, Mowgli, Mr Stephen,
Mrdempsey, Mschlindwein, Msemwall, MuZemike, MuffledThud, Mygerardromance, N-true, NCurse, NJGW, Nakon, Nasreyes95, Naveenswiki, Neelix, Nekura, Netoholic, Neutrality,
Neverquick, NewEnglandYankee, Nichalp, Nick C, Nintendonien, Nivix, Njaelkies Lea, Nk, Node ue, Nok162, Northwestern guy, Notinasnaid, Nrchapagain, Nscheffey, Numbo3, Nummer29,
Nutcracker, OAC, Obonicus, Ocee, Oda Mari, Olivier, Ombudswiki, OneGuy, Onemigwire, Onevalefan, Originalwana, Osprey39, Oxymoron83, Pafcwoody, Pahari Sahib, Pan.avii, Parister,
Paste, Paul August, Paulbalegend, Peak, Pearle, Pectore, Phaedriel, Phileas, Philip Trueman, Pie crossing, Pill, Pineapplepotato, Pitr, Pizza Puzzle, Plange, Plastikspork, Poccil, PoccilScript,
Porqin, Prabeshhimalaya, Prasannasimham, Praveenp, Primate, Priyanath, Priyatarshini, Prodego, Prodigy2000, Professor marginalia, Proofreader77, Proteus, Pseudois, Psy guy, Pyrogkn, Python
eggs, QazPlm, Qazmlp1029, Quadell, Queenloca, Qwrk, Qxz, R'n'B, Raamin, Radon210, Rahulchhugani, Rajathk, Rak3sh, Rama's Arrow, Ran, Randolf Richardson, Raudys, Rdsmith4, Reason
turns rancid, Rebroad, RedWolf, Redfox000, Reedy, Renesis, Res2216firestar, Retroperson1, Rhrad, Ric17, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Allen, Rip-Saw, Rjwilmsi, Robzz, Rogerraja, Ronhjones,
Ronz, Roux-HG, Rscottk, Rupert Pupkin, SBKT, SJP, Saberwyn, Sander123, Sankaracs, Santhoshrayala, Saperaud, Sardanaphalus, Sarranduin, Sarvagna, Sassisch, SatuSuro, Saturnlight,
Saveddramagirl, ScAvenger lv, Scarian, SchfiftyThree, Schmloof, Schneelocke, Schzmo, SeanMack, Seanbalmy, Seattle Skier, Sengkang, Serinde, Shindo9Hikaru, Shlokgupta, Shotmenot,
Shovon76, Shyam, Shyamal, Siddhant, Signalhead, Siim, Silence, Simon Peter Hughes, Sinolonghai, Sjakkalle, SkerHawx, Sluzzelin, Smack, Snnandy, Snodge182, Snowolf, Solde, Soliloquial,
Sonamkapadia, Soumit ban, South Bay, SpaceFlight89, Spitfire, Sprinter77, Star wars nerd91, Stemonitis, Steven Zhang, Studerby, Stwalkerster, Suhaylshah, Suntag, SuperTycoon, Sven
Manguard, Symane, TBadger, Taggard, Tanvir Ahmmed, Tempodivalse, The 888th Avatar, The Epopt, The High Fin Sperm Whale, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheIguana, TheSmuel,
Theda, Thegreyanomaly, Thejerm, Theseeker4, Thingg, Thomas Larsen, Thunderboltz, Thuresson, Tide rolls, TigerShark, Timir2, Tintin agarwal, Tom Radulovich, Torb37, TotoBaggins,
Traroth, Tsogo3, Ttony21, Ukexpat, UninvitedCompany, Use online, Utcursch, Vcelloho, Versus22, Vicki Rosenzweig, Viewfinder, Viriditas, VishalB, VividTara, Vsmith, Vy0123,
WadeSimMiser, Waqas.usman, Warofdreams, Wavelength, Wbfergus, Weregerbil, Westermarck, Wickipedinger, Wiki alf, Wikisy, Wikticki, Will Beback, William M. Connolley, Willking1979,
Wimt, Winkypedia, Wk muriithi, Wmahan, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, Worldview1, Wriben03, Wsiegmund, Wtmitchell, Xezbeth, Ya mum6, YellowMonkey, YellowPops, Yintan, Yogesh
Khandke, Yuri Karlov, Yurik, Zacharylonge, Zahid Abdassabur, Zapvet, Zedla, Zeog, Zsinj, Zyzzy, ‫لیقع فشاک‬, 1481 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image: Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006 edit 1.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
User:Lucag
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: w:en:User:Nightstallion (original uploader), the
author of xrmap (improved version)
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Denelson83, User:SKopp, User:Shizhao, User:Zscout370
File:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp
File:Flag of Nepal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Abaezriv, AnonMoos, Badseed, Dbenbenn,
Duduziq, Fry1989, Gabbe, Himasaram, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Mollajutt, Neq00, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, Srtxg, ThomasPusch, Túrelio, Zscout370, 9 anonymous
edits
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: *drew, AnonMoos, CommonsDelinker,
Duduziq, Fry1989, Gunkarta, Homo lupus, Idh0854, Klemen Kocjancic, Legnaw, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Pixeltoo, Rfc1394, SeNeKa, Stevanb, ThomasPusch, UnreifeKirsche,
WikipediaMaster, Xiengyod, Zscout370, 白布飘扬, 2 anonymous edits
File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 5ko, Ahmad2099, Avala, Bastique,
