MPU3412 / TMX1022

ICT COMPETENCY
Unit 4: The Internet and World Wide Web (Part I)
Unit Learning Outcomes
• By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
• Define Internet technology and services

• Describe the difference between the Internet and World Wide Web

• Describe the standards and coordination of the Internet and WWW

Image source: Google Image

THE INTERNET
The Internet
• The Internet and the World Wide Web are NOT the same
• The Internet is a network
• The WWW is a collection of electronic documents

• The WWW is a service on the Internet

Image source: Google Image

The Internet
• Short for INTERconnected NETwork

• The Internet is a global collection of computer networks i.e.

network of networks
• Links private, public, academic, government, businesses, organisations
networks
• Using a variety of wired and wireless technologies, communication
devices, lines, and software

• The “i” in Internet has to be capital letter – it is a name

Image source: Google Image

The Internet
• People around the world
uses the Internet for many
purposes
• Access information
• Send/post messages
• Communicate with friends
and family
• Anything else you can think of..?

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
 History of the Internet

1969 ARPANET Today Millions

becomes of hosts connect
functional to the Internet

1984 ARPANET
has more than
1,000 individual
computers
linked as hosts

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

History of the Internet
• The Internet began as ARPANET in 1969
• Developed by U.S. Department of Defense to link scientific and
academic researchers across the United States
• Goals:
• Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and
work on military and scientific projects
• Could function even if part of the network was destroyed or disabled by
a disaster
• Began as 4 computers (nodes) on the network
• Today, ARPANET has grown into the Internet with millions of
computers on the network
History of the Internet
• ARPANET in 1969:
• 4 computers only (in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Utah and San
Francisco)

Image source: Google Image

History of the Internet
• The Internet in 2015:
• Millions of computers
• The latest visualization
(map) by The Opte Project
(http://www.opte.org/)
• Legend:

Image source: The Opte Project

History of the Internet
• The Internet enjoyed rapid
growth in the 1990s due to
the following reasons:
• Development of the World
Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee at CERN
• Development of MOSAIC, the
first graphical web browser
at NCSA
• Personal computers’ prices
were increasingly available
and affordable to the public
• Online service providers
connections to the Internet at
lower prices MOSAIC browser

Image source: Google Image

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Connecting to the Internet
• Users can access the Internet using wired or wireless
technologies
• Broadband Internet service is preferred today because of
its fast-data transfer speeds and always-on connection
Wired technology Wireless technology

Cable Internet service Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

Digital Subscriber Line Mobile broadband
Fiber to the Premises Fixed wireless
Satellite Internet Service
Connecting to the Internet

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

Connecting to the Internet
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
uses radio signals to
provide high speed
Internet connections to
computers and devices
with built-in Wi-Fi
connectivity
• Many public locations offer
wireless networks called
Wi-Fi hot spots
• Malls, cafes, restaurants,
schools, airports, hotels
etc.

Image source: Google Image

Connecting to the Internet
• Smartphones or Internet-capable tablet can be used to
create mobile hot spots
• Sharing the device’s Internet connection is called tethering

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

Connecting to the Internet
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that
provides Internet access and other related services to
users (individuals and organisations)
• Users need to pay fees according to the plans subscribed
• Plans are based on speed, bandwidth and services

• ISP in Malaysia:
• TM (Streamyx, UniFi)
• Celcom
• DiGi
• Maxis
• U Mobile
• Jaring (now defunct)

Image source: Google Image

DATA MOVEMENTS ON THE INTERNET
Data Movements on the Internet

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

Data Movements on the Internet
• The Internet backbone are major carriers of network
traffic
• These carriers are transmission media that carry the heaviest
amount of communications activities
• Data is transferred from one network to another until it
reaches the intended destination

Image source: Google Image

Data Movements on the Internet
• The Internet uses several protocols to transfer data

Hypertext Transfer
Transmission Control
Protocol (HTTP)
Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Set of rules for
(TCP/IP)
exchanging files such as
• The official
text, graphics, images,
communication protocol
sounds, videos and other
of the Internet
multimedia files on the
• TCP: breaks files and
Web
messages into individual
• Web browsers send
units called packets
HTTP requests for
• IP: routes data packets to
webpages and associated
the correct destination
files
address
• Web servers returns
HTTP responses to web
browsers
Data Movements on the Internet
• The Internet uses several protocols to transfer data

File Transfer Protocol Email Protocols

(FTP) • SMTP (Simple Mail
• Set of rules that allow Transfer Protocol) is used
files to be exchanged to send emails
between computers on • IMAP (Internet Mail
the Internet Access Protocol) and
• Commonly use by web POP3 (Post Office
developers to transfer Protocol) are used to
webpage files from their receive emails
computers to web servers
• Also used to download
programs and files from
servers to individual
computers
INTERNET ADDRESSING SYSTEM
Internet Addressing System
• Each computer or device connected to the Internet is assigned
a unique IP address for identification and location definition
purposes
• IP address stands for Internet Protocol address
• It is a sequence of numbers

• The Internet uses two IP addressing schemes:

