HARVARD REFERENCING

for

THE ROBERT GORDON

UNIVERSITY

Principles of referencing

with examples of references

for:

books
journal articles
conference papers
web pages

Chris Brown
January 2010
Contents

Page

1. WHY, WHEN AND HOW TO REFERENCE

1.1 Why reference? ................................................... 6

1.2 When to reference ............................................... 6

1.3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ................ 7

1.4 How to reference 8

1.4.1 A summary ............................................. 8

1.4.2 Citations ................................................. 9

1.4.3 Examples of citations – no direct quotation . 10

1.4.4 Examples of citations – direct quotation ...... 11

1.4.5 Secondary referencing .............................. 12

1.4.6 Illustrations ............................................ 13

1.4.7 Finding the information for your reference 13

1.4.7.1 An example of a library catalogue

record for a book ..................................... 14

1.4.7.2 An example of a database record for

a journal article ....................................... 15

1.4.7.3 Tips for referencing web pages ...... 16

2. SAMPLE FORMATS FOR REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

2.1 Authored books

2.1.1 One author ............................................. 18

2
 2.1.2 Two authors ............................................ 19

2.1.3 Three authors ......................................... 20

2.1.4 More than three authors ........................... 21

2.2 Edited books

2.2.1 One editor .............................................. 22

2.2.2 Two editors ............................................. 23

2.2.3 Three editors .......................................... 24

2.2.4 More than three editors ............................ 25

2.3 Journal and newspaper articles

2.3.1 One author ............................................. 26

2.3.2 Two authors ............................................ 27

2.3.3 Three authors ......................................... 28

2.3.4 More than three authors ........................... 29

2.4 Web pages

2.4.1 Web page where you can identify a personal

author ................................................. 31

2.4.2 Web page where you cannot identify a

personal author ................................................. 32

2.5 Conference papers and proceedings

2.5.1 Set of conference proceedings as a whole . 33

2.5.2 One conference paper from a set of

conference proceedings ...................................... 34

3
4
1. WHY, WHEN AND HOW
TO REFERENCE

5
1.1 Why reference?

Referencing is necessary

 To give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to

whose work you have referred, in order to avoid a charge of
plagiarism (see section 1.3 below);

 To allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles,
web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further
information on the subject; and

 To demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic

writing.

1.2 When to reference

You must provide a reference

 Every time you quote directly from the work of someone else;

 Every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if

you

o Paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said;

o Summarise their arguments or ideas;

o Quote case studies, statistical data, known phrases,

definitions etc; or

o Use information which you have obtained from their work; or

 Where you wish to provide sources of further information,

clarification of points you have made in your text, or additional
evidence to support your arguments.

6
1.3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it

It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of
others in your academic writing.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s work without

acknowledging that you have done so by citing your sources and providing
references for them.

Quoting

Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and

reproducing them in your work.

Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text but

enclosed within quotation marks (double inverted commas).

Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not

require quotation marks.

Examples of how to insert quotations into your text are at section 1.4.4
below.

Paraphrasing

Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other
people’s work are reproduced in your work in your own words this will still
constitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference.

Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of

study does not have to be referenced.

7
1.4 How to reference

1.4.1 A summary

Element Description

Citation Inserted into your text where you

have quoted from, or referred to,
someone else’s work.

Consists, in brackets, of the

author(s) or editor(s) of the work
followed by the year of publication.

A page reference should be included

where you have quoted directly or
are referring to an illustration
(photograph, map, table, diagram
etc).

Reference list At the end of your work giving the

full reference details of works from
which you have quoted or to which
you have referred.

The list is arranged alphabetically

by author.

Bibliography At the end of your work following

the reference list.

Lists the full reference details for

items which you have read but to
which you have not referred directly
in your text. Therefore there will be
no citation in your text.

Such items would include

background reading.

The list is arranged alphabetically

by author.

8
 Your bibliography and reference list
can be combined into one.

1.4.2 Citations

Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone else’s work you
must insert a citation in your text.

This will guide the reader to the reference list at the end of your work.
Here they can look up, alphabetically by author, a full reference for the
item you have used.

The citation is placed in brackets in your text and consists of:

 the surnames of the author(s) or editor(s) of the item as they

appear in the reference list at the end of your work;

 the year of publication; and

 where you quote directly from someone else’s work or are referring
to an illustration, a page reference.

Only the first letter of the authors’ or editors’ surnames is capitalised and
no initials are give.

