Chapter - IV

WRESTLING
 CHAPTER IV
HISTORY OF WRESTLING IN INDIA AND ABROAD

Wrestling is a game natural to man. It is one of the most ancient sports. In warfare,

it took its significant place when victory in the battle was determined not by clash of armies

but by individual combat.

Wrestling was more a test of brute strength than of skill and victory often went to the

heavier and more ruthless adversary. A tribe’s champion wrestler was greatly honoured and

bouts were often arranged with the experts of other tribes. More than 5,()()() years ago, in

ancient Assyria and Iigy[)t, wrestling was highly developed. From Assyria and Hgypt,

wrestling found its way to Greece.

Wrestling became a popular feature of Greek sporting events, particularly of the

Olympic Games.

Historically, wrestling was introduced into the Olympic Games only in 776 B.C. to

commemorate the victory oi’ God Zeus over God Krones, who wrestled for the possession

of the earth. It was a part of Pentathlon. M itcof Croton who lived in the sixth century BC

was the most renowned of all CJrcek wrestlers.

When the Romans had contjuered Greece, they continued the wrestling matches but

adapted them to their own traditions. They refined the sport and barried some of its ,most

cruel features. The new style thus created, known as Greco-Roman. With the fall of the

Roman empire, wrestling lost much of its popularity and for sometime at least was looked

upon wihhdisdian.

Wrestling was always popular in Asia. The Mangolians and Chinese made it a part

of religious celebrations. The Japanese excelled in the sport and developed their own

indigenous style known as Sumo.

Wrestling is a combative sport and a manly art, a game of wits and rapid thinking.
- --------- Tnoq BumsaJM e Bu.ss0uh.aa ‘e ip u i p
« u d uail. 3M. 'IMPU^S !'XS M»»6uo,e .eqOiBaseu
 19'

Olympic Wrestling is more spectacular, more dymanic and most thrilling.

International Amateur Wrestling Federation has made it more disciplined.

Wrestling is a game which comes from the basic instinct of individual contest. It is

and art as well as a Science.

Wrestling is a vigorous activity which can not be compared with any other games,

because this is a man to man fight and requires individual strength, stamina, ability, agility

explosive force endurance, suppleness and quick relfcxes. Will |)ower plays a vital role.

Presence of mind quick reflexes and quick decision are a "must" during the bouts which are

in action. Wrestling popularly known as "Kusti" has been a most popular and thrilling game,

can be played any where because it requires the smallest place and comparatively less

equipment.

In Epic Age-Wrestling has been practised in India since the Vedic period. It is more

combative rather than competitive. It is an art (jf survival.

In Mahabharat, the story of Pandav, Bhim fought heroic bouts with Kichaka and the

latter was killed. Lord Krishna was a renowned wrestler. He acted as a coach to Bhim during

his famous fight with Jarasandha. This fight is said, lasted for 26 days. Mahabharat contains

the description of bouts between Krishna, Chanoor Mushtik and Kansa. Balram, Kama and

Shailya were oilier famous wrestlers.

Density of the state in olden days used to depend on the results of bouts between

leading wrestlers. Rustum and Sorab, Sugriva and Vali are examples from old epics.

Maharshi Vyas had described substantively the fights of Krishna and Balram. In those days

wrestleers were given great honour.

Epic Age is a period of 5,()()() years before Christ. In popular book RAMAYAN by

Valmiki, there is described a duel fight between Bali and Sugriva (

Krishkindha Kand; Hanuman, a disciple of Lord Ram was a model of strength

skill and service. Hence the name of school of wrestling is H A N U M A N TI.

 192 ..

Ill MiilKihliaial Uliiiii luul a licroic liglil w illi Keccliaka, wlio was killed in the duel.

This epic contains many other examples of Wellknown wrestlers.

1) A reference to Mari Vansha (PURAN -30) is proper to cite here -

: f^NTcTRT I

^7] II

My resorting to wrestling many wrestlers had lost their lives. By adopting

( ) to this ty[)e of wrestling they have abused the piety of wrestling bouts.

One can infer from these references of skilled experts in the epic age art of Wrestling

had reached its apex.

dc^c^l ^ ^ IIV, II

SUSHURTA a wellknown writer on ancient Ayurvedic medicine, gives the

definition of physical exercises in chapter 24 of the text It gives reference

also to massage.

(R) ^

This is also a well discipline verse about wrestling ( ^

(3) The sage Vashistha was a roval ( ) minister in the Darber of king

Dasharath father of Ram. This royal Guru has described 40 (fourty) different holds of

wrestling (p-52 in Upaishads) .

(4) The Physical strength is extremely praised by sages in Uphishads 3

^^TPTTWTT ^'OT; is similar to English idiom "A sound mind in a sound body".
 (5) How should be a youth be ? ^ mThmc; Upnisheci clearly states that a youth must

be good natured. "May, he must be very strong ui body, and hopeful for the future".

I ^^TPTTcT I3TTf^, ^ I^PdR-Ml

For such a youth, can enjoy all kinds of wealth on this earth "
Upnishad-Prakash"

Buddhist Period :

The Buddhist ideal of ethical and intellectual life being purity, education under the

Buddhist philosophy, meant realization of the ultimate aim of arhatship ’and nirwana ’ .

The aim of education was Chittrvrittinirodha, i.e. controlling the passions of mind, the

precursor of all actions. 'I'he lower strata of the society began to revolt with the risk of

Buddhism, the combats of Jambuwant types were abhored Instead of killing the opponent,

to defeat the opponent by seeing his back touch the earth, became the order of the day.

The killing type of wrestling was taboo. Cruelty to animals also was stopped ,

" Ahinsa was prescribed and the Emperor ASHOK even became a follower of

BU D D H A .

The wrestling became a joy and pleasure. It also showed the agility, skill and

sup|)lcncss with cjuick movcmcnls.

Bikshus were Wrestlers of by nature . Even today, one can see a symbol If a

duel fight of wrestlers carved on Buddha Temple (1). This implies that wrestling was so

popular with the common folk and it was a symbol of strength.

(0 (^)(?) ^

X) -I.S3
 19/i ..

(2) SH IK A N D A R -P O U R A S

fight (1) and ultimate friendly visit is a weliknown incident in history of those ties.

Greek (1) writers even have noted in their books, this wonderful meeting in detail. During

the period of MOURYA a particular method of wrestling was popular. It is kncTwn as

' In Wrestlini^Megasthenis writes "Fn#JT - "the contact type" was popular.

M USLIM PERIOD :

The Muslim rulers had known the importanice of strength and so they had supported
a team of wrestlers and trained ihcni. When a new chief in a nearby territory came to pay a

royal visit, the muslim ruler called his wrestlers to fight and defeat the opponent. This was

to show the superiority of the host.

Similar bouts were annually held and the winners were awarded silver rings and

golden ornaments and also maces.

During the Mohammadan period, Mirzathan, (2) Mohamed Galil (Talriz), known as

Murad of Turkey, (3) Shri Ram Kanhaiah, (4) Ganesh Bhalchandra, (5) Baji Nath were some

of the well known wrestlers of that lime.

There were a number of Akharas, sprung up by royal patrongage. "The wrestling

sport was at its peak"

WRESTLING IN MARATHA PERIOD:

This period can be sub-divided iinto two sub heads (i) Shiv Kal (ii) Pashwa-Kal.

Shiv-Kal: Ramadas, a great patriotic saint and Guru ofChhatrapali Shivaji was the founder

of AKADAS in Maharashtra and Konkan in the 16th century.

0 f ;. ITT.

i T T l ^ t T ^ f ^ 3 ^ 3 T T f y r f ^ ^ T f t . Tft.

?) -3TT^f^ TTct^ , ^
 . . 19 5 . .

In every village, tliere was a small or big gyniiiasiiim in a biiikiing generally at the

enterance of the village. It had a pitch 15’ x 12’ and covered with white or yellow earth. In

the morning and evening , children, and young men use to perform Dandas, Baithakas and

wrestle under the guidance ofustadas. They had to wield clubs and took jumps on a wooden

column called Malla-Khamb.

Every gymnasium had a figure of 1lanuman carved in stone; it was worshipped daily.

(It) Piisluva-Kiil

During annual fairs in the same olf local dieties, wrestling bouts were arranged and
prizes were given.

This training of valour and service in the case of Hindavi Swaraja were the

watch-words of those days.

Shahu Maharaja, the son of Sambhaji was released from the jail of Mughals; Peshwa

became his right hand. The Peshwas from Bajirao I to Bajirao the II supported good

wrestlers. They appointed the best of the Kustingirs as JE'FHIS who daily watched and

trained the chosen youngesters in the art of wrestling. A ll were given good diet and were

supported at the cost of the slate.

KUSTICIRS IN PKSIIWA PERIOD

Name of the Peshva Wrestlers supported G U R U OR

by the Peshwa JETHIS

1. First Bajirao called Udaya Khan 1) Yesha

Nanasaheb Peshwa. Bhavan Singh 2) Lachha
Sadu Patharwat 3) Kanhaiyya
Mohamed Mussain
Dholya Pahilwan
Anandrao -do-
 19T) ..

2. Madhavrao Na nc l r a o Bl i avani

the Edier

3. Raghoba Dada

4. Savai Madhavrao 1) Govinda Abaji

2) Meena
3) Chima

5. Bajirao the second 1) Sadii Icii 1) Raghoba

2) Deodliar Balambliatt Vastada
3) 1lari (ihe elder) 2) Ualambhatt
4) Hari (the younger) Deodhar
5) Siddika Pahilwan

During the reigm of Savai Madhavrao, a big Akhada was built in the SHUKRAWAR

PALANCE at Poona it is noted that the red earth put in this Akhada cost Rs. 3,600/- (1)

The grand mother of Savai Madhavrao, Personally looked after his daily exercises in

Akhada. This is a noteworthy incident which shows that elderly ladies in the family also had

a keen eye on the development of strength and Valour through wrestling.

A Jethi (1) came from Punjab to Satara and challenged the Maharaja of Satara, No

Kiistigir came forward to pick u|) this challenge to defeat this wrestler; so Bajirao Pcshwa

sent his best wrestler AN AN DRAO from Poona; Anadrao caught the northern Jethi by a

Bhimseni hold and killed him. Maharaja Shahu praised him and gave a good prize.

(2) Bajirao the second supported 52 kustigirs. He was personally attending to their

diet and also watched their duels every week.

The success is due to my devotion to G U R U ", as claimed Balambhatt.

Balambhatta had to fight later with a renowned Malla ’A li’ sent to Poona by the Nizam.
 197 ..

Though Ah was more mighty and swift in action; Baianibhatt cautiously out did him and

escaped safe. Balambhalt

---------------------------
at last, brought A ii down in kneeling position and applied.

"Gal-Khoda" and pinned A li : Peshwa praised Balambhatta for his victory (1)

Spread of Wrestling in the North and South

Scindia of Gawlior, llo lka r of Indore, Hhosalas of Nag[)ur and Kolhapur were

worshippers of Kusti.

Pawar of Devas and Gaikwad of Baroda gave annual bounties and payments in cash

to keep the torch of wrestling burning.

Revolt of Mallas -

(1) Sopana Shinde, (2) Bajaba Morey and Bapu Khare, three patriotic Marathi

Mallas revolted against the British rulers the Britisher rulers nipped this attempt in the bud;

Sopana was caught and put in Ahniednagar Jail, the other two escaped.

(3) Chimnaji Jadhav, Nana Darbare, Ramchand Gore and Raghuji Satpute rose in

revolt against the English Regime. They mighty wrestler Raghu Satpute was hanged on

gallows. And this second attempt of kindling the flame of freedom was estinguished by

killing and destroying the others.

'I'hc various chiefs anil Sartlas ihi cw the responsibility of destroying the element of

traitors upon the shoulders of devoted wrestlers. British rulers began to blame the Mallas

as "upstarts", and ’useless’ only "burden to society" etc. They harassed the rich men and

Sardas who supported new young Mallas. The English tried, every means to throttle the

wrestling ^

Khanderao, Maharaja of Baroda had four kinds of M allas: (i) Jethi, (ii) Vajra-Musthi,

(iii) choube and (iv) Punjabi. For training and practice of the young generation Khanderao

had built four new Akhadas.

11T. ^ 3Tir’iT ^
 PILLARS OF WRESTLING

Balasaheb Desal Rajashri Shahu M ahara] Y. B. Chavan

Pfesldent MRKP 1957-1974 Kolhapur

Bhausaheb H ire
Mamasaheb Mohol
Founder President
Founder-Working President MRKP
 198 ..

Khanderao Maharaj personally looked after the diet and daily practice and training of all
Mallas in Akhadas.

Kolhapur-Baba Maharaja of Karvir also supported different Mallas in hi^/statedj

’N IH A l’ Malta was his favourite wrestler and body guard. His pay in the end was Rs. 28.00

p.m. He was in the serv ice of Baba Maharaja from 1840 to ^ ^ ^ In those days, Tahashildar

/ or Mamalatdar used to draw pay less than Rs. 20 p.m.

Akharas were main springs of Patriotism and Mallas kept the torch of Wrestling ever

burning.

Balasaheb Patwardhan chief of Kurandwa was expert in conducting bouts and

supporting best Mallas. He himself was one of the best wrestlers.

SHAHAJI - Prince of Satara, was also fond of keeping Mallas and fostering them

and appointing them as JETHI (1) Jalmandir Akhada (2) Masudi Akhada and (3) Akhada

in Hattekhana were three main wrestling akharas in Satara . He died in 1848. Then after

1865 Aba Maharaj came to the throne of SATARA from Nag[)ur, Wrestling again flourished

and three Akhadas were thronged with eminent Kustigirs. They brought name and fame to

Satara again.

I^aje Raghojirao Bhosalc (Nagpur) was himself a wcllknown wrestler.

(11) Thomas Brouton a European C'ommandar at the court ofScindia used to attend

the battle camps of Daulatrao Shinde. His note of 1809 about WRESTLING is worth

nothing. 'The people of Hindusthan are very much found of wrestling. They have definite

rulers and rituals about wrestling and Akhadas. At one end of this akhada, they prepare

small raised Platform of stone and mud. Every combtant entering this Akhadas has to salute

Akhada and touch the feet of G URU before entering the akhara . He must put on a "Langot"

Then the routine of Dands, Baithaka and Kushti followed.

I) 3TTftrr ^ qpT t 6^
 S[)ace And Iiciiiipment for Wrestling

Wrestling pit (Akhacla) Old Sanskrit Names:

(1) Later termed 31RIT51

are old names for the wrestling pit. Generally it is a square pit. There were these

types of wrestling p its ; viz

(a) 1) Daoman-3(){) st|hards

Daityaman-50 sqhands
Marlyamaii-21 si|hards ?:i^

The earth spread in Akhadas must be soft and levelled. According to the colour of

the earth in Akhadas, they were named as follows :

1) (pit having white earth)

(pit having yellow earth)

^) (Akhada having black earth)

A pit having mixed earth of various colours was considered unfit for wrestling.

in ancient India, there were lour schools of wrestling.

(1)1 lanumanli (2) Jambuwanti

(3) Bhimseni (4) Jarasandhi

Modern Wrestling is a combination of first three schools and named RAJWADI,

(0 3 ^ 3^liriT m
(2) Our Physical Activities, Kandivaii, Bombay, 1962 Page 215
(3) D C. Mujumdar, Vyayam Dnyanl<osh, Baroda P-12
 A G l i m p s e of
I nd ian S t y l e W r e s t l i n g
bouts
 . . 2 00 . ,

GYMNASIUM - AKIIAUAS

EARTH

In order to enrich the quality of the earth in Akhadas, various ingredients are mixed.

The earth should be mixed with 1/10 (one tenth) quantity of Geru which s o ft^ s the earth

and does not cause injury to the body. Sesamum Oil (I'il O il) is also mixed with it. Butter

M ilk serves the purpose of Oil. To maintain the softness of the earth in Akhada. The

following twelve ingredients arc mixed in the red earth (per lOOsacks) to enhance its quality:

1) Geru (Kawa) 10 sacks

2) Magarmotha 40
3) Kapur Kachari 40
4) Champhor 10"
5) Gavala-kahara 26"
6) Benzoin 4()"
7) Kevadya-Devdar (Oily pine) 20"
8) Telya-Deodar 20"
9) Khus Oil (Wala attar) 20"
10) Chandan (Sandalwood) 20"
11) Heena (Otto) 20Toias
12) Til Oil 20Mds

Qualities of a Wrestler :

'lb acquire Physical fitness for wrestling Dands, Bailhakas, Swinging of heavy clubs,

Malkhamb, running , Swinging of Lati, rope climbing , swimming etc.

To become a good wrestler, a man must possess skills, strength, stamina,

aggresiveness, quickness, and agility, Skill in wrestling, can be cultivated only by practice.

To balance the body weight, the wrestler is required to take a good Pavitra (stance).
 ?,())

The origin of Wrestling dates back to hoary antiquity. It is found in Indian

methodology an account of Wrestling bouts. I ’he great epics of Ramayan and Mahabharat

abound in these. The Science of wrestling had touched its zenith in the days of Ramayan

and Mahabharat.

The books of various sciences such as Astronomy, Philosophy, Mathematics,

Medicine etc. have been written by the ancesstors after making many researches into them.

But unfortunately very less work on this science of wrestling is available. Wrestling is a

special form of physical exercise in India. Formerly training in wreslting formed an

important part of the education of princes, whicle exerted a beneficient influence on their

subjects. Wrestling was the predominent element in the physical growth of national

organism. In those days this system of exercise ruled the minds of the people all over India

and it is exercising its influence in a greater or smaller degree even at present. In the

intervening period wrestling came to be sadly neglected and found sheltered in the hands

of illiterate persons.

Science of wrestling a[)pers to be receding from the theatre of the world owing to the

absence of patronage by the talented and the rich. Wrestling makes men active, bold, healthy,
enduring and versatile. Wrestling involves greater tact, greater practice, the knowledge of

leverage, greater stamina and agility. Wrestling requires all round development of the body.

'I’here are three types of stances -

1. Square Stances -

This stance is preferable for beginners because it affords equal protection to both

the legs. The wrestlers should keep their feet parallel and legs apart about 24" depending

on the length of their legs. Their weight is equally distributed on the balls of their feet, knees

slightly bent with back straight and head up .

Stance in W r e s t l i n g
 .. 2m ..