• IPv4
• IPv6 (the recent version)

• The number of computers and devices on the Internet grows

rapidly, causing the amount of original IPv4 address to
decrease and will one day be exhausted
• IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4

Image source: Google Image

Internet Addressing System
• IP addresses can be lengthy, and numbers may be
difficult to be remembered by most people

• To support this, the domain name is used

• The domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP
address
• It is part of the Web address that is typed into the Web browser’s
address bar

• A DNS (domain name system) server translates the

domain name to its corresponding IP address

Image source: Google Image

Internet Addressing System
• Example of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and the
corresponding domain name:

• Top-level domain (TLD) identifies the type of organisation

associated with the domain
Image source: Discovering Computers 2016
Internet Addressing System
• The table shows the original
TLDs and its intended TLD Intended Purpose
purposes .com Commercial
organizations,
businesses and
• New TLDs are being
companies
introduced to give flexibility
.edu Educational institutions
and creativity when
.gov Government agencies
purchasing domain names
• E.g. .museum, .technology, .biz
.mil Military organisations
.net Network providers or
commercial companies
• Domain name suffix may also .org Nonprofit organisations
include country codes
• E.g. www.unimas.my
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web (WWW) or Web, is a worldwide
collection of electronic documents
• Can contain text, graphic, animation, video and audio

• Each electronic document on the Web is called a

webpage
• Static webpage: same contents each time a webpage is viewed
• Dynamic webpage: the content of the webpage generates each
time a user displays it

• A collection of related webpages and associated items is

called a website
• Websites are stored on web servers, computers that deliver
requested webpages to a user’s computer or mobile device
Image source: Google Image
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web was
invented by a British computer
scientist named Sir Tim Berners-
Lee
• Sir Tim Berners-Lee was knighted
by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 for
his tremendous contributions to the
Web

• It was invented at the European

Organization for Nuclear
Research (CERN) laboratory in
Geneva, Switzerland

• The official “birthday” of the Web

is 12 March 1989

Image source: Google Image

The World Wide Web
• A browser is an application that enables users with an Internet
connection to access and view webpages on a computer or
mobile device
• Many websites can detect if user is accessing the website from a
mobile device

• Examples of browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,

Internet Explorer, Apple Safari

• A home page is the first page that a website displays

Image source: Google Image

The World Wide Web

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

The World Wide Web
• A webpage has a unique address called the Uniform
Resource Locator (URL)
• URL is also known as web address

• The web address http://www.unimas.my identifies the

home page of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

• A web address is typed into the browser’s address bar

• A web address consists of a protocol, domain name, and

sometimes the host name, path to a specific webpage, or
file name of the webpage

Image source: Google Image

The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web
• There are many categories of websites:

• Business, Governmental &

• Online social network
Organizational
• Informational
• Blogs
• Media sharing &
• Wikis
bookmarking sites
• Health & Science
• News, weather, sports &
• Entertainment
other mass media
• Financial
• Educational
• Travel & Mapping
• Shopping & Auctions
• E-Commerce
• Careers & Employment
• Portals
INTERNET SERVICES
Internet Services
• The World Wide Web is one of the many services on the
Internet

• Other Internet services:

Email Internet messaging Online discussions

VoIP FTP Chat rooms

Email
• Email is the transmission of messages and files via a
computer network
• An email program allows you to create, send, receive,
forward, store, print, and delete email messages

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

Email

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

Instant Messaging
• Instant messaging services notify you when one or more
of your established contacts are online and then allows
you to exchange messages or files or join a private chat
room with them

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

Online Discussions
• An online discussion is an online area in which users have
written discussions about a particular subject
• Also known as discussion forum

• A thread consists of the original article and all subsequent

replies

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

VoIP
• Voice over IP (VoIP) enables users to speak to other
users via their Internet connection
• E.g. Skype

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

FTP
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Internet standard that
permits file uploading and downloading to and from other
computers on the Internet

Image source: Google Image

Chat Rooms
• A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a
computer or mobile device with many other online users

• A chat room is a website or application that permits users to

chat with others who are online at the same time

Image source: Discovering Computers 2016

STANDARDS & COORDINATION
Standards and Coordination
• The Internet is not owned, controlled and/or governed by
only one country, organization or private citizen

• There are organizations that oversee and standardize

what happens on the Internet

Internet Corporation for Assigned

The Internet Society
Numbers & Names (ICANN)

Internet Engineering Task Force

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
(IETF)
Standards and Coordination
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that
was founded for the purpose of developing and coordinating
Web standards
• It was founded by, and now currently lead by Sir Tim Berners-Lee

• The consortium is made up of full time staff, member

organizations and the public

Image source: Google Image

Summary
History of the Data Movements
The Internet
Internet on the Internet

Internet
Connecting to The World Wide
Addressing
the Internet Web
System

Internet
Services
References/Credits
• Vermaat, M.E., Sebok, S.L., Freund, S.M., Campbell, J.T.,
and Frydenberg, M. (2016). Discovering Computers 2016:
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology.
Singapore: CENGAGE Learning.