Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Def: A random variable X is said to be follow a binomial distribution if its probability function is
given by
P(X=x) = n c x p x q n −x , x =0,1,2,........, n
And p + q =1
Where n and p are called parameters of the binomial distribution.
= n c 0 p 0 q n −0 + n c1 p 1 q n −1 + n c 2 p 2 q n −2 +……….+ n c n p n q n −n
= ( q + p ) n =1 [ q + p =1 ]
= np (q + p ) n −1
= np (1) n −1 [ q + p =1 ]
= np
∴The mean of the binomial distribution is np
• Variance of the Binomial distribution:
The variance of the Binomial distribution is
V ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) −[ E ( X )] 2
= E ( X 2 ) − (np ) 2 …………….. (1) [ E ( X ) = np ]
Now,
n
E( X 2 ) = = ∑x
x =0
2 n
c x p x q n −x
n
= ∑[ x( x −1) + x]
x =0
n
c x p x q n −x
n n
n! n!
= ∑x( x −1)
x =0 x! ( n − x )!
p x q n −x + ∑x
x =0 x ! ( n − x )!
p x q n −x
n
n(n −1)( n − 2)!
= ∑ x ( x −1) p 2 p x −2 q n −x + E ( X )
x =0 x( x −1)( x − 2)! (n − x)!
n
(n − 2)!
= n(n − 1) p ∑ p x −2 q n −x + np
2
x =2 ( x − 2)! ( n − x )!
n
= n( n −1) p ∑
n −2
2
c x −2 p x −2 q n −x + np
x =2
= n( n −1) p ( q + p ) n −2 + np
2
= n( n −1) p 2 (1) n −2 + np [ q + p =1 ]
= n( n −1) p + np …………. (2)
2
Putting (2) in (1) we get
V ( X ) = n( n −1) p 2 + np - (np ) 2
= np (np − p +1 − np )
= np (1 − p )
= npq
∴The variance of the Binomial distribution is npq
Note: In B.D since mean = np and variance = npq and p + q = 1 therefore mean >
variance
1
µ 2 = E ( X 2 ) = n(n − 1) p 2 + np
1
µ 3 = E ( X 3 ) = n(n − 1)(n − 2) p 3 + 3n(n − 1) p 2 + np
1
µ 4 = E ( X 4 ) = n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) p 4 + 6n(n − 1)(n − 2) p 3 + 7 n(n − 1) p 2 + np
Central moments (about mean):
µ1 = 0
µ 2 = Variance = V ( X ) = E ( X − np ) 2 = npq
µ3 = E ( X − np ) 3 = npq (q − p )
µ 4 = E ( X − np ) 4 = npq[1 + 3(n − 2) pq ]
• Measure of skew ness of Binomial distribution
2
µ3
β1 = 3
µ2
n 2 p 2 q 2 (q − p) 2
=
n3 p 3q 3
(q − p) 2
=
npq
(1 − 2 p ) 2
= [ q + p =1 ]
npq
(1 − 2 p ) 2
⇒ The measure of skew ness of B.D is
npq
1
Note: The Binomial distribution is called Symmetric Binomial Distribution if p =
2
1 −6 pq
4) The measure of Kurtosis of B.D is β2 = 3 + npq
1
If pq = , the distribution is mesokurtic
6
1
pq < , the distribution is leptokurtic
6
1
pq > , the distribution is plattykurtic
6
1 2
and for a symmetric binomial distribution i.e. for p = , the kurtosis of B.D is 3 −
2 n
1 n
5) For p = , the binomial distribution has maximum probability at x = , if n is even and
2 2
n −1 n +1
x= and x = , if n is odd
2 2
5) Under certain conditions the B.D approaches to Poisson and Normal distributions
• Uses of Binomial Distribution:
1) It has major application in the field of industrial quality control when items are classified as
defective and non defective
2) This distribution is used when we like to know the opinion of the public when the voters
may be in favor of or against a candidate.
3) This distribution is also used in market researches where a consumer may prefer the
product of brand A or brand B
4) This distribution is used in medical research where a particular drug might cure a person
or not
5) This distribution also used in economic survey where respondents are in for or against a
certain economic policy of the govt.