2 . The Close Stance -

The stance is the same hke square or ideal but from a closed stance, there can be

any number of locked positions. The position to be assumed should be one which is suitable

and convenient for an individual.

3. An ideal Stance -

Place either left or right foot forward (which ever is stronger and active) in front of

the other, keeping suitable distance in between. Lean forward at the waist. The front leg

gives protection and both hands are ready to block.

WARMING U P-
A certain amount of warming up is essential bclorc indulging in any vigorous activity

to avoid muscle pull or catch. The warming up shall consist of a few informal activities like

running, hopping, jumping, skipping, immitation of the animals, locomotives etc. which are

to be started in the a slower rhythm and finished with a faster rhythm. About 1/8 of the total

time of the period may conveniently be devoted to warming up. It must be particularly noted

that the entire class is fully engaged in warming up.

After having warmed up the wrestlers with suitable conditioning exercises, the coach

may select a wrestler (who seems to be a little promising in this art) for the purpose of

demonstrating the fundamental tcchnic|ucs and manoeuvers. Then on signal the wrestlers

in pairs are made to perform the techniques, demonstrated by the coach, under his

supervision. Correlations should be made then and there. I ’he dosage given by, the coach at

a time should be small and further techniques (holds, counters, escapes etc.) should be

introduced only after the previous lessons are mastered.

The coach may introduce lead up activities like leg wrestling, hand wrestling, Horse

and Rider wrestling, Dog pul etc. as contests among the participants so that they may

cultivate greater enthusiasm and competitive S[)ririt in wresting.

 . . 2 03 . .

Olympic wrestling is a sport from which myths are made. Greek Gods Zeus Kronos

wrestled for possession of the world, and even the real wrestlers of the ancient Olympics

were glorified into heroes fabled larger than life.

There never has been an Olympic without wrestling a sport basis and instinctive

humans. Contemporary Olympic rules demand quick action, which makes the bouts

enjoyable and easy to understand for spectators. Wrestling requires high degree of strength,

agility, skill, suppleness, stamina, neuro muscular coordination, explosive force endurance,

neuro-motor-coordination, determination, intelligence and reflexes body control.

'I'here is archaeological evidence that wrestling existed in human society more than

500years ago, but buy that ancient time it was carried on almost exclusively as sport or play.

Wrestling is certainly as old as the appearance of man or quasiman on earth and probably

older.

A Bronze figure excavated in Iraq depicts two Sumerian Wrestlers of 5000 years ago.

The Egyptian tomb of Ptahhotap show wrestling holds of 2350 B.C. These holds are still in

use.

It was the most popular sport in ancient Olympic Games.

(ii)Greek f^|)ics aboimd in references to wrestling bouts. In those combats, kicking

with legs beating with fists, bitting and throttling,etc. were not taboced. 'I'he aim was only to

defeat the rival combatant. After coming to around, not matter whether the rival combatant

had swoned or died.

The Prince THESEUS, son of the kind AGEUS formulated some rules for wrestling.

And before 900 B.C. (or about 3000 years ago) A Greek wrestler M ILO of Croton was a

winner in six Olym[)ics.

 . . 2 ()/i . .

Homer’s liliad is a well known ci)ic. I'liis epic gives a description of the combat

between Ulysus and Ajex. *

After the Greeks, the Romans avoided the deadly Throws in the Greek Wresthng.

They obstructed to the use of holds below the waist and as a result the wrestling bouts

became more safe and attractive to the spectators.

Amateur Wrestling, now, is the only pure example of the sport. Professional

Wrestling was extremely |)oi)ular in the late l ‘Mli and early 20lh century in the United States
of Great liritain. Professional bouts could not be decided by falls, they lasted too long.
Spectators lost iiUerest and the professional game failed into circus like exhibition.

Modern Olympic Wrestling got off to slow start with one Greco-Roman

Classifications in 1896. Freestyle began in 19U4. Although most weight classifications were

established by 1908, many classes were not held between 1908 and 1912. Today, there are

10 different weight classes.

There is a new concept in Olympic Wrestling it is called "Total Wrestling" through

recent rule changes, Wrestling now requires competitors to take risks in order to win and to

em|)hasize dominant instead of control of an ()p|)onent.

Both types of wrestling Treestyle and Greco Roman are [)art of the Olympic

Schedule, the basic difference is that Roman permits holds above the waist only. Legs cannot

be used in any offensive attack. This style often produces spectacular arching throws.

Bouts have been shortened from fiteen minutes to five minutes in order to speed-up

the action. Wrestling has become so fast-paced that it now needs three officials for each

match a referee, a judge and a mat chariman. "iwo of them must agree on all calls, including

penalties for passivity.

Suresh Chandra Nadkarni, Kreeda Dnyan Kosh 1 to 3 1989 PP 597 - 598

 7. 05

The mat is divided into three areas; "cener" "zone" and "protecliioii area".The referee

encourages the wrestlers to combat in the centre of the mat. Aithrough the end result of an

attack, counter recounter may score in the protection area. The red "zone" is used by the

officials to alert the wrestler.

The most celebrated wrestler of ancient times was M ilo of Croton (Creese) who is

known to have scored 32 victories in different National Games including six in Olympics.

I'Yee style Wresting - OK Catcii as catch can wrestling - is one of the two styles used

in Olympic Games. This style is po[)ular with Olympic CJames. World Championships,
Continental Championships, Common Wealth games, Asiad, Regional contests, national

and all international meets. This sport is governed by FILA, the international Wrestling

Federation , having its headquarters in Laussanne (Switzerland). It originates from the

Launaster style and is the descendent of the ancient Greek upright and ground wrestling.

Three Olympic titles have been won by Carl Westergren (Sweden) in 1920,1924 and

1932 Ivar Johanson (Sweden) and 1932 two and 1936 one and Alexandre Vasilyaerich

Medved free styler (USSR) won three consecutive Olympic titles in 1964 in light heavy in

1968 in heavy and 1972 in super heavy weight class. Yalaka Kancho of Japan won in 74 kg.

class three times successively in the asian Games held in 1954, 1958 and 1962 R.F. Garrad

of Australia and Mohammad Bashir of I’akistan re[)cated the feat in Common Wealth

Games. There are many other wrestlers who have won three times in a row in world and

other vital cham[)ionshi|)s.

The heaviest wrestler in Olympic history is Chris Taylor, bronze medalist in the super

heavy weight class in 1972, who stood 1.96 m 6 ft 5 in tall and weight over 190 kg 420 lb.

F IL A introduced an upper weight lim it of 130 kg. 286 lb for international competition

in 1985.

riie longest recorded about was one of 11 hours 40 minutes when Martin Klein

Estonia representing Russia, best Alretl Asikainen I'inaland for the Greco Roman 75 kg.
 .. ..

’A’ event silver medal in the 1^M2 Olympic Games in Stock holm, Sweden.

(ii) AIMS , OBJECTIVES AND STYLES IN WRESTLING

Wrestling like all other sports, obeys rules which constitute the ’Laws of Game’ and

defines its practice, the aim of which is to ’pin’ the opponent or to win or points.

In Greco-Roman Wrestling it is formally forbiddden to grasp the opponent below

hips, to trip him or to use the legs actively in the execution of any action.

On the contrary, in free-style wrestling, it is permissible to grasp the legs of the

opponent, to trip him, anil to use logs actively in the cxccution of any action.

Freciuently modified and always subject to modification, the rules set forth, must be

known and accepted by all.

The international rules of wrestling have as their objectives, in particular:

to define and specify the practical and technical conditions under which the matches

must take place;

to fix the value assignable to wrestling situations and holds;

to list the situations and the prohibitions;

to determine the methods of classilication, penalization, elimination of competitors,

etc.

There are many forms and styles of wrestling prevalent in the world at present. It would
perhaps be almost impossible to enumerate all the forms of wrestling that have gradually
grown up in different parts of the world.

Some of the most common styles are

(a) Free and Greco-Roman Style.

 .. 2 a? ..
)
(b) Sambo Style.

(c) Indian and Oriental Styles.

(d) Jiu-Jitsu ’Judo’ and Sumo styles.

(e) Glima style.

(f) Cumberland and Westmorland style.

(g) All-iii-stylc of Wrestling (American Iree style).

(h) Modern style of wrestling and events contested in Olympics.

The wrestling federation of India have recognised Free, Greco-Roman, Sambo and

Oriental styles WF.I. started conducting National Championships in the Greco-Roman Style

from 1965 onwards. Eight important styles are described below:-

(1) Greco-Koman and Free Styles -

Present day wrestling is conducted in ten body weight classes in Greco-Roman and

Catch-as Catch-Can or Free style. In accordance with the international rules of wrestling in

Greco-Roman style of wrestling legs and any hold applied below the hips are prohibited.

But in case of free style of wrestling there is no such restriction. 'I'his is the basic difference

between these two styles of wrestling.

Some rules of this styles: I'he bouts are held in pairs in the respective specified body

weights. Once pair enters the ring in proper gear at a time and remains there for a maximum

of five-minutes. Without rest (a) Each wrestler is required either to score a fall i.e. both the

shoulders of his adversary touching the mat simultaneously or to win on points by showing

better craftsmanship. If at the end of the bout, the points scored by both the wrestlers are

equal, it is declared a draw, (b) Greasing the body and all four holds are forbidden, (c)

Decision given by the Mat Chairman is final. 'I’he ring is a mat of 9 metres along the sides

with a minimum thickness of 1() cm and a clear space of 1.3 metres aroimd.
 . . 2m . .

1"his slylc c()in[)riscs of as fortyciglit clitrcrcnl throws and holtls. IT one of the contestants

touches the ground with his knees, lie is declared the loser of the bout.

(6) Glima style -

This unique style of wrestling is peculiar to Iceland only. It has no'Set rules or

regulations. People fight over a small patch of soft ice both individually and, as a team of

any equal and unequal number of men. This sport is practised by them more as fun. No

organised contests arc held but, is enjoyed as good pastime. 'This is properly known as

‘Joy of the Ice’.

(7) Cuiiiherlaiul aiul WesliiiorliiiKl Style

This style of wrestling is practised in Britain especially in North countries.

(8) American Free Style

This style of wrestling is free fighting and is mostly followed by professionals. In this

style, all the methods of other styles of wrestling are equally applicable as victory is gained

by pinning opponent’s shoulder on the mat for the count of three. In addition, one may win

by compelling one’s adversary to submit through the plain of lock of hold-this is

called“ vSubmission fall Ostensibly, too, ou may score a victory by knocking your victim out

for a count of ten as in boxing, i'hc blow is called to be delivered with the outside edge of
hand or wrist but not with the fist.

This is not admissible in any other form of wrestling. In many countries of the world

such as the U.K. and U.S.S.R. and U.S.A., France etc. it is banned and one cannot put up it

as show without obtaining a prior permission and a proper licence. Some people term it as

a typical wrestling mockery and the participants “ Wrestling qucks” which is correct to a

considerable extent.

Conclusion - While concluding it, it may be pointed out that it is not possible to

weigh the relative and respective merits and demerits of these schools or styles of wrestling

in order to make a choice in favour of one particular school or style against another, as all
 . . 2 (B ..

particular school or style against another as all cc|iially cater to clevelo|)iiig radiant and robust

health and provide the developing thrill of physical emulation. Undoubtedly, wrestling of

whatever school makes you a real man and enables you to savour the true spice of living.

But in order to win a name in the Olympic World and International Sport, there is no other

choice but to cling to Greco-Roman and Free Style Wrestling and accepted forms of

wrestling as Olympic events.

 .. 7\ .
(iii) Females in Wrestling and Combative Activities
Wrestling is a play and nearly everyone can enjoy it. Wrestling is popular with most

virile young men and women. It is an ideal exercise to prepare oneself for combat duty.

Owing to its vigorous nature, it not only provides a fine mental energy towards development

of an aggresive attitude, but it is. unexcelled as a link of acquiring physial efficiency,

coordination, poise, and effective use of the body.

'I'he desire for physical su[)eriority extends through the entire animal kingdom. 'I'his

desire is real and deep sated, as it should be, not only for the [)hysical value it has, but also

for the treniendous pschological impetus in ;H|uring mental preparation for self-discipline,

self reliance, self define.

In Manu Smriti, wrote Manu sage. Women were neither allowed to take part in

ancient Olympics nor inthe modern Olympics till 1896. However necessity was felt to allow

the women inthe modern Olympics from 1900.

In Epic age Kaikai helped her husband, King Dashrath when the latters’ chariot was

in the danger of destruction. When Murad invaded Ahmednagar Fort and blasted the wall

to get entry into the fort, Chandbibi rose to occasion and stood personally to repair and build

the broken wall during the night time. She was praised for her courage and bravery. 'I'he

next day, Murad was crest-fallen and went away in despair. Rani Laxmibai of Zanshi, during

the rising of 1857 fought very bravely against linglish army. In the 1st moment of losing of

battle, she rode her horse, took her son bound to her back firmly and she jumped down the

fort with the horse; she escaped safe galloping and reached Gwalior for safety. Her chivalry,

bravery and fighting against heavy odds are examplory.

The name of Ahilyadevi Holkar is famous in India, for her donations to temples and

generous grants to the needy and warrior deserving Pandits. But her fighting spirit, political

wisdom were tested in her meeting with Raghoba-dada Peshwa. Raghoba went to defeat

Ahilya. She was a widow. Ahilya without yielding challenged Raghoba to fight, the next eay

armies of both sides stood lacing awaiting signals lor begging attack. But to Raghoba’s
surprise, his male army was facing female armed company for coiinter-attacl<. Raghoba felt

ashamed and ordered retreat to his army. What a chivalrous and tactful lady Ahilyadevi was.

She herself was a good swimmer, she daily used to perform exercises, she trained women in

warfare and wrestling.

St
Home is the first school and mother is the first teacher in life. It is true as far as

wrestling is concerned. One may wonder to now how a brave lady who happened to be the

mother of this thesis writer made all efforts to see her sons reaching the great heights in the

field of wrestling. 'I'lie story is c|uitc cncoinaging as far as the females in wrestling are

concerned, lieing a freedom fighter and having received so much of l.athi charge from the

British soldiers, she became the iron lady and gave courage to her sons in her later life to

be the best wrestlers. Shrimati Jankibai Kawade is an unique example. Herjife will inspire

generation sof young men.

Another name in this field is of Hamida Banu. She took wrestling as her life goal.

She was popular. She had so many bouts with women as well as men. She tried to popularise

women wrestling during 1945-1955.

AKHARAS RUN BY WOMEN

In olden days, elder ladies in the towns attended Akharas, and personally they looked

after the coaching of wrestling inifiarted to their children. Such Akharas were known after

the name ol that Lady-C'hiel. The following arc a low of such female Akharas.

1. Gajabi Shirke Akhara

2. Salubai Mohite Akhara

3. Durgabai Maharani Akhara

4. Maharani Kashi was the Chief factor in training her prince Laxmanrao. Due to her

incentive and personal care Laxmanrao Raje' practised one thousand Dandasand Baithakas

in her presence inthe morning and wreslting practice in the evening. The historians might

have missed to note such women Akharas. They have noted male ones only.

1. T. Godalkar in his article - M.S. Kustigir Parisliad Souvenier (33rd Session) Ahmednagar 1988.
 7, ]•/

Autliorities of International Amateur Wrestling I'ederatio have recently added

“ Wrestling of Women” as a discipline in International Competitions.

Wrestling has been introduced for women by the F IL A from the year 1990 is in vogue

all over the world. The General Ruels of Women’s wrestling, tournaments and competitions

held at the local, regional, national and international levels.

a) A ll technical wrestling rules regarding officiating scoring, ranking etc. are to apply for
women licensed to practise wresting.

b) No partii)ants will be eligible to particii)ate at any meet [)ractice or competition if she is

not a registered member of her national federation, which in turn is affiliated with FILA
and duly insured for accidents.

c) Concerning age categories, moving up an age category is strictly forbidden, unless a spe­
cial medical certificate is provided. Minors are the responsible of their national federa­
tion.

Categories and Weight Classes

School Girls 13-14 years

Cadets 1.'^- H) years
Juniors 17-18 years
li.si)()irs 10-20 years
Seniors 20 years and older.

School Girls Cadets

26/28 kg. 34/36 Kg.

3Ukg. 38 kg.
32 kg. 40 kg.
35 kg. 42 kg.
38 kg. 45 kg.
 z I ,3 . .

41 kg. 48 kg.

45 kg. 51 kg.
49 kg. 55 kg.
53 kg. 59 kg.
57 kg. 63 kg.
57/62 kg. ()3/68 kg.

.luiiiors Kxpoirs/Seiiiors

36/40 kg. 40/44 kg.

44 kg. 47 kg.
48 kg. 50 kg.
52 kg. 53 kg.
56 kg. 57 kg.
60 kg. 61 kg.
65 kg. 65 kg.
65/70 kg. 70 kg.
70/75 kg.

Dress Leotard - it is mandatory that participants have at tiieir disposal one red and one blue

leotard; participants must wear sup[)le wrestling shoes with no heels buckles or metal

attachments, wearing a bra without metal fittings is recommended. I lair must be worn tied

back, with an elastic or ribbon, with no metal attachments; it is forbidden to wear any

jewellary, booches, earings, necklaces, rings, bracelets, barrettes, or any meal or rigid object

as well as a man’s wrestling single with a '1' shirt underneath.

Weight in

The participants are weighed in their leotard, with bare feet. Since the weight classes

are determined in advance to take actua body weight into consideration, the weight of the

leotard should be deducted as each participant weights in (200 gr.)

Unlike the practice for men, it is not necessary to weigh the women participants nude.
 .. A I A . .

Duration of the Bout -

Cadets and School girls period of 3 minutes, without a break.

Seniors, Espionrs, Juniors 1 period only of 4 minutes, without a break.

In the case of about with no score, overtime will be ordered by the referee.

General technical rules.

A ll technical rules lor men’s wrestling are applicable to wonien’s wrestling.

(iv) DEVELOI’MENT OF OYMI’IC WRESTLING IN INDIA WEI, FILA

India got independence in August, 1947. Before this various committees were in

vogue for the management of sports. Wrestling was also managed by an Indian Olympic

Association. I'he need to have a separate organisation for which sportw as keenly.