Dancingwombatsrule, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Domhnall, Duduziq, F l a n k e r, Gast32, Happenstance, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Kookaburra, Lokal Profil, Ludger1961,
MPF, Mattes, Myself488, Neq00, Nersy, Nightstallion, Orange Tuesday, Rainforest tropicana, Reisio, Rocket000, Sojah, Tabasco, Zscout370, 26 anonymous edits
File:Himalayas Map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Himalayas_Map.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Essentially, me. See the description section.
File:Everest - Polish International Mt Everest expedition 99.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Everest_-_Polish_International_Mt_Everest_expedition_99.jpg
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Ryszard Pawłowski
File:K2 8611.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:K2_8611.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:kogo
File:Kangchenjunga.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kangchenjunga.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Anirban c8 at en.wikipedia
Image:Himalaya-formation.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Himalaya-formation.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Ashwatham at
en.wikipedia
Image:Himalayan mountains from air 001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Himalayan_mountains_from_air_001.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Pipimaru
Image:Glacial lakes, Bhutan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Glacial_lakes,_Bhutan.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA
Image:ASTER Views the Himalaya.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ASTER_Views_the_Himalaya.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USGS EROS Data
Center Satellite Systems Branch
Image:Crows Lake in North Sikkim.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crows_Lake_in_North_Sikkim.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:
User:Carsten.nebel
Image:Pass i n Ladakh.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pass_i_n_Ladakh.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: User:Carsten.nebel
Image:yumthangnorth.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yumthangnorth.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Nichalp, Roland zh
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 16

Image:yumthanghimalayas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yumthanghimalayas.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:

User:Nichalp
Image:EverestMosaic.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EverestMosaic.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA.
File:Magnify-clip.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Erasoft24
File:Himalaya Panorama Alok Prasad.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Himalaya_Panorama_Alok_Prasad.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0  Contributors: www.flickr.com/alokprasad
Image:Taktshang.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taktshang.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: User:Greenmnm69
Image:Vaishno Devi Bhawan 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vaishno_Devi_Bhawan_2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Abhishek b4u
File:Tibet Himalayas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tibet_Himalayas.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Deodar, Till.niermann
Image:Mount_Everest_North_Face.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mount_Everest_North_Face.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
 Contributors: User:Carsten.nebel
File:Northern Areas 38b commons.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
Daniel Martin
Image:Nanga Parbat 035.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nanga_Parbat_035.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Daniel Martin
Image:Sunrise, Manaslu.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sunrise,_Manaslu.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Ben Tubby
Image:Sunset_om_Kangchengyao_in_North_Sikkim.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sunset_om_Kangchengyao_in_North_Sikkim.jpg  License: Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: User:Carsten.nebel

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/