Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used

to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually,
but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for
smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The
first transistor and the MOSFET are on the list of IEEE milestones in
electronics. The MOSFET is the fundamental building block of modern electronic
devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. An estimated total of
13 sextillion MOSFETs have been manufactured between 1960 and 2018 (at least
99.9% of all transistors), making the MOSFET the most widely manufactured
device in history.
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some
from germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials can also be used. A
transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or
may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices.
Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller, and require
less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at
very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of
transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.
Transistors are the key active components in practically all
modern electronics. Many thus consider the transistor to be one of the greatest
inventions of the 20th century.
The transistor's low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous
device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical
devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to
use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a
control function than to design an equivalent mechanical system to control that
same

Transistor as a switch

BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration.

Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches

which can be either in an "on" or "off" state, both for high-power applications
such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such
as logic gates. Important parameters for this application include the current
switched, the voltage handled, and the switching speed, characterised by the rise
and fall times.
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit
shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise
exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from
collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter
were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by the load
resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because
current is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is
said to be on.
Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar
transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively
large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the
base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of
transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector
current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to
provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.

In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal

switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and
an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such
that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected
circuitry, the resistance of the transistor in the "on" state is too small to affect
circuitry, and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a
detrimental effect.

Types of transistor

PNP

NPN
We used 2N2222A NPN transistor in our project Mini Tesla Coil
 2N2222A NPN Transistor

Brief Description on 2N2222A:

2N2222A is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open
(Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward
biased) when a signal is provided to base pin. 2N2222A has a gain value of 110 to
800, this value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor. The
maximum amount of current that could flow through the Collector pin is 800mA,
hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than 800mA using this
transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this current
(IB) should be limited to 5mA.
When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a maximum of 800mA to flow
across the collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the
typical voltage allowed across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE)
could be 200 and 900 mV respectively. When base current is removed the
transistor becomes fully off, this stage is called as the Cut-off Region and the Base
Emitter voltage could be around 660 mV.
 
Where to use 2N2222A
The 2N2222A transistor is very much similar to the commonly used NPN transistor
BC547. But there are two important features that distinguish both. 2N2222A can
allow collector current up to 800mA and also has power dissipation of 652mW
which can be used to drive larger loads than compared with BC547.

Applications

 Can be used to switch high current (up to 800mA) loads

 It can also be used in the various switching applications.
 Speed control of Motors
 Inverter and other rectifier circuits
 Can be used in Darlington Pair.