Wrestling Federation of India (W.F.I.) Late Anthony S. deMello was nominated as

the first President of Wrestling Federation of India in 1948 while Mr. S.Dhavan was the

Secretary. The task of this Federation was to preapre teams for the Asian and Olympic

Games and to hold regional meets.

Wrestling is the most premitive game and has been practised from time immemorial.

In India this sport, which is ailed Malla-Yudha (In Sanskrit), or KUSTI (in Persian

l.anguagc) has deep roots in In'sloiy and dales back lo ()()()() H . ( T h e two epics Mahabharat

and Ramayana give elequent testimony to this manly art.

Wrestling was practised by the Aryan and successive invaders. In Indiait became

popular during the regim of Moghals.

With the advent of OLYMPICS and modern Wrestling known as "Catch-as

Catch-man" method is getting rooted in the soil of Iiulia. 'There are two styles of Wrestling.

The holds have been changed, the time for the sport is shortened and due to FILA, the sport

has become spectacular. Athlete rei|uiies strength agility, skill, stamina, determination and

tjuick rellex action to win.

The P r i d e of I nd ia
Gama
 .. 2 15 . .

POPULAR KUSTl

To take a peep in the past, one can note with respect, that KUSTl is recorded in India

as older than its recorded liistory. Its [io[)iihuity had crossed India’s boundaries. Styles in

those days, used to be named after the great wrestlers and they wer known as Bhimseni,

Janibuwanti, Jazasandhi and Ilanuinaiiti of H A N IJM A N on Hhartiya Wrestling even

today,a his idol finds a place of honour in Akharas in the Country. D O RM ANR STAGE

o r WRES I'LING : Duing lOth and 20th centuries, peoples love for this port was amply

supported by the then ruling chiefs and big landlords. It was a custom amongst these elites

to nurse and support wrestlers and lo stage counlcnls; some ol them were ol international
character.

Mr. Motilal Nehru, took (lulam, a rc|)uted wrestler lo Paris for the world

championship. He defeated Kadar AH of Turkey. Another notable example staged on the

Indian Soil was between GAma and Zybisco. It was organised in 1928 by the Maharaja of

Patiala. Gama beat Zybisco in 2.5 seconds. It was organised in 1928 by the Maharaja of

Patiala. Gama beat Zybisco in 2.5 seconds. Gama was one of the greatest wrestlers even

India has produced. He was born in 1872 in Datia, a small state in Central India. His full

name is Gulam Mohammatl. His father, Aziz and grandfather were renowned wrestlers.

When his father died, he moved to Punab and became a coiu t wrestler of Maharaja of Patiala

A Bengali rich man M l I'KA sent Ciama to Great Britain in 1910 to compete in the

“ John Bull” world championships, as he was of short height and light weight, Gama then

threw a challenge to fight any wrestler “ and to pay him 5 pounds, who could say in the ring

for five minutes.” In the London Theatre, Gama could fight with one and all famous

wrestlers in less than 5 minutes, he beat all opponents and got victory.

As in the North, so in the Maharashtra, Wrestling has hypnotised the people. The

handful helps and the hel|)ful hand of Chhatrapati Rajashri Shahoo Maharaj of Kolahpur

and Maharaja of Patiala poured life into this manly game.

 ../'.in..

'riirougli the Hoiiry p;ist :Wlien tlie iiidepentlence dawned in 1948, the Slates were

merged. The Wrestlers were rendered helpless and homeless. The wrestlers were as if,

thrown to wind. They were scattered.

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR WRESTLING FEDERATION (FILA)

The federation is called the the international Amateur Wrestling Federation-

I.A.W.F. and is preapred to comprise all nations possessing a association competent to deal
with amateur Wrestling and willing to conform to follow the I.A.W.F'. statutes and to

recognizc the definition of amateur.

a) The l.A.W.F. aims at the development of all styles of amateur wrsetling and their

propagation in the countries where not yet practiced and the furtherence of friendly

relations.

b) To control amateur wrestling throughout the affiliated organizations.

c) To supervise the correct application of amateur wrestling rules at the Olympic games,

World Championships, continental and International Matches.

d) lb represent amateur wrestling at the International (Olympic Committee as well as all

other international events and to defend its interests;

e) To arbitrate and reach the ap|)ro[)riate decisions.

f) The l.A.W.F. declares itself to be resolutely opposed to any for of political, racial or

religious discrimination.

SEAT AND OFFJCIAL LANGUAGE -

A ll correspondence and documents including minutes will be in English or French

debates will be conducted in those languages. In the event of disagreement on the

interpretation of the Statutes in English, the French textual meaning will be final.
 . . 2 tv . .

A K M L I A I I O N A N D M N A N ( l A L M A I I F.KS

The I.A.W.F. is formed by National Federations of Amateur Wrestling who have

accomplished the affiliation formalities, one federation per country being admitted.

The annual subscription is fixed at 300 swiss franks per annum for ordinary mebers

atid 70 sterling [icr iiiiiu iiii for mcinheis who h:i\c [)articipate(,l in international

'Iburnaments.

In atldition, cacli country shall pay an entry ice in transferable currency, per
l)articipating in World ( 'hampionships, Olympic (iamcs and Continental events.

Dues must be received at the latest by the 1st February of each current year.

AMATEUR WRESTLER

Amateur status can be claimed by a wrestler who has never taken part in a contest

for aprize in cash or any other form -

Who has never better on outcome of his icontest or placed a statke on it.

who never accepted any form of remuneration or indemnity for his participation.

Who has never taught for honourarium or benefit.

Who, lo the best of his knowledge has never taken partin public contest or exhibition
witii some one who was not an amateur.

I'hose wilfully infringing the amateur rules will be declared a professional.

The National Federatioon will be responsible for the amateur status of their

members.
 , . 2 18 .
.

INTERNATIONAL AfVIA I EUR WRES I ITNC f-EDKRATION (FILA)

Wrestling officials are an important factor In the promotion of Olympic Wrestling.

With their performance, they are integral part of a bout. The result of the good officiating

is always fine. On the other hand, a badly conducted bout, non adequate decisions, often

destroy the efforts of wrestlers. 'I'ho biggest iiijiislicc that may happen to a wrestlers. The
biggest injustice that may happen to a wrestler is when an official deprives him of the victory

by an unfair decision.

A wrestling official should prepare, as one wrestler does. This is the time of very

dynamic and comjjlex wrestling bouts. Such bouts demanti trained officials, with quick

reflexes, and above all, that the officials fairly estimate wrestlers’ helds.

Consequently, an official may not wait for championships to officiate. He must

practise, as a wrestler does; he should attend wrestling trainings, and officiate there. It is

also necessary that an official conducts at least 30 tournaments or bilateral meets in a year.

Many officials intend to learn how to officiate at championships; however, they are not the

right place for learning, but local competitions and tournaments in their countries.

These who wish to get or upgrade their c|ualificalions, will have to study it for the

examinations as well.

In conlcnipoiaiy wicslling the lolc o( llic ickTcncc is becoming increasingly

important, in fact, his functions are pici)ontlcrani lot (he correct implementation of the

guidelines and re-commendations set forth by the I'll^A (lAWI-') conceived to bring about

a continuous improvement of the organisation of wrestling and the enrichment of its content

with the aim of transforming wrestling into a modern sport, as a challenge for the young and

an attraction for spectators of all ages.

 M AH A R AS H TR A ’S INTERNIATIONALS

G an p a t A ndalkar
M aruti M ane

■';!'Mi'.;VTd;

A Jim- ■.'V
Baburao Chavan
Baban D a w r e ( Kashid )
KHASHABA D. J A D H A V
 . . 2]') ..

STKUCTUKKS AND EQUII’MKN I FOR VVRKS I IJNC COMI’K I ITION -

1. Halls, Gymnastiums, Open-air Sports Sites Requirements For Wrestling

Competitions

Wrestling competitions of any level shall be held in covered gymnasiums or in open

air sports premises with surface big enough to accomodate all the necessary equipments. In

addition, space shall be provided to accomodate the spectators, athletes, coaches, officials,

and other personnel on duty. Covered premises or gymnasiums sliall conform with the

modern hygienic and sanitary conditions.

In all competitions sites there shall be sufficient natural or artificial illumination.

At the open air premises the mats shall be protected from the direct non-shine or

rain by shelters made of canvas or other suitable materials. The halls, gymnasiums and

open-air competitions sites shall be ec|uipped with changing rooms, bathrooms, toilets as

wella s weigh'in-rooms. The above premises shall also provide a room for the secretariat

and another room for the necessary printing and multiplying equipments. It is imperative,

at the competition premises, that a clear distinction be made between the competition area

and the spectactors ’ area.

Contd ..
 2 .1he Mat Rcc|iiirciiicnts l^)t The Staging O f VVicstliiig C oiiipclilions

Competitions of any level (for any age group) shall be held on a mat including the

following parts -

WRESTLING CENTRE

The Central round surface of mat with a diameter of 7m. This is the place where the

basic [)art of he bout shall be carried out. l lie wrestler who tries to wrestle the bout within

this area shall be considered the more active. A ll actions, holds and counter-holds initiated

in the wrestling centre, shall be valid and evalnaled regardless whether they have landed in

the passivity zone.

 .. 22 \ ..

PASSIVITY ZONE-

The red band 1 m wide encircling the wrestling centre. It is used to determine the

passive atlilete. A wrestler is considered passive if he tries to reach the passivity zone with

either one leg or both and without applying a hold.

PKOI E C n O N AREA-
'I'hc outer part of the mat 1.20 to 1.50 in wide in which all actions are evaluated which
have originated from the wrestling centre lor the passive zone.

Two ()l the opposite corncrs of the proleclion area are marked respectively by the

colours red and blue.

I. OFFICIATING TEAM FUNC I IONS

The olTiciating team in a competition includes: the mat chairman, referees, judges,

secretaries and time keepers.

The officiating team conducts the competition aided by the doctor on duty, the

announcer and the director.

liach wrestling bout is officiated by three officials the mat chairman, the referee and

the judge. They cannot be replaced during the bout, except in case of serious illness.

SECRETARY OF THE COMPETITION -

The competition on each mat is administrated and registered by a Secretary. He

makes the pairing off, prepared the scoring sheets, enters the results of the bouts,

estabalishes the individual and team classifications. The secretary shall be present at the

weigh-in and shall personally record the results. Should the competition take place on

several mats, a chief secretary will be nominated to co-ortlinte the activities of the mat

secretaries. He will be responsible for the correct preparation of the whole judging

docmnentation.
 .. 222 ..

TIM E KEEPER -

The timekeeper has the task of keeping time the minutes allotted by the Rules for

the bouts. The time keeper announces the beginning and the end of each period of the bout

by striking a gong. He starts and stops the stopwatch after whistle signal is given by the

referee.

ANNOUNCER -

I ’he announcer informs the wrestlers coaches, officials and spectators about the

progress and the results of the com[)etition, the schedule of the bouts and their results. He
amiounccs the |)rogrammc, the orck'r ol appcarancc anti calls the com|)ctitors to the mat.

I le introduces the competitors, co atiles and officials to the spectators. The announcer gives

information about the official’s rulings and the results of the bouts only with the approval

of the mat chairman.

COM PETITION’S DIRECTOR

The director of the competition is responsible for the good order and discipline

during the bouts. He makes sure that everything is in order around the mat. He shall not

allow unauthorised persons near the mat or near the s[)aces allocated to the officials. The

director has the power to send away competitors, coaches and team officials who behave in

an ungenllemenlike way or obstrucl the smooth running of the compelition.

DOCTOR AND M EDICAL SERVICES

Each wrestling competition takes place in the presence of a doctor on duty. The

doctor on duty ha's the following obligations:

Check the sanitary and hygienic conditions at the competition site, if these conditions

do not conform with standard, he has the right to slop the com|)etition.

Check the validity of any medical certificate that shows the results of a physical

examination completed in their country.

 .. 2 2 J ..

OFFICIATING OF BOUTS -

The nomination of the officials for each bout is made by the mat chairman and

approved by the official representatives of the officiating commission for the competition.

ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF THE OFFICIALS -

Eacii mat is sn|)ervised by an oiiserver nominaled by the President of the

Commission, if necessary, in addition to (lie oliserver, the member of the commission may

also act as observer.

The task of the obsci v lm s is to make a complete evaluation of the performance of

the mat under their supervision. In addition, at the end of each competition day, they make

an evaluation of the performance of the mat chairman based on the following criteria :

a) Competence and qualification

b) Active execution of duties
c) Integrity, fairness, etc.

Based on this criteria the observer decides if the mat chairman is capable of carrying

on his assignment.

In a case of a protest that overrules the official’s decision, all official involved in the

boul are sus|)cndetl until the end of the contest.

SANCTIONS AGAINST THE OFFICIALS -

The officials are sanctioned according to the Statutes of the officiating Commission

of FILA. In addition to them, F ILA has the right to impse the following actions -

a) Demotion to a lower category.

b) Temporary suspension;
c) Dismissal.
 jnoq 9m jJBjs oj Xbm sqj uo
‘93iaj9J IBUOUBUJSIUI UB ‘j3q3iB3S9J V
 . . Tl h . .

D R I-:SS A N D A IM ’ K A R A N C K , O K I U K O K I I C I A I . S -

The official’s uniform consists of a white official’s shirt, a pair of white trousors, white
shoes. The uniform must be well fitting to allow for free movement. On the right arm-
cuff a blue ribbon is fixed, and on the left one a red ribbon.

riic official must have a neat a[)pcarancc.

E V A L U A T IO N O K T I I K T K C IIN IC A L A C T IO N S

I'he evaluation of the technical actions is made by an officiating body consisting of

three incmlKM s - the referee, the judge and the mat chaii nian. I'he basic principle governing

their work is that of the ’ecjual rights' meaning that they each have the right to their own
■t
opinion and should not be influenced by anybody. The second principle is tliat of majcfity,
K
the referee and judge should be in agreement of a call. The mat chairman should only

intervene when there is a difference of opinion between the referee and the judge. This

three member team must cooperative.

The following are some examples of co-operation between the referee, judge and

mat chairman.

(a) the referee indicates his opinion by raising his artn, if the referee and judges

agree, the decision is announced.

(b) Commuication by means of basic vocabulary adopted by the FILA. When one

of the contests undertaking an illegal action or hold. The officiating team penalizes him by

awarding 1 or 2 points to his opponent. In this cae, in order to secure cooperation among

the members of the officiating team, the referee should call out ‘FAULT’. When one of the

contensts internationally flees the mat, the referee calls out ‘O U T ’ (In this case, the

opponent is awarded 1 point. )

(c) In the case a vote is taken, the judge and the mat chairman must indicate their

vote by means of bats. For this pur|)ose each official will use three bats, painted respectively.
red, blue and white. "I'hese bats must lie kept witliin easy reach. I'he colours, of the bats

correspond to the colour of the contestants singlet. A different bat is used to indicate the

number of points awarded 1,2,3,4 or 5. The white bat serves to express diagreement. The

red and blue bats are used for announcing cautions and proclamaining the winner.

(d) Bats may be replaced by technical equipment, mainnly electronic; for

assesssment of technical actions.

(e) In case of disagreement amongst the members of the officiating team in the

evalution of technical actions, the issue should be settled through verbal consultation. It is
A
the mat chairman who invites the judge and the referee to join him for consultation. In some

cases, the judge and/or referee may call the other members for consultation.

ALLOCATION OF POINTS -

The officiating team conducts the match, evaluates the technical holds performed

and allocates the technical points.

One technical point is awarded :

to the wrestler who brings his opiioneiit to the mat, goes behind him atid helds his

opponent down in this position with control.

'lb the wrestler who applies a correct hold while standing in the mat or in the partners

positions, but does not [)lace his opponent in a danger position to the wrestler who reserves,

holds and controls his opponent on ttie mat by |)assing liehind him.

lb his offensive wrestler whose opponent flees into the passivity zone or to the

protection to the attacking wrestler whose opponent is escaping the hold by fleeing the mat

to the wrestler who is prevented from completing a hold because his opponent maintains

an illegal hold.
 . . AA(> ..

m s m o N OF dan (;e r -t w o (2) t i x i i n k a l i’o j n rs -

The wrestler shall be considered in ’danger position’ when the line of his back forms

and angle of less than 90 degree with the mat, when he is in ’bridge’ position or when he

resists a fall by supporting himself on one of both elbows.

'I'lie technical points are aw;irdcd as follows :

'lb the wrestler who applies a corrcct hold while stantling or in the par terre position

and fails to place his op[)onent in the immediate [)osilion of danger.

'lb the wrestler who applies a correct hold while staniling or in the par terre position

and who places his opponent in the position of danger of an imminent fall.

lb the wrestler who places his opponent in an instantaneous fall.

To the attacking wrestler whose opponent, by illegal action, prevents him from

completing the initiated hold carrying 2,3,4 or 5 possible technical points.

position o f d a n g e r TIIRKF (3) TECHNICAL POINTS -

Any hold applied from the standing position which brings the attacked wrestler in
immediate danger position is awarded three points.

H O L D S wnii iM(;ii a m p l h l j d e four (4) ifc i i n k a l p o i n i s

lb the wrestler who execute a ‘major technical’ hold (high amplitude throw),

bringing his opponent to the mat in a direct and immediate position of danger.

fall -

It is considered to be a fall ( touche) when the defensive wrestler is held by his

opponent with his shoulder against the mat for a sufficient time to allow the refers to count

ONE, or to pronounce mentally the world I ’OMBE (fall) and strike the mat with his hand.
 .. 227

If tlie re fe re e fails to establisli the fall and to dec la re it valid, it may be dec la red by

co ns en t of the ju d g e and the ma t chai rman. C o ns equ ent ly, to be establ ish ed and recognized,

the fall mu st be clealry ma intained. In any case the re f er ee will strike the ma t only after he

has o b ta in e d confir ma ti on from the judge, or falling that, of the mat chai rman.

TILCIINICAL S U P E R I O R I T Y (d il fcrencc of 15 points) - In addi tion to falls,

withdrawal and disqualification, the bou t must be s to p p e d b e f o r e the regulation period

allowed, if th e re is a difference of 15 points be t w e e n the wrestlers.

T h e b o ut may not be interru|)ted to de clare the w i n n n e r by technical superiority until

co m p le ti o n of the action (i m m e d i a te attack and co unt er- att ack ). 'I’he mat ch a i r m a n signals

the r ef er ee whe n the 15 point difference has b ee n established, in certain cases the mat

ch ai r m an may throw on the mat a right objoct to call the r e f e r e e s ’ attestation. After

consultation am ong st the officials, the ref ere e will dec la re the winner.