There is no comma between the surname(s) and the year of publication.

Examples of formats for citations are given at sections 1.4.3 – 1.4.4

below.

9
1.4.3 Examples of citations – no direct quotation

Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) occur naturally in

your text:

Grushkin (1991) claims that ...

Payne and Phillips (1985) claim that ...

Brewster, Fenton and Morris (2005) claim that ...

Roeder et al. (1967) claim that ...

Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) do not occur

naturally in your text:

It has been claimed (Grushkin 1991) that ...

It has been claimed (Payne and Phillips 1985) that ...

It has been claimed (Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005) that ...

It has been claimed (Roeder et al. 1967) that ...

Where the same author has published more than one work in the
same year.

In this case the citation should include a letter following the date to
differentiate between the references, eg

(Brown 2008a) and (Brown 2008b)

The letter is also used in the reference list/bibliography at the end of your
work. This allows the reader to identify the exact reference which you are
citing

10
1.4.4 Examples of citations – direct quotation

See section 1.4.3 above for the correct style for different numbers of
authors(s) or editor(s).

Brief quotations

Brown (2008 p. 8) has stated most astutely that “referencing is a pain I

could do without”.

or

One view is that “referencing is a pain I could do without” (Brown 2008 p.

8).

Longer quotations

Toye (2007 p. 1) states categorically that:

David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most
important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only
were both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also
established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform.

or

A not uncommon view is that:

David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most
important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only
were both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also
established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform.
(Toye 2007 p.1)

11
1.4.5 Secondary referencing

You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has made
reference to or quoted from another work which you have not read but to
which you, in your turn, also wish to refer.

This is called secondary referencing.

Either you can make the situation clear in your text, eg:

Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1998 p. 19), claimed that

most people could do without literature “far more easily than they
could do without coffee or whisky”.

Or, you can use the bracketed citation, eg:

Chandler (cited in Hiney 1998 p. 19) claimed that most people

could do without literature “far more easily than they could do
without coffee or whisky”.

In either case you only reference the work which you have read.

In this case the reference which would appear in your reference list would
be:

HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London:

Vintage.

12
1.4.6 Illustrations

Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work

You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which is
included in a book or journal article. In this case your sentence should
make clear the type of item you are referring to and your citation should
include a page reference and figure number, table number etc if there is
one.

For example:

... Donnan’s graph (2000 p. 371 fig. 30.4) shows that the majority
of patients ...

The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is then
referenced in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal article
etc may or may not be the same person who has authored the illustration.

Illustrations which you have reproduced in your work

Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you have

copied and reproduced in your work are given in Examples of Harvard
references which can be accessed from CampusMoodle in the same
location as this document.

1.4.7 Finding the information for your reference

It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference by
looking up a catalogue record (book) or bibliographic database record
(journal article). All the elements you need, eg authors, title, publisher,
year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.

13
 1.4.7.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book

Full title
Edition, and
if not complete
the first list of
edition authors
or editors

Publisher Year of
City of publication publication
n

14
1.4.7.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a
journal article

Title of
the
article

Full list of
authors

Title of journal
in which the
article was
Volume published
number

Part/issue number

Year of
publication

15
1.4.7.3 Tips for referencing web pages

It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your

common sense. For example:

 Author/editor. Very often there will be no identifiable person to

use as an author or editor, so both the author and the publisher will
be the organisation which “owns” the web site. This will often be a
company, university etc.

 City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to

find, so try something like the “contact us” link and look for a postal
address.

 Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. If

there is no obvious date, use the “last updated” year if the site
gives one (usually near the bottom of the page). If this is not
given, use the current year.

16
 2. SAMPLE FORMATS FOR
REFERENCE LIST AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY

This section provides templates which will help you to

create references for standard items, ie

authored or edited books

journal articles
web pages
conference papers and proceedings

For more unusual items, eg a book where the author is an

organisation, an online video, or a legal document, see

Examples of Harvard references

which is available on CampusMoodle in the same location

as this document.

17
2.1 Authored books

Authored books are written by one or more people who are equally
responsible for the whole text.

Edited books (see section 2.2 below) contain chapters written by

different people. These have then been collected into one volume by an
editor or editors.

2.1.1 One author

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Author (capitals) GRUSHKIN, P.,
2 Year of publication 1991.
3 Title of the book The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk.
(italics)
4 Edition (if not the 2nd ed.
first edition)
5 City of publication New York, NY:
6 Publisher Artabras.