FINALS -

T h e finals involve the 6 wrestlers who have placed first, s ec on d and third in each

group. Wrestlers who placed third in their gr ou p will wrestle for fifth and sixth place.

Wretlers who |)laced second in their gro up will wrestle for ronze and forth place. Wrestlers

who placed s ec on d in their gr oup will wrestle for third and forth [)lace. The wrestlers who
placed first in their gr oup will wrestle lor gold and silver medals.

'I’he final for each weight category as a rule, take placeo n the sa m e mat.

S P E C I A L CASES -

If, during the finals for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th place, no point has been

scored during the regular time of the match, a 2 minu te o ve r ti m e is imme dia tely ann ounced.

T h e b o ut is st o p p e d as soon as the first technical po int is scored.

W h e r e in the final, a wrestler does not pr es ent himself for the weigh-in or on the mat
w hen his na m e is called will be disqualified and will not be [placed. His o p p o n e n t will have

won the bout. In classification, the following wiestlers will move up on e space.
 . . A2H . .

W h e r e a wrestler wlio lias c]ualilied lor the final does not m a k e the weight and as a

result is not allowed to co nt inu e competing, losses the bout and is placed 2nd, 3rd, 4th or

6th, according to his placing at the end of the g or up final.

T h e official cer e m o n y ma rks the end of the events and it is the occasion to recognize

and award the best classified contestants;

T h e first th r ee wrestlers in each category are a w ar de d on a p p r o p r i a t e medal, a badge

and a diploma.

T h e wrestlers that has placed 4th, 5th and 6th place in each weight category are

a w a r d e d a diploma.

In a case w hen two wrestlers are disijualified in the finals for passivity (().()), they are

both automatically d o w n g r a d e d to the 2nd, 4th or 6th place respectively.

( b ) U s e of asic volabulty - T h e refe re nc e is the only o n e allowed touse the words from

the acc ep te d basic vocbulary, signalling with the a p p rp ri a te are (raise the red or the blue

o n e) he must oudly and distinctly call o u t : " R E D PASSIVE" or B L U E PASSIVE", or B L U E

PASSIVE. T h e m o m e n t o ne of wrestlers (in the standi ng position) steps into the passivity

zone, the r ef er ee must loudly call ’Z O N E . ’. In oriler to |)reent passivity and mak e the

cont est ant s eng age in total and universal wrestling by taking risks, d e p e n d i g on the situation,

the re f e r e e should call out loud and clear ’C O N l A C i ; CiKIP, A T I A C K , O P E N , A C I ' I O N ’

if he d e e m s it necessary, the referee, is entitled to s[)eak to the c o nt es ta nt in o r d e r to urge

hi m to wrestle m o r e activtely. Words from the basic vocabulary which urges the contestnts

to active wrestling, are also used to a n n o u n c e passivity.

Consullations Amongst The Members Of1 he Olllcialiiig I'eams Concerring Passivity -

In this case, the m e m b e r s of the officiating te am are guide d by the sa m e principles

underlying the allocation oi technical points. Decisions on a n n o u n c i n g the first, second and

third caution for passivity are based on the above signs and terms.
 . . 2y>.<) . .

'riic r c lc r c c nuisl inter rup t the bout ale r having a n n o u n c e d the firsl caution to one

of the con stestants (for passsivity or illegal hold). A fte r that, both wrestlers are o r d e r e d to

r e tu r n to the wrestling centre. T h e re f er ee gives the choice to the active w restler to continue

the b o u t in the standing position or on the ground, (with o n e o p e n h a n d t u r n e d upwars or

down-wards). T h e active w restler must im me di atle y give the an sw er w res tle r and the bout

is r es um ed . T h e active wrestler has the right to choos e his position im me di at le y after the

first caution is an n ou nc e d. O n e of the main tasks of the ref er ee s is to p re ve nt illegal holds

and actions. It is his duty not only lo iticntily in time and penalize the w restler at fault, but

also to take ajipropriate stpes lo prevent int ernalional illegal holds and actions without

int er ru pt in g the bout, w h e n e v e r possible if he does not suc cee d in pr ev en ti n g illegal holds

and actinos, he must in t er ru pt the bout and [)enalize the w res tler at fait acco rding to the

Rules.

PHILOSOPHY WRESTLING AGAINST THE SPIRIT A N D PHILOSOPHY OF IN­

DIAN WRESTLING ASSOCIATION

I'or any sanction, on and of f the mat, with obvious intent of brutality, l.ack of etihcs.

A n d the wrestling contrary to the spirit, philosohy and re u q u ir e n ts of F I L A Rules the

w restler at fault will be disc|ualilied from the com petition.

(C) PRO IOCOL -

Professional Requirements For Referees -Judges In Wrestling

The Internatinal Wrestling Officiating Body can only select individuals

recommended by National Fe derations, who have successfully co m p le te d F IL A

examination. To b e c o m e an Internalional Refercc/.lude, the can d id at e must possess good

qualities such as integrity, honesty and good ju d g e m e n t . Any individual dep rived of

citizenships or p r os ecu tc d by his National Interna tiona l laws cainiot be an International

referee/judge. Any m e m b e r of officiating body c a n n o t officiate any m a tc h es involving

participants from his National Federation.

 Any one can lioconie an In lci nat io nal Kcrcrcc/Jutlgc, pro vi d ed he satislies the norms

set by the Officiating Body and its rules, l l i e individual sh ould not be m o r e tha n 4U years

old an d in goo d health. T h e In ate rn ati on al R e f e r e e /J u d g e should always be correct, curteous

with his officiating colleagues, should not crea te any conflicts, sh ould a d h e r e to the

Inter na tio na l code of ethics and in n case should be part of any political, racial or religious

prejudice.

C K N K R A L KNOWLE D G E , LAN(;UA(.KS F/IC.

"I'he Intern ation al R e f e r e e /J u d g e should he able to speak fluently ei th er French or

English, one of the official i' l L A languages. He should have a g o od e d u c a ti o n which will

allow him to follow and im pl em en t all rules and regulations set by FILA.

PREPARATIONS A N D RE Q U I R E M E N T FOR THE REFEREES/JUDGES -

T h e Intern ation al R e f e r e e /J u d g e must always be upto date with all the Rules changes

and the Statutes of FILA. This will allow him to fulfilll his duties as an Ina ternational

Re fe re e/ Ju dg e.

(v) ORGANISATION OF INTERNATIONAL WRESTLING CIIAMPIONSHIPS

T h e financial regulation of the Interna tiona l A m a t e u r Wrestling F ed er at io n is as

follows -

FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF THE I.A.W.E

a. An nu al fees from affiiiated national federations.

b. Registration fee at the competitions.
c. Fees for organizing international competitions.
d. Fees for organizing world championships.
e. Per ce n ta ge of television royalties at the Olymp ic G a m e s , World Cham pio ns hip s,
and all o th e r co m pet it ion s organized u n d e r the c on tro of the I.A.WF.
f. Fees from candi dat es for the referee/judges examinations.
g. 'Faxes on the complaints p r e s e n te d by National I 'cd era ti on s dur ing the competitions.
 . . A.U ..

h. Fines for iiifriiclions cxactcci in virtue oi' tiie disciplinary Regiikition in force.

i. I n c o m e fr om the sale of l.M.W.F. Publications.

j. I n c o m e from the sale of all articles relating to the I.A.W.F.

T h e a n nu al co nt rib u ti on of each National Affiliated F e d e r a t i o n is fixed a t :

300 Swiss I^'rance for ordinary nieml-)ers of the I.A.W.F.

700 for m e m b e r s participating in World Cham[)ionships and all o t h e r im po rta n t
c()m|)elilions.

Fee shall be paid at the latest on the first ol F ebr uar y of each year.

Any National F ed e r a t io n that has not paid its fee shall not be p e r m i t t e d to participate

in int er na ti o na l co m pet it ion s or in the m e e ti n g of the congress.

Ea c h nation prticipating in international c o m p et it io n s or gan iz ed u n d e r the control

of I.A.W.F. (Oly mpi c G a m e s , World C h a m p io n s h ip s and C o n ti n e n ta l C o m p e ti t io n s ) shall

pay an e n t ra n c e fee of 3 p o u n d s sterling p e r wrestler.

T h e total a m o u n t of these fees must he paid at the latest be f or e the weighing of the

contestants.

Affiliated national federa tion organizing int ernational co m pet it ion s u n d e r the

control of the I.A.W.F must give notice to thee com pe tit io ns witin the following time limits;

For international co m pet it ion s ; Six weeks before the o p en i n g da te of these

competitions.
For t o u r n a m e n t s b et w ee n nations : thre e m o n t h s b efo re the d at e of said tournaments.

T h e O r g a n iz e r of international co m p et it io n s shall pay the following fees :

a. M e e ti n g b et w ee n national gam es (wo t e a m s ) : 10 p o u n d s sterling for each meeting.

b. Regional to u r n a m e n ts be t w e e n n a t i o n s : 30 p ou nd s sterling.

c. Regional G a m e s : 60 po un ds sterling.

d. C'ontinenla Games : 150 pounds sterling.

 T h e nation or nations organising World Cliani|)ionships shall, on year bef or e the

date o f these championships, pay a g u a r a n t e e of 3,000 US Dollars p e r style. N o m a tt e r what

the receipts may be, this g u a r a n t e e shall be ac qui red by the l.A.W.F.

Should the p e rc e n ta g e of the receipts such as figure ex ce edi ng Rs. 3000 US Dollars,

shall be co n s id er e d as counting towards the total fee.

T h e television p er ce n ta g e shall be d e t e r m i n e d at the time of playing of each

cha m pionships.

"I’he percentage shall be paid immediately after the ('hampionshi|)s.

T h e l.A.W.F. reserves the right to distribute the e n t r a n c e tickets for World

Cham[)ionships and likewise to check the a m o u n t of these receipts.

T h e nations organizing World C h a m p io n s h ip s shall pay the lodging costs in an

es ta b l is h m en t of good category for the prticipaling wrestlers and officials, 48 hours before,

du rin g 24 hours after the e n d of the competitions.

Pay me nts shall be m a d e to the Intern ation al A m a t e u r Wrestling F e d e r a t io n in

p o u n d s sterling or in tra nsferable currency.

ORGANISATION OF THE WORI.D CHAMI’IONSIIII’S

Greco-Koman and I reestylc wrestling Workl C h a m p io n s h ip s are organised

regularly every year, e x c e p t ^ ^ y e a r of the Olymp ic G a m e s .

1. Any National F e d e r a t io n inter es ted in organizing world ch am pio ns hip s in either

or bo th styles shall sub mit its c an di d at u re in writing to the Pr es id en t of FILA.

2. T h e interested national federa tion shall cofirm its c a n d i d a tu re at the F IL A

Congress, at least, twoyears before the tiale fixed lor said Cham|)ionships.

3. ihe ('ongress which dcciilcs on attributing the organization of World

II

Championshi[)S to a cantlidales' coiinti y, the representative of said country shall set forth to
 .. 233 ..
•V,

the M e m b e r s of the Congress, orally or in writing, all the condiclitions anti g u a r a n t e e s that

his country offers for the orgainization of the cha m pionships.

4. 'I'he inter es ted national I'cileration shall sub mit to the Se cr et ar ia t of the F I L A its

reports on the p ro p o s e d organization two m o n th s be fo re the date on which the Congress

meets.

a. Indication of the style ( G r e c o - R o m a n or Freestyle).

b. Indication to the town that this country pro[)ose for the organiz atio n of World

Championshijis, m en ti o n must be ma d e of the n u m b e r of inhabitants of the town, the site,

the usual w e a th e r at the date envisaged for the Championshi[)s the m e a n s of tran sp or ta tio n

for reaching the town; train, plane, boat etc.

c. T h e place w her e the compe tit ion s are to take place; and a u d i t o r i u m or open-air

stadium, the app ro x im at e te m p e r a t u r e at that season, the sanitary installation, dressing

ro o m s for the participating nations the distance of the co m p et it io n site for th e lodgings of

the contestants, the n u m b e r of seats for s[)ectators, the expec ted price of seats and the total

receipts anticip ate d for the ent ire series of competitions, the n u m b e r of day that the

co m pe tit io ns will last, and the nin nb er of mats available to the organization.

d. 'Fhe place where the contestants, referees-judges, and represen ta tiv es of the

participating nations are to be lodged, the otel, the stale of sanitary installations; the price

of meals.

e. T h e place w h er e the m e m b e r s of the F I L A Office are to be lodged the distance

of this place from the site of the com petitions; the distance of the lodging of the contestants

fr o m the site of the compe tit ion ; kind and n u m b e r of m e a n s of tr an s po rta tio n for officials

and contestants.

Information is obtained (roni tiie office of Internnliotial Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA)
Lussane, Switzarland.
 . . 23/ t . .

I^ayiiig 3,()()() US DolUirs lor orgiunziiig C'h;uni)i()iishi|)s in holli styles

I’ayiiig the c o r re s po nd in g 10% should this [jcrceiitagc exceed the paid g u a r a n t e e of
3,UU0 or (),000 US Dollars.

Assuring a sufficient of mod els for distribution to the w restler rates an d a sufficient
n u m b e r of e m b l e m s and dipl oma s for the o t h e r participants in th e competitions.

g. P erc ent age of the royalties collected wold be res erved for the FILA.

"I'he F e d e r a t io n offering itself as a can di d at e for the or ganization of World

Championshi[)s must attach in su ppo rt of its candi tla lui e for the a t te n ti o n o f the Congress

all necessary d o c u m e n t a t i o n with notices, broch ure, sketches, elc.

i
Ke[)ort unit be signed by the I’le sident of the National F ed er at io n , as well as by the
K

r es pon sb le g o v e r n m e n t agency of the ca ndi dat e country.

Wrestling co m pet it ion s at the Olymp ic G a m e s and at World Ch am ap io n s h ip s , as well

as conti nen ta l and regional competitions, re organised entirely u n d e r te control o f l.A.W.F.

CONDITIONS OF ORGANIZATION

a) G r e c o - R o m a n and I'reeslyle Wrestling World C h a m p io n s h ip s are co nt est ed every

year, except the year the Olympic G am es .

b) 'File national wrestling federation of any country inter es ted in having G r e c o - R o m a n

or Freestyle compe tit ion s organized within its bo u n d a r ie s must p r e s e n t the details to
the l.A.W.F.

c) T h e organizing country must fufill the conditions of the financial regulations.

d) Any nation that u n d e r ta k e s to couple both styles of wrestling shall necessary have
priority.

'I'he organizing nation or nations shall be bo u n d to send to the FA.W.F. the

p r o g r a m m e to organize, and this, four mo nt hs be f or e the organiz ation of these competitions.

T h e organizing nation or nations must sent the p r o g r a n n n e , of the competitions, thus

a p p r o v e d dr aw n -u p in Fr ench and English.

 .. 235 ..

'I'lic orgiiniziiig iKition iiuist ohlaiii Ihc ciilry visiis lor all the [)artici[)aling countries.

T h e orga niz ati on of C h a m p io n s h ip s shall not be e n t ru s t e d to any nat io n which cannot

comply with the abov e m e n t i o n e d conditions.

T h e reg u at io n of the co m pet it ion s must allow two p eri od s of ti m e for the sendin g in

of the e n g a g e m e n t s to participate.

A pe r io d for the sending in of the provisional e n g a g e m e n t s (six we ek s be f or e the

compciiiioiis).

A n o t h e r |)eriod for the sending in of the definitive e n g a g e m e n t s ( th r e e weeks before

the com[)ctitions.)

In the definitive e n g a g e m e n t s participating nations shll have the right to e n t e r the

na m e s of th r ee wresstlers for each category. Every national F e d e r a t io n shall be b o u n d to

send copy of its en g ag e m en t s add re s s ed to the organizing country, at the latest, 21 days

bef or e the World Cham pion ships .

Participating nations shall send to the organizing c o m m i t t e e of the organizing nation

the price lists and photos of the inscribed co nt est ent s at the s a m e time as the definitive

en ga ge m en ts , so that said C o m m i t t e e can p ro ce e d t [)iiblicize the competitions.

G E N E R AL CLASSIFICAI ION -

I hrec prizes shall be aw a id c d to ihc nations having won the most points in the

gene ra l classification, and a dip lo m a of classification shall be a w a rd e d to the nations.

T h e total n u m b e r of points ac qu ir ed shall be used in rating nations for the awarding

of prizes, in the even of an equal n u m b e r of points, the n u m b e r of titles won shall decide

the awaring of the first prize.

T h e results of international com[)eti(ions must be tr an s m ite d to the I.A.W.F. for

ratification week, at the latest, after said competitions.

Places upto x are aw ard ed first placc gets 10 points

Second [)lace gets 9 points.
 .. 23G ..

(vi) EXICCUTION OF WRMSTMN(; IKCIINIQIJI-:

Several techn ique s have b ee n de v el o p ed in the field of wrestling now-a-days, o n e of

the tech ique s is known as "motor skill pattern". For the im p l e m e n t a t i o n of these techniques

it is necessary to possess a kno wledge of the scientific principles of m o v e m e n t machines.

T h e w hol e p r o b le m of executing wrestling te chn iqu es can be resolved th r o ug h an analysis

of m o v e m e n t. O n e must have the ability to observe artd objectively criticise any wrestling

technic|uc. This is essential in o r d e r to be able to explain why o ne [)art or a n o t h e r a

m o v e m e n t is essential to the successful execution of the tech niqu e. Kn owl edg e of why a

m o v e m e n t p at te rn should be [lartially om it te d from a technitiue or left out entirely is basic

to success. Many a times the mechanical principles involved in m o v e m e n t p a t te r n s are to

are totally d is cre ga rd ed inthe te aching of various tech niqu es. Thetnalysis of m o v e m e n t in

wrestling involves four basic principles. The y are (i) inertia an d m o m e n t u m (ii) resistance

and force (iii) stability and ce n t e r of gravity (iv) and mobility and attitude.

Inertia can be defined as the tendency for a body to r em a in the sam e place. T h e o

'riic op posite of inertia is m o m e n u u n . An o p p o n e n t s m o m e n t u m sh ould never be worked

against directly. W h e n an o p p o n e n t a t te m pt s a leg dive his m o m e n t u m can be used to his a

disadvantage. A s eco nd application of the m o m e n ti m i principle is to build up im petus before

initiating a te chnique. T h e initial m o v e m e n t necessary of executing the te ch n iq u e is a lot

faster if a certain a m o u n t of the s|)ced has b ee n built up bef or e it is at te m p t e d . If the

te ch n iq u e has to originate from a still start, inertia will have to be o v erc o m e. Ov er co m in g

inertia is costly. 'I'he [)rice paid in terms of ex p e n d i tu r e of energy is high.

T h e source of force is strength without str ength t h e re can be no force. Wi thout force

the re can be no mo v em en t, 'riiere can be force without m o v e m e n t, but no mo ve m en t

without force. T h e idea of force in the me chanics of wrestling applies most directly to pinning
t

situation. An o[)ponent lying flat on his s to ma ch cannot crea te force. Force is necessary to

create motion. In wrestling it is not wise to o|)pose an o p p o n e n t s resistance in a test of

strength. A wics llcr should concciUiate his strength against the weake st |)art of his hold.
I'orce is a|)plicd through leverage. I A e r y leehnic|iie of wresthiig is based on leverage.

L ev e ra g e is p o r u d c e d w h e n a force acts u po n the bo nes of the body. T h e str o ng er the

contra ction of the muscles. T h e m o r e powerful the force and the g r a e t e r the leverage.

W h e n e v e r a wrestler has to apply leverage, it is best to be in p e r p e n d i c u l a r position to his

op[)onent. 'I’hc fornuila below defines force as a function of the mass (weight) of the body

and rale of cha nge a body [)osition |)er unit of lime (acceleration).

I'ormula -
I- = M A

I- = I'orce

M = Mass of body

A = Ac celeration

T h e r e is a second formula also. It is as under:

Fo r m u la -

F =MVAr

V = Velocity
T = T i m e of force acts

We must lake into con sideration the principles of stability and cen tr e of gravity. 'I'he

ce n t e r of gravity me ans the point at which all the [)arls of the body exactly bal anc e each other

stability m e an s the capacity of the body to return to its original [)osilion after being pulled

or p u s he d fromit. T h e body is balanced w h en the c e n t e r of gravity is over the supporting

base. 'I’he stability of the body be c o m e s g r a e t e r as the base is m a d e larger. So, it becom es

necessary to r edu ce the o[ ) p o n e n r s stability. T h e r e are t h r e e ways of reducing an o p p o n e n t

stability. I ’hey are (i) raising his ce n t e r gravity (ii) putting his ce n t e r of gravity outside his

su p po rti ng base (iii) Na rr ow in g his su p po rti ng base.

 .. 238 ..

In the mitral standing position it is wisct to kcc[) the feet s p r ea d as stability is directly

p r o p o rt i o n a l to the are ao f the base upo n which the body rests. Stability is also an im por tan ce

co ns ide ra tio n in the r e f e r e e ’s position. O n the mat, both wrestlers have a g r a e t e r stability

than they do w h en standing. Mobility is the capacity to move fast. M an is most mobi le on

his feet. H e can move iiiiickcr anti faster while standing. Mobility and al titude are closely

related. By mainta inin g altitude he ma kes it difficult for an o p p o n e n t to pul his weight over

him. 'riie higher the altitude, the furthe r the w r e s tl e r ’s sh ou ld ers are from the surface of

the mat.

A ciiampion wrestlers uses the principles of mechanics. But in most instances they

are em p lo y ed wi thout p r o p e r knowledge. So, for the p r o p e r use of these te ch n iq u es good

coaching is necessary. A coach must know the principles of m o v e m e n t. It is im p or tan t that

the coach should know the science of mechanics, for he benefit of his wrestlers.
 .. 239 ..

vi) TRAINING CENTRES IN WRESTLING IN INDIA A N D A B R O A D

F ro m year to year the n u m b e r of p eo pl e going in for sports in the country is

increasing, first of all the n u m b e r of children and yougesters. M o r e and m o r e they recognize

the g r e a t e r im p o r ta n c e of sports. Co n s eq ue nt ly it is small w o n d e r that the n u m b e r of

wrestling scclions is [)crmanciilly growing and those sections existing already getting larger

and larger. In this connection, the p r o b le m of creating new training facilities etc. arises.

T h e r e f o r e g o v e r n m e n t ma ke im m e n s e sums of mo ne y available f o r s p o r t s y e a r l y to construct

and mai nta in gymnasiums, training facilities and athe let ic imp lem ent s.

l b be able to reach the aim of the training p r o g r a m m e , a hall and at least one

wrestling ma t must be available. Du rin g s u m m e r for simple forms of wrestling a m e a d o w or

a sand pit covered by canvas liood of a wresling mat will do. It s hou ld be ga in ed by the

s p o r t s m e n the mselves by voluntary work. S p o r ts m e n enjoy this type of work. It contributes

to fo rm the collective and co rrect at titude towards the sports. F u r t h e r m o re , the coach should

suggest the wrestlers to supply themselves little with a c o m p le e w r e s tl e r’s wear.

To fill as many young p eo p le as possible with e n th us ia s m for wrestling. It is necessary

to m a k e p r o p a g a n d a for this sport and lead the b eg in ner s toa systematic training. It is also

go od to orgaize a mi n or advertising s|K)rts show in the cultural p r o g r a m dur ing festivals. It

is also prom ising to m a k e p r o p a g a n d a dur ing mass sports days, co m pe tit io ns betwe en

different de p a r t m e n t s.

T h e na m es of the begin ner s are registered. T h e s p o r ts m e n are distrib uted to the

existing gr ou ps of begin ner s or an in d e p e n d e n t training g r oup s is for me d. T h e r e should be

n o m o r e th a n 16 to 20 sp o r ts m en in o n e group. If a g or u p is larger the w ork o f the Coach is

difficult bec a u se he c an n ot sufficienlty deal with individual sp or ts m en . If possible, one

should con sid er that children, you nges ters and adults train in s e p a r a t e training grou ps that

the coach can pay b et te r attciUion lo the age peculiarities.

 . . 2h{) ..

It is recoiiiinciKled that the sections use a I'illiiig statistics to have a b e t t e r survey on

its m e m b e r s ; it consists of single filling cards. R ec o rd s n ee d to be m a in ta i n e d showing

progress ma de, achieve.

Section wrestling

Sports club, Association (Factory sports club) ...

N a m e __________________________________________________________________________________
D al e of Birth Place of Mirth
Profession W h e r e occ u p ie d?
I iiie/Street. No.

N u m b e r of identity N u m b e r of the M e m b e r of the Member

card, place of issue, Association since wrestling
organiz tion date of issue No of sports Association
d o c u m e n ts

(a) Sports d e v e l o p m e n t

Section from - till ; last p e r f o r m a n c e class Sports success:

(b) D e v e l o p m e n t as s|)orls efficial

Section from - till : fu net ion

 !\ 1

(c) Sports l):iclge

(d) Awa rds

Such a statistics gives at any time a good survey on the d e v e l o p m e n t of e a c h m e m b e r

of the section.

Since wrestling m ak es high d e m a n d s on the organism, only healthy p e o p l e can do

this sport, ' r h c r c f o r e it is neccssary that the [)hysiciaii ex am in es every ’no ti c e ’ throughly. But

also later on a tho ro ug h medical chec k- up has to be d o n e regularly bec a u se the s p o r t s m e n ’s

health is most imp ortan t. ONly the physician can I'ind out w h e t h e r and u n d e r which

conditions the ath let e co n ce r n ed may train in case of pathological symptoms.

As soon as the begi nn ers know the f u n da m e n ta ls of wrestling an d have stabilized

t h e m in training bouts we start with the first official com petitio ns . T h e s e co m p et it io n s are

to take place at regular intervals in form of t o u r n a m e n t s for begin ner s and team

c o m pet it on s. T h e co m pet it ion s serve the aim of checking the p e r f o r m a n c e and showing the

coach hiw his athletes are capable to apply the e l e m e n t s newly acui red in te competition.

E ac h coach shuld have a date block for the com petitions. At the s a m e time, the results

s hould be ta ken down in it alter each com pe tit io n so that p e r l o r m a t i o n can be g at h er ed for

the annu al evaluation.

Section wrestling

o f the Assocaition, Spots Club

T i m e Table of the co m pet it ion s for the age g r o u p 16-18 years

Type of Participants Place of Result

C o m p e ti t io n and weight co m p et it io n
d at e class and o p p o n e n t

1. Test t o u r n a m e n t within 1.52 kg.

the section 2. 52 kg.
2. 'I'cam competition 1.52 kg. Stadium
2. 57 kg.
 Not eacli l^eginner who conics to wicslliiig dcvclo[)s into a [)erlorinancc sporlsiiian.

It does no t m e n that he shall stop wrestling. T h e training co n tri b u te s to be active at school,

in p ro d u ct i o n and in the political life, with a higher elasticity. F u r t h e r mo re, sport is an

im p o r ta n t m e a n of recreation. F r o m am o n g the sports m an w ho are not able to reach higher

p e r f o r m a n c e or who do wrestling only for a partial com i)ensation or have already

o v er s ta p p e d their [)erformance ca|)acity luturc functionaries for the wrestling sport can be

devel()[)cd.

T h e coach d oe s not only impart technical m o v e m e n t s and tactical ideas. In

c o o p e ra ti o n with the parents, the tcachers in the school and the social organisation she

ed uc ta es the sp or tsm en. It is part of his job to emp hasi s th e m the social i m p o r ta n c e of sport

and to show the m the peace ch ar a ct er of s|)orts [)olicy by m e an s of topical affairs. In the

interest of purp os eful e d uc a tio n well p r e p a r e d discussions must regularly take place. The

cultural activity is also part of a good edu cational work in wrestling training. Besides the

training of the mat and general s[)orts activities, hiking, excursion, lectures etc. help to

p r o m o t e the love for the native country and the kno wledge of the social d e v el pm en t of

peop le .

It is necessary to devel|) a many-sided and alive life in the training groups. This

co nt rib ute s to crea te firm collectives of the training grops. Even in the grou ps of beginners

the coach sould let his athletes elect an active core ol the orgnization. As core of the training

gr o up it will su p p o rt the coach in his educa tional work and also feel responsible for the

discipline. It will organize contests with ot h e r training gr ou ps also striving for masttoring a

go od te ch n iq u e and tactics of wrestling. Mo reo ver , such points of the contest as good results

in the exam ina ti on of the teaching p r o g r a m m e , good results in the competitions, acquisition

of the sports badg e and participation in voluntary work shall not be missing.

I m p o r t a n t for the coach is the planning of training. Begi nn ers will attain success in

their training as quickly as possible and are mostly ready to m a k e use of any training

possibility. T h e coach must assess the s|)ortsmen of his training grou[) very cotisciously and
1

W r e s t l i n q bouts
And
A Few E x e r c i s e s
 . . ZAii ..

work out a plan which refers to tlie existing p e r f o r m a n c e level of his trai nee s and gu ara nt ees

a contin ous and systematic d e v e l o p m e n t of the s po rts me n. T h e coach has to find out which

qualities mus t be d ev el o pe d with the beginners in o r d e r to reach the aim of the instructional

p r o g r a m m e . M os t of the beginners possess p o o r athletic fu n d a m e n ta l s for wrestling.

W h e n the coach sees clear in this m a tt e r he fixes the tasks in all annu al training plan

and takes down the me ans which they can be fulfilled with.

T h e A nn u al I r a i n i n g I’lan

1. T h e sports aim for the training year of beginners.

a) Training tasks and key points in the single training stages;

b) Training m e an s to solve the tasks;
c) draini ng load nd dosage.
d) Co mpe titions , tests etc.

2. T h e aims of edu cational and general forma tion for the training year.

a) Social-political tasks;
b) Cutural activities.
c) Discussions of theoretical and practical p r o b le m s of wrestling.

it has to be mentioned here that the annual training |)lan lor the training of beginners
has another characer than the annual training plan for advanced and performance
sportsmen. 'I'lie annual Iraining plan for groups of beginners is based n the structural plan
of the instructional programme. T h e coach must make an exact plan for each month.

O n the basis of this plan which takes the local peculiarities into consideration, i.e.

which provides different gener al dev eloping exercises for a training gr o up on the saside

than for groups practicing in a large twon or in the moun tains . Basing on the aim which has

to be re ac he d according to the monthly plan, the coach regards the training results of the

previous lessons whe n he |>ic|)arcs the training unit an o p t i m u m increase in |)erformance

takes place and the aim of the training p r o g r a m m e is being i cached.

'Iraining plan of the 1st mo nt h for begi nners :

 ?J\>\

CoiUeiits of training Iraining u n i t ’s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I. E du ca tio na l aims
i) E d u c a ti o n towards conscious
X ><
collab or at ion

2. li duc ati on towards X X X

3. E d u c a ti o n towards [nnictuality,
■7v
St X X
discuiplinc, order, cleanness - -- — -— -

11. Th e o r e ti c a l practical instruction

C o n ip e ti t o n rules X X
- — --------
a) F or w a r d take downs (single ar m drag ■X X X
b) F or wa rd take downs
• X X
(elbow push up)
♦f —
c) Ro Us (d o ub le ar m lock) X

d) t a k e d o w n s (ta k e do wn s witii
X X
neckhold and leg trip)

e) t a k e d o w n s ( o ne leg ta ked ow n)
» -----
2. Technijjue of holds
------
a) Fo rwa rd ta ked ow ns (single ar m drag) X
ft
b) Fo rward ta ked ow ns (elbow push up)
%*■
c) Rols (d o u b le a r m lock) A
^ -
d) Ta kedowns ( ta ke do wn s with
neck hold and leg trip)

m . F o r m a t io n a l aims

1. Special |)reparatory cxercises tor (he tcchiiit|uc

of holds
 . . . .

'IViiiniiig iinils

3. R e p r e t it i o n and stabilization
o f the t e c h n iq u e of holds

a) Fo rwa rd ta ked ow ns (single ar m drag)

b) Fo rwrd ta ked ow ns (elbow push up)
:) RoTbT(double arm lock)
d) l a k e d o w n s (ta ke do wn s with
neck hold and leg trip)

Bridge exercises
a) Rolling into the bridge X X X X

b) 'lur nin g in and out of the bridge X X X X X

Falling~backward into th e l) r id g e
from sitting position A
G a m e s at the end

a) Runiiiggame X X
b) G a m e with ball
’X ■X X
6. iMgluing training X X

7. A thle tic forma tion (general)

a) Training of agility. X
Training of force.
X
c) 'Training of speetl.

8. Athletic for ma ti on (special)

a) Training of agility X X
b) Training of force.
c) Training o f speed.

'I'he sense of motion for an exercise to be ex eu ct ed can be en or m ou sl y incraesed.

Besides, the loading capacity of the organism is increased by il.

Amir Hamidi, First Chief Wrestling, Coach at the NIS, Patiala
 . . 2A6 . .

Iinporlaiit IVaiiiiiig coiities in India and abroad

Training centre s in wrestling in India are as follows

Training centres s u p p o r te d by the central g o v e r n m e n t - Sports Au thor ity of India

i) Netaji S u b h a s h c h a n d r a National Institute of sports, Patiala.

T h e institute has b ee n r en de r in g c o n n n e n d a b l e service towards tiie d e v e l o p m e n t of

sports in India by giving expert coaching anti training in various ga m es in general and

wrestling in particular. T h e Institute has a useful roll to |)lay in the country is de vel opm ent .

SAI (NIS) is one of the best s|)oits institutes in the world. I'xccllcnt work is being do ne in

this institute. I ' h e NIS provides excellent facilities with physical recrea tion. T h e facilities

a c c o r de d to s p o r ts m e n and sports w o m e n are such that it’s n a m e is fast s p r ea di n g across the

s e a s . I ndi an s p o r ts m e n have sta rt ed d showing b e t t e r results with the use of sophisticated

e q u i p m e n t im p o r te d by the NIS. So far as NIS has p r o d u c e d th o us and s of coaches in various

disciplines . NIS is having its centres as follows.

a) S o u th e r n centres. Bangalore

b) I' as tcr n centres, salt lake city, ( 'alcutia

c) Weste rn centres, sport complex, G a n d h in a g a r , G u jr at h

a n d many m o r e regional centres

Services sports cen tr e boards, posts and telegraphs, electricity board, industries,

universities, police railways are also imp arti ng training in wrestling. T h e services centre

board, railways, police have maile a significant a ch i ev em en t as far as training p r og r am m es

are co nce rn ed.

This cen tr e is cattering for training in wrestling all over the country u n d e r the ex[)ert

gu ida nce of their qualified coaches through various ce nt res at different places. Its network

is S[)read all over the country.

 . . 2 !\1 . .

Hvery stale lias its training centrcs in wrestling. 'I’liey are catler in g for trainis in

wrestling run by different private institutions, associations, fe d er at io ns and individuals also,

s om e ed uca tio na l institutions also have such training centres.

Industrial organisations, railways, post and te le g ra p h d e p a r t m e n t , Universities and

army also have their own centres of training in wrestling.

Following are so me of the outs ta ndi ng and famous cent res of training in wrestling

1) Birla Mill Vyayam Shala, vSubzi Mandi, OUl Delhi

2) G u r u H a n u m a n Vyayam Shala, I3elhi

3) Badri Kh alipa A k h a r a G h a n ta g h a r , Delhi

4) D el hi A d m in i s t r a ti o n ’s D h a k a wrestling Hall, Delhi

5) Railway’s wrestling Akh ara , Kishan G anj, Delhi

6) Lai B a h a d u r Vyayam Shala, Matunga, Bombay

7) G o k u l Ustad 'lalim, Bhavani I’eth, I’oo n a

8) M o tib a g 1alim, K ol hap ur

9) S ha hu pu r i Talim, K o lh ap u r

10) G a n g a w e s h Talim, K o lh ap u r

11) Wrestling centres, Sangli

12) Kasha Bawada state wrestling centre, K o lh a p u r

13) l l a n u m a n Vyayam l^ a s a r a k Maiulal, Annavvati

14) I laryana wrestling association

15) Pu njab wrestling association

16) U tt a r Pradesh wrestling association

 . . 248 . ,

17) De lhi wrestling association

18) Babaji S at pu te U st a d Talim, Nalegaon, A h m e d n a g a r .