Citation in your text:

(Grushkin 1991)

Reference list/bibliography:

GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd
ed. New York, NY: Artabras.

18
2.1.2 Two authors (list them both)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Authors (capitals) PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R.,
2 Year of publication 1985.
3 Title of the book Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the
(italics) chemistry and formation of water-in-oil
emulsions and tar balls.
4 Edition (if not the
first edition)
5 City of publication Chelsea, MI:
6 Publisher Lewis Publishers.

Citation in your text:

(Payne and Phillips 1985)

Reference list/bibliography:

PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine
environment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and
tar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

19
2.1.3 Three authors (list them all)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Authors (capitals) BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M.,
2 Year of publication 2005.
3 Title of the book Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the
(italics) video nasty era.
4 Edition (if not the
first edition)
5 City of publication Guildford:
6 Publisher FAB.

Citation in your text:

(Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005)

Reference list/bibliography:

BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!:

astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB.

20
2.1.4 More than three authors (list the first author et al.)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Authors (capitals) ROEDER, K. et al.,
2 Year of publication 1967.
3 Title of the book Nerve cells and insect behavior.
(italics)
4 Edition (if not the
first edition)
5 City of publication Cambridge, MA:
6 Publisher Harvard University Press.

Citation in your text:

(Roeder et al. 1967)

Reference list/bibliography:

ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press.

21
2.2 Edited books

Edited books contain chapters written by different people. They have

then been collected into one volume by an editor or editors.

Authored books (see section 2.1 above) are written by one or more
people who are equally responsible for the whole text.

2.2.1 One editor

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Editor (capitals) STANGOS, N., ed.,
2 Year of publication 1981.
3 Title of the book Concepts of modern art.
(italics)
4 Edition (if not the revised ed.
first edition)
5 City of publication London:
6 Publisher Thames and Hudson.

Citation in your text:

(Stangos 1981)

Reference list/bibliography:

STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London:
Thames and Hudson.

22
2.2.2 Two editors (list them both)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Editors (capitals) SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds.,
2 Year of publication 2007.
3 Title of the book ABC of major trauma.
(italics)
4 Edition (if not the 4th ed.
first edition)
5 City of publication London:
6 Publisher BMJ.

Citation in your text:

(Skinner and Driscoll 2007)

Reference list/bibliography:

SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th
ed. London: BMJ.

23
2.2.3 Three editors (list them all)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Editors (capitals) PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I.,
eds.,
2 Year of publication 2007.
3 Title of the book Fitness for work: the medical aspects.
(italics)
4 Edition (if not the 4th ed.
first edition)
5 City of publication Oxford:
6 Publisher Oxford University Press.

Citation in your text:

(Palmer, Cox and Brown 2007)

Reference list/bibliography:

PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I., eds., 2007. Fitness for work:
the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

24
2.2.4 More than three editors (list the first editor et al.)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Editors (capitals) HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds.,
2 Year of publication 2006.
3 Title of the book Developments in European politics.
(italics)
4 Edition (if not the
first edition)
5 City of publication Basingstoke:
6 Publisher Palgrave Macmillan.

Citation in your text:

(Heywood et al. 2006)

Reference list/bibliography:

HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds., 2006. Developments in European politics.

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

25
2.3 Journal and newspaper articles

2.3.1 One author

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Author of the article CHRISTIANSEN, K.,
(capitals)
2 Year of publication 2005.
3 Title of the article Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century
masters to the Met.
4 Title of the journal Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin,
in which the article
was published
(italics)
5 Volume number 62
6 Issue number (3),
7 Page reference of pp. 3-48.
the article

Citation in your text:

(Christiansen 2005)

Reference list/bibliography:

CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century

masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 62(3), pp. 3-48.

26
2.3.2 Two authors (list them both)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Authors of the BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E.,
article (capitals)
2 Year of publication 2005.
3 Title of the article The art of teaching in the museum.
4 Title of the journal Journal of Aesthetic Education,
in which the article
was published
(italics)
5 Volume number 39
6 Issue number (1),
7 Page reference of pp. 65-76.
the article

Citation in your text:

(Burnham and Kai-Kee 2005)

Reference list/bibliography:

BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E., 2005. The art of teaching in the museum.
Journal of Aesthetic Education, 39(1), pp. 65-76.