19) M a h a r a s h t r a State Wrestling Association, Fune.

20) Rani Laxmibai college of Physical Educ at ion , G w a li o r

Well known wrestling cent res in ab r o ad run by the wrestling fed era ti on s of their

countries.

"I'he following is the list ol' the countries having most o ut s ta n di n g and advanced

ce nt res in wrestling

1) Russia 2) A m er ic a 3) Sw ed en

4) F inl an d 5) Turkey 6)Japan

7) Hung ary cS) Bulgaria 9) R o m a n ia

10) Italy 1 1) G e r m a n y 12) Yugoslavia

13) Switzerland 14) France 15) G r e a t Brition

16) South K o r ea 17) Iran 18) Poland

19) G r e e c e 20)Norway

I ’he above m e n ti o n e d centres are very ad v anc ed in wrestling beca use of the support,

help and en t h u si a s m of the p eo p le s of their country. Intensive training and p r o p e r nutrition

is ensu red . Th ey are the pi o ne ers in wrestling on the basis of the use of new technics and

u lt r a m o d e r n devices and e qu ip m en ts . I ’hey provide scientific and me th o di ca l training.

9aju309ijiuiSIJsqDJBSsa-y
6ui|}S0j/\/\ u| uojjisod ujd
 .. 2 A9 ..

(vii) Perrormance ol’liuliaii wrestlers in the Olympic

India has par ticipated in Olymp ic wrestling since 1^)36 India e n t e r e d a te am of six

wrestlers in the 1948. L o n d o n Olympiad. So o n after the i n d e p e n d e n c e . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e

was no te worthy to the extent that K. D. J a d h a v a fly weight w restler from M a h a r a s h tr a

finished sixth in his weight class.

Ill l‘JS2,1 Iclsinki Olympics Shri K. I), .lailliav had won the broii/.e medal in the weight

class of 57 kg. Otii er wrestler, vShri K. 1). Maiigavc finished foin th in his weight. Fou r other

wrestlers could not mak e much of their chance. Securing Bron ze medal by K. D. Ja d h a v is

significant bec a u se till today no In dian has b e e n able to win an individual m e d al in the

Olymp ic games.

In 1972 Olympic held in M u nic h two disciples of P a d m a s h r e e G u r u H a n u m a n of

Delhi came really close to rep ea tin g K.D. J a d h a v ’s feat but u nf or tun at ely they finished

fourth in their respective weights, viz, Shri Sudesh k u m a r in 57 kg. and P r e m n a t h in 52 kg.

In 1984 at Los Angeles, Ra ji nde r Singh in 74 kg weight class se cu re d fourth [)lace.

Two wrestlers m a d e their d eb ut in the world ch am p io n s h ip s in 1961 at Y o ka ho m a in

J apa n. U d e C h a n d b e c a m e the first Indian wrestler to win a medal in this championships.

W h e n he n o tc he d a b ro n ze me dal in 68 kg. weight classification. Bis ha m b er s in gh of Railways

won a fourth place in the 1965 world me et at M a n c h e s te r and went on to win a silver medal

in the 1967 world cham pio ns hip s held in Ne w Delhi. This is the best ever by an Indian

wre stler in the world meet. U d e C h a n d finished fillh in (>2 kg class.

India has sent the teams in wrestling almost in all the Olympics held so far but her

a c h ie v m e n t is discouraging Wrestling was included from the ince|)tion of m o d e r n Olympic.

F ro m the year 1896 till 1988 I b t a l n u m b e r of med als 775 have b e e n aw ard ed to the

winners of Wrestling out of which the n u m b e r of gold medals w ere 258. Russia has secured

first place by securing 61 gold medals that too participating in only 10 Olympics in wrestling.

India has secu red only o n e bro nze medal dial loo by Shri. K. D. J a d h a v of M ah ar as h tr a is

rem a rk ab le . 1’liis clearly indicates tlial India's position in the Olympics is miserable and far

from the satisfaction. Iiulian wreslling is mo re rustic than the moilern Olympic wrestling.
 . . 250 . .

( ix ) P H IL O S O P H IC A L F A C T O R S IN S E L E C T IN G T E C H N I Q U E S ;

T h e coaches are trying to discover m o r e and m o r e a b o u t wresthng. But they have

c o m e to the conclusion that still know very little a b o u t wrestling. Every coach has a ques t to

learn m o r e and m o r e a b o u t this ancient Indian game. T h e te rm philosophy refers to a

co n cr e te ap p ro ac h to the ‘W hy s ’ and ‘H o w s ’ of the sport. With il a coach has direction in

liis efforts and is ke))t on the riglil track in his elforls to be consistent. 1 lis philosophy serves

him as a bcac on for evaluating what he is doing against what ho is su|)posed to do. Without

philosophy he is likely lo be uncertain. It bccoincs tliilicult lor a coach to teach without

knowing the philosophy of technic|iie. A c o a c h ’s |)hilos()|)hy souch dictate the te ch n iq u es he

teaches. Mis philosophy b ec o m es implemeiUed through his system.

A coach is ex[)ected to teach various techniques. T h e success of a wrestling team

d e p e n d s u p on the c o a c h ’s ability to select and teach effective te chnique. G e n e r a l ly the

coaches a d o p t the te chn iqu es whicli served the m best as com petito rs. 'I'he physical aspects

of each te ch n iq u e must be studied properly. F£very te ch n iq u e is m a d e up of a n u m b e r of

specific m o ve m en ts . All the se specific m o v e m e n t s wh en co n s id er e d to ge th er m a k e up the

particular tech niqu e. T h e use of various te chn iqu es d e p e n d s on the c o a c h ’s ability. This

philosophy should be applied in the evaluation and selection of each anil every technique.

To teach a te ch ni q ue which places the sho ulders close to the mat is unwise u n d e r the present

rules. A coach recognises that it is b e t te r to c on ce n tr at e on teaching those techm't|ues that

will work effectively against the toughest of o pp on ent s.

T h e r e are different opinions abo ut which tec hn iq u es are most effective. Coa che s

te nd to b e fairly do gm a tic a b ou t their beliefs. A coach has to d ec id e which te ch n iq u e he

should follow and which tec h ni q ue he should reject.

R es ea r c h er s have do n e much research work on various technit|ues. But most of the m

have failed to co m e lo the conclusion a bo ut the superiority or inferiority of different

techniques. T h e investigators may have bee n too superficial in their research observations.

It is a well established fact that the most un des ira bl e position places him in the greatest
 251

d a n g e r of losing points or being pinned. Most aut horities will agree that the safest position

is standing. T h e qu es ti on of selecting te chn iqu es arises bec au se of the different techniques.

T h e following are offered as criteria for selecting them. I'h ey are body positions, listed in

the o r d e r of their im por tan ce . T h e criteria should be ref er re d to in the evaluation of all

techniques. 'I’liere arc live tliflcrent i)()sitions. They are as uniler -

1. on the back
2. on the stoma ch
3. on the side
4. o n the buttocks, and
5. on o n e or both knees.

Application of a wrestling philosophy -

We assess each te ch n iq u e in term s of its ability to satisfy the s ta n da rd s we have

established. It is wisest to teach those technic]ues which can be used effectively against

c h a m p i o n s ’ success d e p e n d s on the effectiveness of the te ch n iq u es taught. Equal

con sidera tion must be given to those techn ique s which are the most likely to result in losing
K

points if they are successfully co un te red . T h e wrestler in the u n d e r n e a t h or defensive

position has to a t e m p t ei th er an escape or reversal tec h n iq u e in o r d e r to gain points towards

winning the match. Me is free to use any tech niq ue which will help him to achieve his goal.

T h e r e are many options. Eac h op ti on possesses a varying ch an c e of success. T h e p r o b le m

of deciding which tec hn iq u e to eni[)ly in a t te m p l in g to get free Irom an o p p o n e n t or gain a

position of ad van ta ge can be a difficult one for a wrestler who is not familiar with the relative

effectiveness of the te chn iqu es in his repe rtoire . A wrestler should seemingly be mu ch wiser

to play the p er c e n ta g e s as much as possible during the entire match and resort to gam abling

only w h e n the situation warrants taking a calculated risk.

lm|)lcmentalion of a wresllinj; (philosophy)

O n c e the criteria of fine positions arc adop ted , the following princi|)les should be

lollowed -
 . . 2 52 . .

1. It is b r o k e n clown to his side or stoniacii. the w restler should get back to all fours, free
his legs and stand up.

2. A w res tler w h o ’s flat on the mat is half pinned.

3. O n c e he escap es from his back to his stomach, he sh ould rec over to his kn ees and then
to his feet.

4. H e can k ee p his sho uld ers from the mat.

In a standing position, the wrestler has two tlistinct adv ant age s - 1) l i e is m o r e mobile

2) T h e wre stler carried only his own weight and not that of his o[)ponent.

"I’hc coach who maintains an attituile of 'If it works, use it’ can justify almost any

tech niq ue, regardless of its short comings. No wrestler e q u i p p e d with such an i n a d e q u a te

r ep o r to i r e of skills can go anyw here in wrestling. Co ac h e s have a definite responsibility to

teach the most effective technique.

 f
. . ?. f)3 . .

ci :ni<:r a l AND spf .c i a l atiii.f;h (’f o u m a i ion o f h i f v v r f st lf k

It is o ne task of the coach to form the s p o r ts m en in that way that their physical and

psychic forces and abihties are d ev el o p ed liarnionioiisly and they get an ai ro u n d athletic

fo rmat ion. This is so im po rta n t bec a u se any form of o n e sided training stresses the various

muscles and organs irregularly, and s o o n e r or later the result will be discords in the

constitution, a stagnation of the p e r fo r m a n c e s of the special event. In o r d e r to attain highest

p e r f o r m a n c e in wrestling a systematically d ev el op ed, many-sided, general and special

athletic forma tion from the first day of the sports activity is necessary. If o ne knows which

a m o u n t of strength, agility, courage and e.xperience of m o v e m e n t is necessary in o r d e r to

b e a t an o p p o n e n t to p e r f o r m a backw ard throw over the chest only, the n this d e m a n d for

universally trai ned athletes with good special kn owledge of wrestling bec om es

u n d e r s ta n d a b le . T h e g en era l athletic fo rm at io n Is im p o r t a n t for the young wrestler. W h e n

a bu dd in g wrestler begins wrestling it would be wrong to start with s|)ecial wrestling training

only. It does not settle the m a te r to teach him s o m e holds, let him p r e t e n d any actions on

the mat or play a ga m e or take |)art in a cross country run at times. In wrestling the body is

universally develo[)ed. T h e young sp o rts ma n still being in the stage of d e v e l o p m e n t must

be trai ned Irom top to bottom, a lot of experien ce of m o v e m e n l has to be acquired. Only

the n he will be able to successfully apply the special skills of wrestling. E ac h kind of sport

develo ps certain t|ualities m o re or less. Not every w restler can possess the strength of a

weight-lifter or an a c r o b a t ’s agility. It is also not the task of the coach to dev el op his

s p o r ts m e n to top-class athletes in o th e r sports events. 1’he sense of mo ti o n for an exercise

to be exec ute d can be en or mo us ly increased. Besides, the loading capacity o f the organism

is increased by it.

T h e general athletic forma tion serves the gener al [)hysical fo rm at io n and the training

of m o v e m e n t as well as (he increase in organic power.

 . . 2 5A . .

<

K
O n e exercise fiilfls m o r e a lask of [)hysical fo rm at io n of st rength for example, the

o t h e r o ne deel ps m o r e the skills. In general, physical activity cre a te s the pre re qu is it es for a

successful training of m ov e m en t. Body build and training of m o v e m e n t carri ed out in certain

time unit and with a load p r o m o t e the increase in organic strength, thus also increasing the

functional possibilities of the cardiac, vessel, and respiratory systems.

riie choice of an exercise or a sports event for the gener al athletic fo rm at ion of a

wrestler d e p e n d s upo n the con cr e tc liaining aim, if, for example, a s p o r t s m a n ’s arm power

is poorly de v el o p ed the coach must know that a throug h physical activity, a streng the ning

of the ar m muscles is necessary. Consetjucntly, the aim of a training unit is not fixed without

choice a nd plan. It is ta k en for gr an te d that the coach knows his group, its w ea k and strong

points. Resulting from this the exercise or kind of sport is fixed which s e e m s to be most

suitable for achieving the aim quickly and comprehensively. O n principle, any kind of sport

can be used for the general athletic formation of a wrestler; its effect is decisive for the

choice. Since it is im[)ossible that the tiaining p r o g r a m m e contains all kinds of sport and

since the training groups have di il ei ciu liaining conditions it is the task of the coach to fix

these s u p p le m e n ta r y s[)orts events which are suitable for the grou|)s. S o m e exercises and

sports events follow which have stood the test for the general athletic formation of the

wrestler.

O n e ol the most im p or ta n t me ans is gymnastics. It |)rovides a go od body build due

to its exercises which devel op to stretch the body, m a k e it elastic and impr ov e the carriage.

By p r o p e r selection of exercises with different r eq ui r e m en t s, e.g. exercises with rope, baton,

me d ic in e ball, d u m b bells or certain exercises with p a r t n e r with the a p p r o p r i a t e dosage an

increase of stimulus is possible over and over again. (ly nm as tic s and acrobatic exercises

s tr en g th en mainly the trunk and the u|)|)er extremities, p r o m o t e the agility and train the

s[)0 r t s m a n ’s sence ol motion. I'hey le p re se nt an im m en s e source for the a c u i q r e m e n t of

experi enc es of mo ve me n t. A collection of im p or ta nt exercises from various sports events

on filling cards prove to be suitable for the training, liach coach should acquire a certain
 . . > ..

pre p ar at or y of useful exercises in this form. Such a work facilitates the choice of exercises

and g u a r a n t e e s an interesting and versatile training. Byinsignificant alterations of

well-known exercises the s p o r t s m a n ’s thinking is always stim ula te d and his at ten ti on and

co n c e n tr a ti o n capacity are incraesed. Rugby is a good c o n ne c tio n b e t w e e n light and heavy

atliletic forms of m o ve m en t. I 'u r th cr m or e . by the irregularly bo un ci ng ball and diving

o p p o n e n t s reaction s[)eed and spe ed of m o v e m e n t are trained. In training, rugby with seven

or eight |)layers can be usefully a|)plied. C'ross-country-runs sh ould be part of the training

p r o g r a m m e of each training group. By the soft, b r o k e n g r o u n d the su r m o u n ti n g of obstacles

like ditches, steam s and the fresh air or the forest. C ro ss- co unt ry -r un s can be p er fo r m e d

th r o u g h o u t the y ea-^ .

T h e following gam es are suitable co nne ct ion of body build and d e v e l o p m e n t of

m o v e m e n t as well as the stre ng th en in g o f organs.

lJuel ga m es are mo re suitable lor wiestlers. ( J a m e s on a small field should be

p r e f e r re d to ga m es on a large field, liel or e starting to play o ne should w ar m up in o r d e r to

increase the load gradually.

Basketball, handball and rugby are suitable for the wrestler. O n e should teach as

m u c h as te ch n iq u e and tactics as necessary to be able to play a g a m e also has to be regarded

that the most im po rta nt rules are ob served to bring the athlete s up to a sporting way of

thinking the action. Basketball is one of the fastest small field g am es and ma kes high

d e m a n d s on body control and reaction speed. T h e r e are many forms of exercises which the

t r ai n er can apply creatively. Most p op ul a r are dribble relays, sh oot ing and passing contests,

playing without shooting and playing on the basket. Small field handball ma kes a similar

d e m a n d s on the sp ortsmen. By quick changes of the ball and the situation, by sprints and

evading m o v e m e n ts particularly reaclioii speed; sp ee d of m o v e m e n l and organic powe r are

trained. Besides those well-known forms of gam es there are many o t h e r forms with and

without ball which can be used for Ihe general athletic formation. Ihe stress should be on
 . . 2 56 . .

I ’lie general athletic training crcatcs the i)rcreiiiiisites lor the special athletic training

which on the o th e r ha n d crea tes the pr e-requisites to stand the c o m p e t i t o n up to the end.

Fighting succcssl'ully in tiie coni pctilion - aim ol the Wrestling training -

It goes without saying that cach wrestler should I'uHil the re i| ui re ni e n ts for the sports

badge. I he whole complex ol cxerciscs to be do n e in o r d e r to obta in the badg e must be co m e

a I'irm part ol the training program. But this is only one part of the athletic fo rm at ion and

c an no t re|)lace it completely.

'I’lie special athletic lo rm ali on inchiiles also a body bm'lding and a m o v e m e n t

dev el o pi n g part as well as the stre n gt h en in g of the organs. 'I'hey co n t ri b u te to d e ve l o p m o t o r

qualities, to impart, skills and to train e n du r an c e. I'he lii st o ne e n ab l es a s|)ortsman to learn

the tec h ni q ue s of wrestling. T h e exercises applied be a r a special c h ar a ct er that m e an s they

c o r r e s p o n d to the m o v e m e n t and m ee t the d e m a n d s of the comp eti ti on . For that purpose

we must analyse the wrestling techniques.

Wrestling is a duel with two o p p o n e n t trying to defeat each o t h e r by applying certaiii

m e an s and observing certain rides. 'These me ans are the tcchnic|ues of wrestling which the

s p o rt s m en act|uire anti learn in training. Aim of the special athletic fo rm at ion in the basic

training of wrestling is not so much to teach the application of the te chn iqu es in the bout,

but to train the s po r ts m en [)hysically and psychologically so that he masters many techniques

in its rou gh form and u nd er s ta n d s the n at u re of its app lication in the co m pet it ion . Masterly

skills in the application of the te chn iqu es can be o bt a in e d by sp r ts m a n only by a long ye ar s ’

practice. S o m e t h in g has to be paid a b ou t the basic forms of m o v e m e n t : T h e up p er

e x tr e m et ie s fulfil an impo rta nt task. With any action of attack it must be g u a r a n t e e d that

dur ing the de v el o p m en t , execution and c o m p le ti on of the hold the ar m s ben d u n d e r high

resistance on the one hand anil pciTorm additional dillicult m o v e m e n t s in a bent position

on the o th e r hand.
 . . 2 57 . .

C on tra ry to it are the stretching m o v e m e n t s of the arms. But the se are first of all

m o v e m e n t s which are to hold the o p p o n e n t far from o ne o w n ’s body or free on es el f from

the bridge position. T h e trunk carries out mainly getting up m o v e m e n t s u n d e r loading, that

m e a n s u n d e r high resistance and ben ds with out or u n d e r relatively low loading.

F or the special athletic training in the basic f o rm at io n the following tasks must be

fulfilled.

1. Co nv ey an ce of a c o m p re h e n s iv e te ch n iq u e of holds and basic tactice.

2. D e v e l o p m e n t of special agility, reaction sp ee d and s p ee d of m o v e m e n t as well as

the sense of m o t i o n of the wrestler.

3. S tr en gt h en in g of the flexers of the u p p e r ext remities a n d t he extensors of the legs

a n d the trunk.

A cco rd in g to these tasks in the basic training the exercises are selec ted and

registered. T h e con cr e te aim of the training unit always d e t e r m i n e s the selection of the

exercise and its execution. Bach exercise develops various qualities in a cert ain relation to

each other. Ac cor din g to the dosage, this relation is ch an g e d in favour o f a n o t h e r quality.

C o n c e rn i n g this, let us have a look at the backw ard throw over the chest (with practice

du mm y ). If the s p o r tm a n wants to im[)rove the te ch n iq u e of throws he takes his time abou t

it and co nc e nt ra te s u p o n an accur ate execution. If he wants to train s p e e d o f m o v e m e n t on

the o t h e r hand, he executes the throw very fast in series. T h e rests ar e e x t e n d e d so far that

th e n ew p e r f o r m a n c e leads to the sam e results as the previo us series. If sh o rt en i n g the rests

and pr olo ngi ng the training time lay on this form the training of s p e e d e n d u r a n c e is

emph asi se d. Cons equen tly, a coach must know exactly w h a t aim is to be achieved; according

to this aim exercises, load and of repet itions have to be fixed.

For o u r two com plexes of tasks the following exercises are suitable a m o n g others.

Exercises without and with p a r tn e r

 . . 2 58 . .

Technique training -

S u m m a r is in g and s u p p le m e n ti n g s o m e m o r e training hints. T h e training is to be

ar r an g ed in versatile, interesting and joyful m a n n er . In the basic training, the d e v e l o p m e n t

o f s p e e d agility and mobility is to be particularly em ph as is ed . T h e b e g i n e r is not ac c ust om ed

lo exercise with par tne r; beside o t h e r physical qualities, eve n force is trai ned to a certain

deg ree . S pe ed can be b e t te r d e v e l o p e d now than at an ad v an c ed age. T h e n the exercises are

to be ex ec u ted always quickly. T h e load must also not stop suddenly, the contrary, the

or gan ism must be gradually b ro ug h t toa state of rest.

T h e load dur ing o n e training unit must not be increased. T h e r e sh ould be a constant

ch an g e b e t w e e n working phas e and phase of recovery.

C h il d r e n and youn ges ters mus t never be lo a de d as m u c h as old sp or ts m en .

As everyw her ei n life, w h e t h e r during vocational training or d ur ing studies, also

athletic training is based o n cert ain systems and plans. It s ho uld be clear that o n e canno t

learn the bac kw ard throw, for example, w ith ou t ma ste rin g the w re s tl e r ’s bridge. O n e can

also no t exerise to fall into the bridge from a standing position unless simple prepar ato ry

exercises have b e e n p e r f o r m e d before. In this way, many o t h e r ex am pl es could be given

which pr o ve the necessity to work systematically. As in the p r e s e n t training p r o g r a m m e the

te c h n iq u e of wrestling is systematically built up acco rding to pedagogical principles. T h e

training a i m must be based on the b e g i n n e r s ’ prerequ isi tes . With particularly good

p re re q u i si te s the p r o g r a m m e can be realized m o r e rapidly or it is s ho rt e n de d.

On the age of the wrestler -

O n e is often asked w he n to c o m m e n c e and w h en to finish wrestling. As practice

shows, wrestling belongs to those sports events which can be practiced until high ma nhood.

O n e can ob se rv e that children ijcrforni "wrestling bouts" full of spirits, ei th er on the beach

or o n th e lawn. Such a free r o m p i n g is in kee pi ng with th e n at ur a l n e e d for m o v e m e n t of

this age. In this pu pi ls ’ grops of the wrestling sectios, ch il dr en fr om 10 years on wards have

the o p po rtu n it y to parti cipa te in an or ganised an d p u rp os ef ul training. E xp eri enc ed

 . . 2 59 ..

instructors im pa rt on sports training to th e m and m a k e th e m a c q u a in te d with the m o v e m e n ts

of wrestling. F r o m kinesiology po int of view the best age o f le arn in g is b e t w e e n 10th and

13th to 14th ye ar of age. At this age, chi ldren c o m p r o m i s e a nd le ar n quickly n e w courses of

m o v e m e n t and excellently a d o p t motorically to the m o s t dif fer en t conditions. Thi s time

which is so i m p o r ta n t for the m o t o r d e v e l o p m e n t sh ould be used to teach the children

c o m p r e h e n s iv e m o t o r skills. With the pube rty a tr an s f or m a tio n and r e f o r m a t i o n o f motirises

begins. T h e organ ism is tr an s f o r m e d which often has a dis turbing effect on the motirics. At

the e nd of the pu be rty the m o v e m e n ts are getting m o r e fluent again an d the organism

functions better. T h e experi enc es m a d e in wrestling training with chil dr en a n d adolescents

say th a t o n e may increase the training r e q u i r e m e n t s now. To o b ta in high p e r f o r m a n c e s in

wrestling, b e t w e e n 6 a nd 8 years of compe tit ive training ar e necessary w h e r e b y o n e mus t

kn o w tha t the bes t compe tit ive age w h e n best p e r f o r m a n c e s can be r e a c h e d is b e t w e e n the

24th and 27th year of age. Such a com petitive training c a n n o t be p e r f o r m e d with adolscents

since they are still devloping. T h a t is why b e t w e e n the 14th an d 19th year of age an all-round

training must cr ea te the basis for the later competitive training. C on se que nt ly, it m e an s for

the ad ol esc ent to learn systematically the l u n d a m e n la ls of wrestling d ur ing this time. O n e

can o bs er ve in practice that a physically well d e v e l o p e d b eg in ner s is r e r f e r r e d to a w ea k er

one. O f te n the completely fu nf ou nd ed co nce pti on exists that only a stron g adol esc ent can

b e c o m e a goo d wrestler. Decisive, however, is an all-round ge ne ra l and special athletic

f o r m a t io n at a young age. Every healthy ad o le sc en t can do wrestling and reac h a certain

p e r f o r m a n c e level with according diligence.

It is also wrong to assess the quality of the training with ad ol esc ent s only according

to the success in wrestling. This would load to a on e-s id ed d e v e l o p m e n t of promising young

talents who later will have difficulties in making progress or eve n fall back. But that does

not m e a n that a particularly talen ted young talents wiio later will have difficulties in making

pr ogr es s or eve n fall back.. But that does not m e a n that a particularly ta le n te d you ng wrestler

c an n ot reach international successes at a you ng age already. O n e ex am p le is the Soviet

Wre stle r Ali Aiiyev who w on the w or ld - ch am p io n title in G r e c o - R o m a n wrestling in 1959

 . . 260 . .

at the age of 19. This was d u e to a long y e a r s ’ systematic training which he pr ove d a new in

1961 o n the occasion of the world ch a m p io n s h ip in Y o k o h a m a w h e r e h e was able to win the

title for the s eco nd time in the fly weight of freestyle wrestling. O n the o t h e r hand, pea k

sports p e r f o r m a n c e are, possible over the 27th years of age. Thus , th e wrestlers R u do lf

Vesper and L o t h a r Mortz, both at the age of 29 years, won gold me d al s du rin g the XIX

O lym pi c G a m e s in Mexico City. W h e n a s p or ts m an has e x c e e d e d the climax o f his sports

c a r e e r he sh oul d not m a k e the mistake to give up his sports activity b e ca us e a su d d en

brea ki ng off compe tit ive training effects the org anism extre mel y un favourabl e. Since

wrestling training is possible until an ad v an ce d age with a c o r r e s p o n d in g goal a n d favourably

influences the m a in te n a n c e of the psychic and physical efficiency of th e s p o r t s m a n it should

b e k e p t u p as long as possible.

M e t h o d i c a l h in ts for the C o a c h -

T h e following p a r a is to show the coach how to ar r an ge the training with adolscents,

which m e t h o d s to apply in o r d e r to obtain a p r o f o u n d and solid f o r m a t io n in the spo rt of

wrestling. By the te rm "method" which is m e n t i o n e d h e r e wr u n d e r s t a n d the way of

conveying knowledge, the logical and planful teaching progress in the wrestling training.

T h e r e are different m e th o d s regarding the choice and s e q u e n c e of the tec hn iq ue s of

holds to be taught. E ac h coach, decides in a n o t h e r way on the m i n i m u m d e m a n d s m a d e on

his s p o r t s m e n to p r e p a r e t h e m for their first public b o u t con sequently, o n eve n o ur best

yo u ng wrestlers who are d e le ga te d to a sports have a training level which differs very much.

With those spo rts men , the coaches of the clubs must still d e ve l o p m o t o r qualities and

technical skills which no d o u b t bel o ng to the basic training. Only w h e n a s p o r ts m a n has

ac qu ir ed all m o t o r qualities necessary (agility, speed, technical courses of m o v e m e n t) the

d e v e l o p m e n t of his p e r f o r m a n c e is ensured. In the interest of the c o n ti nu ou s de v e l o p m e n t

of wrestlers, each coach should consistently take the p r o g ra m of the basic training before

he c o m m e n c e s to take cons ide ra tio n individual disposition with r ega rd to the technique.
 . . 2 61 . .

In the first training y ear the wrestlers ac qu ir e k n o w le d e a b o u t the m o s t im p or ta nt

technical skills in freestyle a nd G r e c o - R o m a n \Vrestling, w h a t m a tt e r s h e r e b y is that the

various holds are already m a s t e r e d in its rough structure. F u r t h e r m o r e , du rin g th a t time the

basic tactical ways of wrestling are taught. Training bo uts begin already p e r f o r m e d after

having learnt the first technic|ucs of liolds bring the s p o r ts m a n the first feeling of success

an d sti m ula te him to still b e t t e r c o o p e r a ti o n dur ing training that m e a n s to im p r ov e the

necessary abilities a n d skills.

T h e coach mu st int er fe re im me d ia tle y a nd po in t ou t to th e s p o r ts m a n that a

o n e- s id ed w res tler has only limited d ev e l o p m e n t a l possibilities. A n o t h e r d e m a n d m a d e on

yo u ng wrestlers by the C oa ch conce rns exercising to b ot h sides. O n th e o n e hand, the

exercising of the actions of attack and defe ns e to e i th e r side m e a n s a steady loading and

d e v e l o p m e n t of the whole organism. O n the o t h e r hand, the tactical possibilities of the

s p o r ts m a n are very much increased. As to the teciiniques of attack, the sp o r ts m an has two

possibilities of exercising to both sides:

lixercising one technique (lake down from standing position, rol on the ground etc.
As to the te ch ni q ue of defence, the s a m e principle is valid the exercising of o n e or

various te ch n iq u es to ei the r side. T h e activity of the coach m u st no t be restricted to the

conveyance of skills and the d e v e l o p m e n t of g en era l physical qualities of his spo rtsm en. A

very i m p o r t a n t task is the ed uc a tio n of the youn g sp o rts m en . T h e i r courage, perseverance,

a n d singleness of p u r p o s e in training and co m pe tit io mu st have an effect on the en ti re way

of acting in pro fessio n a nd daily life.

T h e conveyance of m o t o r skills and the i m p r o v e m e n t of th e f u n d a m e n t a l m o t o r

qualities - those are the ma in tasks which the coach has to re ga r d in his training and

educ ation al work.

T h e s e principle tasks have to be c o m b in e d efficiently. T h e coach sh ould beh ave in

such a way that he inspires the young wrestlers with enth usias m. H e m u st take the age

peculiarities of his wrestlers into co n sid era tio n an d ar ra ng e th e training in such an

 . . 2 62 . .

int eresting way tha t it b e c o m e s an eve nt for every body involved. It is ext remely im p or ta nt

for th e m e th o d ic a l a r r a n g e m e n t of the first training units. Ever y e x p e r i e n c e d coach knows

that at the begi nning of each co m p et it io n year w h e n usually m o s t be g i n n er s ar e ad m it t e d to

the clubs, the n u m b e r of m e m b e r s is by far higher that half a year later. Until no w t h e re are

s o m e ‘e x p e r i e n c e d ’ coaches who think it is normal that the chaff is sifted from the wheat

and out of ten beginners only o n e sticks to wrestling. But the r em a in in g nine as a rule are

not g oo d that ‘sp eci al ’ sports events. T h a t is a comp letely w ro ng a nd har mf ul po in t of view.

T h e high functio n in the first training units is no t n o r m a l at all, but very of ten it is d u e to

m e th od ic a l faults. W h a t m a tte rs is that the coach should know the motives which m a d e the

s p o r t s m e n c o m e to wrestling. As early as in the first training units.

O n e can take into cons ide ra tio n so und desire to show off, striving for p e r f o r m a n c e

a n d c o m pe tit io ns by m i n o r gam es o n the m a t and direct t h e m into th e right channels. A

m o n o t o n o u s exercising of holds will be disappoiting. T h e coach should m a k e d e m a n d s which

can be fulfilled by a b eg i n ne r and which are of personal in te res t to him. E v e n the weakest

s p o r ts m an finds confi de nt in his p e r f o r m a n c e if his coach knows how to c r ea te feeling of

success in the training units. Thus, it is especially im p o r t a n t to cr ea te e m o ti o n a l highlights.

For this, funny relays are especially suitai^le as well as mi n or games.

T h e ad van ta ge of those joyful training forms is that they fill the s p o r ts m e n with

e n t h u s i a s m and that ahigh trainig intensity is o b ta in e d by m e an s o f th e m -agility, sp eed and

str eng th can be deve lop ed. In o r d e r to be able to fuilfil the principles tasks o f training during

the fo r m a t io n of his wrestler the coach should first of all take the following d e m a n d s into

consideration.

1. Wrestling training should m a k e a cont rib uti on to the e d u c a ti o n of sp ortsmen.

T h e coach has a gr eat responsibility as an edu ca tor . His thinking a nd acting will

concisively influence the total d e v e l o p m e n t of his athletes. T h e coach s hould set a positive

example. Mis at titude towards work, his be ha vi our durin g training, his social m a n n e rs and

his consistent a p p e a r a n c e in the social life is highly ini[)ortant to the s p o r ts m e n of his training
 .. 263 ..

group. T h e coach has to organize the e d u c a ti o n of his wrestlers consciously, systematically

a n d purposefuly. C o ac h in judgi ng his wrestlers m u st also c o ns id er the at tit ud e at their

work ing places or at school as well as in the social an d private lives. In realizing the

ed uc a tio n a l a nd fo rm at io n al aims. T h e success of his w o r k will essentially d e p e n d u p o n his

ability to form the collective of the training g ro u p t o g e t h e r with the active co re of th e youth

organization. T h e successful edu ca tio n a l w ork s hou ld find expression in the read in es s of all

m e m b e r s o f the training group.

2. Medical training should be illustrative -

Every coach is striving to do his best that his w restlers ac q ui re well th e necessary

m o t o r skills. It is necessary to get a clear im agi nat ion of the cou rs es of m o v e m e n t to be

learnt. In conveying the te ch n iq u e of holds for ex am p le th e coach should first of all

familiarize his athletes, with the ch ar a ct er of the hold to be learnt.

If the coach u nd er s ta nd s how to explain his pupils, all cha racteristic features of single

courses of m o v e m e n t which ar e expressed in the gr ou ps of the holds, an exact imagination

of the concerts co nt ent s of the various m o v e m e n ts is fo rmed.

T h e form of the various holds which is d e t e r m i n e d by tha t part of the body over which

the throw is ex ec ut ed as well as by the direction of m o v e m e n t and the special gripping for

the exec uti on of that m o v e m e n t, m a k e s the general imagination of m o v e m e n t of the special

hold m o r e c o nc r e te and su p oo rts the teaching and le arning m o r e c o n c r e te a nd sup po rts the

teach ing and le arning process essentially. T h e factors, e l e b o r a t e d in the the ory o n the

"Classification and Terminology of the H ol d s in Wrestling".

1. C h a r a c t e r of m o v e m e n t (throw, ta kedown, roll)

2. Part of the body over which the throw is acco mplish ed, a nd direction of
mo v e m en t.

3. Special gripping for the execution of m o v e m e n t w e r e exactly applied inthe

p r o g r a m m e . Fo r the il lu str at io n Jo r the coach, besides of the terminologically carried terms

for the various holds, the old, empirically cr e a te d talent of the holds ar e also me ntioned.
 % . . 264 . .

T h e beginner, however, should form the first day also learn the co rr ect terms, thus being

u n a b l e to creative collaboration. T h e principle of illustration f u r t h e r m o r e requ ire s that the

coach, afte r giving the te rm of hold, can d e m o n s t r a t e it correctly. A ft e r the dem on str at io n,

th e coach explains the co r re s p o n d in g cours e of m o v e m e n t clearly and easily to be

u n d e r s to o d . T h e coach should use various ed uca tio na l aids, such as p h o to g r a p h i c series,

film loops, e d u ca tio na l films and others. P h o to s on which the various scene s o f a b o u t of the

co rr e s p o n d in g holds are well recogn isa ble can be an im p o r t a n t help.

4. T h e coach sh ould convey the m o t o r skills systematically. T h e technical and tactical

m e a n s of wrestling are very com p re h en siv e. T h a t is why it is necessary that, besides of the

o b s e r v a n c e of the principle to p r o c e e d in training fr o m easy to co m p li c a te d courses of

m o v e m e n t , f r o m well-known to u n k n o w n subject matters, a strict systematics sh ou ld be

followed.

T h e training p r o g r am s for coaches and s p o r ts m e n e l a b o r a t e d by the coaches,

association of the Wrestling F ed e r a t io n of India form the basis for un if or m systematic

wrestling training. Con sequen tly, to follow the princi|)le of systematics m e a n s to begin

le arning a certain holds only w h e n the s po rt s m an has ac qu ir ed the c o r re s p o n d in g m o t o r

skills.