27
2.3.3 Three authors (list them all)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Authors of the GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN,
article (capitals) A.,
2 Year of publication 2006.
3 Title of the article Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas
industry.
4 Title of the journal World Oil,
in which the article
was published
(italics)
5 Volume number 227
6 Issue number (7),
7 Page reference of pp. 45-51.
the article

Citation in your text:

(Gelfgat, Basovich and Adelman 2006)

Reference list/bibliography:

GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN, A., 2006. Aluminium alloy

tubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil, 227(7), pp. 45-51.

28
2.3.4 More than three authors (list the first author et al.)

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Authors of the WAGNER, M.R. et al.,
article (capitals)
2 Year of publication 2006.
3 Title of the article Horizontal drilling and openhole gravel packing
with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone.
4 Title of the journal SPE Drilling and Completion,
in which the article
was published
(italics)
5 Volume number 21
6 Issue number (1),
7 Page reference of pp. 32-43.
the article

Citation in your text:

(Wagner et al. 2006)

Reference list/bibliography:

WAGNER, M.R. et al., 2006. Horizontal drilling and openhole gravel

packing with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone. SPE Drilling and
Completion, 21(1), pp. 32-43.

29
2.4 Web pages

Tips for finding the elements to create the reference for a web
site:

It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your

common sense.

Often there will be no identifiable person to use as an author or editor.

In this case use the “owner” of the web site, which will probably be an
organisation, as both author and publisher. See example at section
2.4.2 below.

A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try something like

the “contact us” link and look for a postal address.

The year of publication can also be difficult to identify. If there is no

obvious date use the “last updated” year. If this is not given, use the
current year.

30
2.4.1 Web page where you can identify a personal author or
authors

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Author(s) (capitals) MULVEY, S.,
2 Year of publication 2006.
3 Title of the web Chernobyl’s continuing hazards.
page (italics)
4 [online].
5 City of publication London:
6 Publisher BBC News.
7 Available from:
8 URL (address of web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/
page) 4942828.stm
9 Date you looked at [Accessed 16 February 2006].
the web page

Citation in your text:

(Mulvey 2006)

Reference list/bibliography:

MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyl’s continuing hazards. [online]. London:

BBC News. Available from:
http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16
February 2006].

31
2.4.2 Web page where you cannot identify a personal author

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Owner of the web UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF
site (capitals) MEDICINE,
2 Year of publication 2007.
3 Title of the web Patient care.
page (italics)
4 [online].
5 City of publication Gainesville, FL:
6 Publisher University of Florida.
7 Available from:
8 URL (address of web http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml
page)
9 Date you looked at [Accessed 13 December 2007].
the web page

Citation in your text:

(University of Florida. College of Medicine 2007)

Reference list/bibliography:

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care.

[online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from:
http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml. [Accessed 13 December
2007].

32
2.5 Conference papers and proceedings

2.5.1 Set of conference proceedings as a whole

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Editor(s) (capitals) BENNETT, R., ed.,
2 Year of publication 2003.
3 Theme name of the New challenges for corporate and marketing
conference (italics) communications.
4 (italics) Proceedings of the
5 Name of conference Eighth International Conference on Corporate
(italics) and Marketing Communications.
6 Dates on which the 7-8 April 2003.
conference was held
7 City of publication of London:
the conference
proceedings
8 Publisher London Metropolitan University.

Citation in your text:

(Bennett 2003)

Reference list/bibliography:

BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing
communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on
Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London:
London Metropolitan University.

33
2.5.2 One conference paper from a set of conference
proceedings

Element Example, including punctuation

1 Author(s) of the DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S.,
individual paper
(capitals)
2 Year of publication 2003.
of the conference
proceedings
3 Title of the Creativity and advertising.
individual paper
4 In:
5 Editor(s) of the R. BENNETT, ed.
conference
proceedings
(capitals)
6 Theme name of the New challenges for corporate and marketing
conference (italics) communications.
7 (italics) Proceedings of the
8 Name of conference Eighth International Conference on Corporate
(italics) and Marketing Communications.
9 Dates on which the 7-8 April 2003.
conference was held
10 City of publication of London:
the conference
proceedings
11 Publisher London Metropolitan University.
12 Page reference of pp. 54-63.
the individual paper

Citation in your text:

(Doukakis, Proctor and Proctor 2003)

Reference list/bibliography:

DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S., 2003. Creativity and

advertising. In: R. BENNETT, ed. New challenges for corporate and
marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International
Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003.
London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63.

34