T h e Principle of systematics is n o t only im p o r t a n t for the con veyance of m o t o r skills,

b u t also for the increase in load according to the different d e v e l o p m e n t o f the wrestlers and

t h e ir state of health, the load can be increased w h er ea s it has to be r e d u c e d for ma in tai ne d

with a n ot he r . A ccording to the ai m to be achieved load can be inc re as ed by th e dosage of

t h e n u m b e r of exercises, by various speeds, by modifying the d u r a t i o n of the bout, by

different weights of the p a r t n e r or by exercising with several o p p o n e n t s o ne after another.

Cons is ten t o bs erv anc e of the training p r o g r a m m e as well as regularly p e r f o r m e d medical

che ck-ups m u st be p r e s u p p o s e d for a systematic training.

5. T h e coach should stim ulate the conscious a n d active col la b or at io n of his

s p o r t s m e n during the training. T h e successful basic training in wrestling is decisively

 . . 265 . .

d e t e r m i n e d by the conscious collabo rat ion of the s p o r t s m e n in the various training units.

T h e yo u ng w res tler learns a new m o t o r skill m o r e quickly a n d m o r e systematically. T h a t is

why the s p o r t s m a n mu st be a d o p t e d to c o n c e n tr a te d collaboration.

A n o t h e r valuable m e a n s is the co m p et it io n b e t w e e n several training groups. T h e

con te nts of that co m p et it io n can be the consistent o b s er va n ce of the training p r o g r a m m e of

the a c h i e v e m e n t of partial n or ms for the sports ba dg e till a fixed date. T h e coach should

know how to m a k e his d e m a n d s convincingly. H e should e n a b l e to wrestlers of his training

g r o u p to be cap a b le to assess their success and defea ts correctly. If he proves, by giving

c o n c r e te ex am ple s how much p ers erv anc e and diligence p r e c e d e high sports perf orm an ces ,

he will bring t h e m up to conscious physical and m e n ta l coll aor at ion in training.

6. IVaining should be universal -

U n d e r universal for m at io n of the wrestler we u n d e r s t a n d his e du ca tio n to conscious

and active col laboration in social life as well as the h a r m o n i o u s d e v e l o p m e n t of all his

physical and men tal capacities and qualities. Besides the age peculiarities, the coach should

take the physical prerequisites, the state of health and the peculiarites of his s p o r ts m e n into

consideration.

7. T h e acquisition of the various m o t o r skills sho uld be stable and lasting.

A hold m a s t e r e d by a wrestler is only valuable w h e n it can be appl ied successfully in

about. T h a t is why the exercising of the various m o t o r skills m u s t be d o n e u n d e r conditions

which conf irm to the tactical situations of wrestling. Co ns eq u en tl y , th e coach has to teach

th e f u n d a m e n ta l s of a te ch n iq u e which is stable and lasting.

T h e various training units are always ar r an g ed in the following way. irrespective of

the c on cr e te set of aim ;

1. G e n e r a l Introductory part
2. Special introductory part
3. Main part
4. Final part
 . . 266 . .

T h e ge ne ra l in tr odu cti on lasts for a b o u t 10 to 15 minutes. D u r i n g this time the whole

org an is m (b lo o d circulation, muscular, joint an d nervous systems) is gradually p r e p a r e d for

hi g he r loads. R el axe d walking and runn ing a r o u n d the mat, s ho rt relay races o f ga m es op en

th e practical p a r t of training This "Warming up" is s u p p l e m e n t e d by gymnastics exercises by

which o n e again all ma jor oints and m u sc ul ar grou ps are mobilized. T h e r e by the coach

sh oul d select such exercises which load the joints of the lower and u p p e r extremists as well

as the spinal column.

T h e special p r e p a r a t i o n begins imme dia tley after thos e exercises. For a b o u t 20

m i n u te s in tha t pa rt of the training unit particularly such muscles and join ts of the s p o r ts m en

ar e p r e p a r e d which are especially lo ad ed dur ing the ma in p a r t of th e training. O n the one

h a n d it bear s t he ch ar a ct er of special body building and on th e o t h e r h a n d th e m o v e m e n t is

trained. If, for ex am p le in the main part of the training unit te ch n iq u e, as trined, special

training can be d o n e in the following way :

1. Special gymnastic exercises (in freestyle wrestling especially exercises for the hip,

the k ne e and foot joints).

2. P a r t n e r exercises (for example, the p a r t n e r is m o v e d a r o u n d o n e ’s own body,

grasp p a r t n e r in un de rg r as p and alterna ting thing swing).

3. I m it at io n exercises (for example, wrestling in front o f the mirror, imitating holds

w ith o u t p ar tn e r) .
\

4. Fighting exercises (for example, lifting, fighting, with leg trip; b o th p a r t n e r stand

b a c k to back, on whistling signal turn and obta in evaluation).

5. Wrestling-in (for exam ple 5 minutes relaxed wrestling). By that, the p ar t of the

special p r e p a r a t i o n is finished and the coach can go on the main part.

T h e con te nts of that part of the training unit can be for exam ple, the exercising of

special skills of wrestling, but as well it can serve the increase in strength, the de v e l o p m e n t
 .. 267 ..

of endurance, agility or speed. Mostly it lasts for more than 80 minutes.

I n the g en er a l w ar m in g - up mostly such exercises are r e q u i r e d which the young

wrestlers kn ow in the m a in f r o m the sports lessons at school. It is quite d iffere nt w h e n the

technical courses of m o v e m e n t have to be learnt. H e r e b y th e cou rses o f m o v e m e n t are not

always comp licate d, but they d e m a n d from the s p o r ts m a n f r e q u e n t exercising if he wants to

apply th e m successfully against any p a r tn e r or o p p o n e n t . I ’hat is why the coach m u st convey

the various te chn iqu es of holds systematically. His pedagogical me th o di ca l work is of

decisive i m p o r ta n c e for the success of the training unit. Training is a te aching a n d learning

process : req uir es that the coach is provided with ahigh kn ow led ge a b o u t the ability to

correctly d e m o n s t r a te , explain and co rrect the tehnical m o v e m e n t s of wrestling. This

process also re q u ir e s concious collab or at ion of each trainee. In wrestling, abo v e t h e teaching

of an e l e m e n t a r y imagination of m o v e m en t, the technical exercising of the holds as wellas

th e stabilization and a u t o m a ti o n u n d e r tactical conditions ar e cha racteristic o f the mastering

of the holds.

T h e s p o rt s m en must get a co n cr e te imagination of the course of m o v e m e n t to be

learnt. T h e coach will m e e t this d e m a n d best by giving an exact d e m o n s t r a i t o n of the new

exercise at nor ma l speed and slow mot ion and by explaining the most im p o r t a n t features

of the exec uti on of m o v e m e n t and the application of force. A f te r this the s p o rt s m e n try to

imitate this m o v e m en t. T h o s e thre e mo ve me nts , the good ex am pl e d ur ing the execution of

m o v e m e n t , the explanation of the most i m p o r ta n t stages of this m o v e m e n t m o v e m e n t, and

th e in ti ma tio n or the s i m u l t a n e o u s execution of this m o v e m e n t c re a te for the be g i n n e r a

c o rr ec t ima gin at ion o f teh sports m o v e m e n t to be exeucted.

In the main part of a training unit the tak ed ow n forward with d o u b le grasping of one

a r m and leg trip is taught. This is the first hold of freestyle wrestling. T h e coach gives an

exact d e m o n s t r a ti o n of tak ed ow n and the c o r r e s p o n d in g explanation. But he does not ask

the s p o r t s m e n to imitate it, he lets th e m start exercising immediatley. Thi s m e t h o d serves

to be ti m e saving. Imitating the new m o t o r skill for several times (taking part in thinking
 . . 268 . .

and the first a t te m p t s for the s p o r ts m e n im me d ia tle y after the tr a i n e r ’s explanation

p er m i ts the s p o r t s m e n to c o m e to a co rr ect imagin ation of m o v e m e n t . T h e active use of the

puUing arm, the blocking of the o p p o n e n t ’s forward swi mm in g leg an d the fast tu r n to the

b o t t o m m a n e n a b l e the ex ec uto r to control if he has essentially u n d e r s t o o d w h at the coach

has taught or not. T h e following advice of the tr ai ner as to the key points and the use of force

o f the cours e of m o v e m e n t give the sp o r ts m an a clear picture of the te ch n iq u e of holds

con ce rn ed . By correc ting and pointing out the most essential key points of the m o v e m e n t

the coach avoids that, from the first, principally w r on g m o v e m e n t s are m a d e by the

s po rts m en . W h e n all s p o r ts m e n have an exact imagination of m o v e m e n t o f the hold to be

acqu ired, the actual exercising of the hold starts. First of all it is d o n e w ith o u t resistance of

th e p ar tn e r. D e s p i t e of the highest c o n c e n tr a to n on th e cours e of m o v e m e n t th e b e g i n n e r

will still m a k e ma ny sup erfluou s m o v e m e n t s or c r a m p his muscles. T h e r e f o r e the exeuction

o f t h e hold as a w hol e will be still inefficient. In that case we s p e a k of th e state of irrationality

(dispersion of impulses) in the central nervous system. T h e r e f o r e the coach co rrect the

major mistakes of the traine e o n e after an ot h er. H e pays at te n ti o n that the s p o r ts m e n do

n o t exactly copy the exec ution of holds, but p e r f o r m th e m ac co rd ing to their ow n physical

a n d psychic peculiarities.

D u r i n g this stage the m o v e m e n t s of the s p o r t s m e n b e c o m e m o r e effluent. T h e use

of the ir muscles is direc ted m o r e pr operly to teh cours e of m o v e m e n t. Thi s im p r o v e m e n t

o f quality re qu ire s side of the help given by the coach a conscious c o ll ab o ra ti o n of the

sp or ts m an . T h e coach can obta in the conscious and p ur p os ef u l co ll ab o r at io n of his

s po r ts m en , e.g. by having each p a r t n e r d e m o n s t r a t e ac co rd ing to a fixed n u m b e r and the

s p o r t s m e n given an evaluation of it. Thus, the coach te ach es th e various holds in the

following sequences.

1. T h e n a m e of the hold is given. T h e n its ma in e l e m e n t s p o in t e d out.

2. T h e coacii d e m o n s t r a t e s the hold slowly and at working sp eed.
3. T h e coach explains the hold and gives s o m e m o r e slow m ot io n d em o ns tr at io n .

H e draws the t r a i n e e s ’ atte nt io n to the following main points.

 .. 269 ..

(a) H o w to p e r f o r m the hold (character, grasping and d ire ct ion of m o v e m e n t ) ?

(b) H o w a b o u t the position of th e legs an d the t r u n k in rela tio n to the body of the
o p p o n e n t while p e r f o r m i n g the hold?
(c) W h e r e and into which direction is the mo bi lization of force of the arms, legs and
tr un k being d o n e ?
(d) 1 low do es the co ord ina tio n of m o v e m e n t take place?

4. Explaining the final phas e of the hold and the holding of the o p p o n e n t in bridge
position.

5. H in t at the sources of faults and explainalion of what to o bs er ve in o r d e r to avoid them.

6. E xp la nat io n of the tactidi cal application of the hold and illustration by p hot o, loop

films, g oo d exam ples etc.

7. A nsw eri ng que st io n conc er nin g the execution of holds. Fo r exercising the holds, pairs

of the s a m e weight and appro xim ately the sa m e height are n a m e d , the ma t

- sh ould be divided in such a way that the various pairs do not disturb each other.

With a m a t o f 9 m e tre s and exercises from rest, no m o r e than 4 pairs can exercises. Exercising

a hold is first of all d o n e to o ne side i.e. what the p a r t n e r executing the hold is fbced in

advance. A fte r cor rec ti on by the coach the hold is alternatively pulled to b o th sides by all

wrestlers. T h e coach should see to it that the hold to be le arnt is p e r f o r m e d by all trainees

with the s a m e intensity. If several wrestlers m a k e the s a m e fault (for example, hip action

with the d o u b le leg pick up, with ov ert hr ow is insufficient) the coach sh ould in t er r u p t the

training, exp laination a n d d e m o n s t r a t e the course of m o v e m e n t agai n a n d let it repeat, first

w ith o u t resistance, later with resistance of the par tne r.

W h e n this task is fulfilled the coach goes on to the net principle point of the main

part. Now the wrestler can exercise and stablize the se holds which they have le arnt in the

previous training units u n d e r conditions m o r e difficult. A w ellorgan ized training unit

essentially increases the efficiency of training. If a training g r o u p consists of 20 to 25

s p o r ts m e n and the mat ar ea being available is small, o n e s hou ld divide the gr ou p into two

squads. In the main p ar t of the training unit the squa ds have to solve different tasks at the
 .. 270 ..

s a m e time. O n e s qu ad begins, for example, with weight training, games, relays, p ar tn e r

exercises (hfting bouts, truni ng in drill, r eac tio n drills) w h e re a s the o t h e r s qu ad starts

exercising holds o n the mat. T h e n the squa ds cha nge tasks so tha t the ap p a r a tu s e s available

a re rationally utilized and the p e r m e n e n t activity of all tra in ee s with the necessary intensity

is gu ar an t ee d . T h e final part of the training unit which claims a b o u t 10 m i n ut es helps the

trainees to find rest and relaxation again; relaxed walking a r o u n d the mat, with breathing

exercises as well as small floor exercises diagonally over the mat. A b o v e all, m i n o r games

can cr ea te the p r o p e r end. In front of the lined-up training g r o u p the coach evaluates the

training. T h e h o m e w ork is an i m p o r ta n t help for the training work. As to the contents, the

flooring tasks can be included;

1. T h e o r e t i c a l tasks 2. G e n e r a l athletic tasks 3. Special athletic tasks.

1.6 The technique -

T h e s e w ho watch a wrestling b o ut can recognize, oven as layman, that all m o v e m e n ts

ar e ex ec u ted in a cert ain order. T h e s e versatile and di r ec te d m o v e m e n t s ar e s u m m a ri ze d

u n d e r the te a m of technique. T h e techn ique s of wrestling co m pr is es all rational positions,

m o v e m e n t s and kinds of grips tested in the practice and being in c o r r e s p o n d a n c e with the

co m p et it io n rules, which a im ed at com|)lcting the bout successfully. Thus , it is p r o c e d u r e

d e v e l o p e d and tets in practice to solve a certain sports tasks best possible. T h e p r o p e r

exec uti on of holds are called "technique of holds".

T h a t in anci ent days wrestling was in vogue in Iran, th e P er s ia n epic "Shahanama" by

Firdawsi is a clear proof, w h e r e in the story of S u h r ab a n d R u s t a m is n ar r at ed . B o th of th e m

w e r e fa mo u s wrestlers.

Firdawsi was prob abl y bo rn in 935-6, and that he finished the final edition of the

"Shahnama" in 1010, being al lhal time abo ut eighty years of age. *

1. Edward. G. Browne - A Literary History of Persia, Volume II pp. 134-135 and 144 Cambridge
University Press, 1964.
 . . 27 1 . .

The appropriate conclusion of this chapter would be :

Wrestling like o t h e r sports has b e c o m e m o r e a n d m o r e specialised in te ch n iq u e and

training. T h e im p r o v e m e n t s in eq u i p m e n t, training m e t h o d s an d diet in o t h e r coun tries are

so r e m a r k a b l e an d a pp r ec ia b le c o m p a r e d to ours that we stan d no m at ch to the m . T h e results

ar e naturally p r o p o r t i o n a t e to the inputs. T h e i r a p p r o a c h is systematic an d scientific. We

have no system wo rth the n am e. T h e r e is no system o f sp otting th e talent, catching and

coaching t h e m yo un g except the Na tion al Sports talents co n te st n ow i n t r o d u c e d by the

Sports Au thor ity o f India. T h e effect of the s c h e m e has yet to b e e v al u at e d a nd its results

a r e yet to be seen.

Wrestling in India is ‘A k h a r a ’ based. Fo r 9 m o n t h s ou t o f 12 o u r wrestlers train in

‘M u d ’. Only dur ing the coaching camps do they get an ap p o r tu n i ty o f training on

in t er n at i o n al mats. In a country w h e r e t h e re sh ould be n o t less tha n a million wrestlers, the

n u m b e r of wrestling mats in the w ho le of the country is not m o r e tha n 100. Fo r National

and I n te rn a ti o n a l com petitions, mats have to be b o r r o w e d fr o m the Sports Authority of

India. A k h a r a wrestling and Intern ation al wrestling on r u b b e r mats are entirely different

styles. M a t wrestling is extremely fast. It is like a p e r s o n tra in ed for m a r a t h o n being ma d e

to c o m p e t e in sprints in the Inter na tio na l competitions.

Lac k of ed u ca ti o n is a n o t h e r m a jo r ha n di ca p in the al lro un d personality

d e v e l o p m e n t of the wrestlers. M os t of the wrestlers particularly those f r o m the villages

n eglect their education. T h e y have failed to provide the le ad er s hi p for th e d e v e l o p m e n t of

the game.

T h e f ed er at io n should have its own Stadium, halls, e q u i p m e n t , coa ch es and funds to

organise co m pe tit io ns and coaching schemes. Similarly, the State Associations should be

well -eq uip ped . Facilities are n e e d e d in every A k h a r a for int ern ati on al styles of wrestling.

All i m p o r ta n t A k h a r a s should be a d o p t e d as its own coach ing ce n tr es by the Sports

Authority. W h a t is n e e d e d is discipline and dev otion al all levels. '

1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centenary Gold Cup Intemational Wrestling Tournament. NewDelhl1989

 .. Ill ..

The first ten countries in t he world have secured gol d medals

in t he w r e s t i ing in t h e O l y m p i c s from 1896 to 1988. The c h art indicates

t h ei r position.

Country Gol d Medals

1. U .S.S.R . 61

2. U.S.A . 39

3. Sweden 28

4. Finland 26

5. Turkey 23

6. J apan 19

7. Hanqery 16

8. B ulgaria 14

9. Rumania 7

10. Italy 6

The following graph shows t he relationship b et ween the c o u n t r i e s

and t he gold medals awarded -

70 --
60 -■
50 -■
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-> X

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(U
Countries d; ■D
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(V
cr
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O' ro
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CO CO 3 TO ro 3 3
ZD ZD to il X CO d;