EEP

The environmental issues in India become more serious every day and she is turning into a
bit of a mess on this front but with over 1 Billion people most of which in dire poverty, it's
hardly surprising. The recent boom in its industries, little or no environmental education,
infrastructure at bursting point not to mention the huge deforestation that's going on.

India appears to be digging its own grave deeper and quicker than the rest of us, nearly
30% of India's gross agricultural output is lost every year due to soil degradation, poor land
management and counter productive irrigation. 7516 km of coastline have also come under
attack from this environmental sabotage, overfishing remains a huge problem due to lack of
legislation enforcement. Raw sewage from an awful lot of people is pumped endlessly into
the ocean along with other industrial waste and chemicals.

India's incredibly vulnerable water supply has also come under attack from every angle
resulting in very dramatic drop in the national water tables. Air pollution remains a huge
problem in India with the diesel used containing up to 200 times the amount of sulfur than
our European diesel.

The quite rapid story if India's deforestation is rather depressing. It is predicted that almost
5.3 Million hectares of forest have been destroyed since the independence. The government
has been slow to recognise this problem and the solutions it has come up with involve
unenforceable legislation mixed with wide spread corruption and a million poeple buring
desire to survive

Land degradation, disease and a huge litter problem are some of the other problems which
plague this great nation. It is however, not all lost...

Follow the link below for a complete view of the Environmental issues in
India. http://www.all-about-india.com/Environmental-issues-in-India.html

Another Expert article from the web's most comprehensive India resource.
Written by Oliver Wakefield of All-about-India.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Oliver_Wakefield

Give me 10 slogans on"Depletion of Natural Resources".?

• 4 years ago
• Report Abuse
Best Answer - Chosen by Voters
1. Trees are being cut down=no oxygen
2. Kids are being abducted= No Caring for the innocent
3. Animals are being killed for their fur= No Compassion
4. People are getting Ruder= No one cares anymore
5. Terrorist Attacks causing gas and other prizes to rise= Attacks on Religion and innocent people
6. Clear Skies Act= Descent, Should be called "The Dirty skies Act"
7. Wars all Over and No more Money left = The seals may beginning to be Broken Open
8. Ozone Layer Destroyed = There is no clear Skies
9. Glaciers Melting= Sure Sign we will Burn up
10. God is Angry= End of The World As We Know It One Day
4 years ago
 Water related diseases in Kerala

Kerala is confronting with number of epidemic diseases like dengue, chikunguniya, leptospirosis, viral fever, cholera,
malaria, hepatitis etc. The recent fever epidemic, which had gripped the State, was the disastrous outcome of the lack of
proper garbage treatment coupled with society’s irresponsible attitude towards maintenance of hygiene. Fever epidemics
like dengue had affected many other Indian States, but Kerala ranked top, second only to New Delhi. Most of the districts
still remain the favourable breeding ground for vectors, especially for the ‘Aedis aegypti,’ which transmits diseases such as
chikunguniya and dengue fever. The Aedes species could make breeding sites in flowerpots, discarded tires, cups, coconut
shells and concrete slabs of construction sites where water collects. Moreover, the ‘plastic culture’ has been a major
contributor to the explosion in the density of the vector population.

Epidemic diseases reported from Kerala (Sept 2006)

Epidemic diseases Number of incidence

Chikunguniya 43,000
Dengue 523
Leptospirosis 138
Malaria 68

Source: Directorate of Health Service

Pamphlet in Malayalam on water-related diseases

Some of the epidemics, their causes and symptoms are described below:

Chikunguniya

The disease is considered to be a rare form of viral fever caused by an Alphavirus (Togaviridae). The disease is transmitted
to the humans through the virus affected Aedes Aegypti mosquito. The disease is said to have first found its expression in
Tanzania, in the east coast of Africa in 1952 and also in Port Klang in Malaysia in 1999. Warm and humid climate and water
reservoirs serve as breeding ground for chikungunya. The epidemic cycle resembles that of Dengue and yellow fever.

The phenomenal symptoms of the disease include a sudden onset of chill, high body temperature that rises up to 102-103
degrees, petechial (red or purple spots on the body) or maculopapular rash (red spots or bumps) and artharalgia meaning
pain in the joints, photophobia (sensitivity to sunlight or any light) and severe headache, insomnia, hemorrhagic fever, nasal
blotchy, hyper pigmentation, multiple ecchymotic spots, utricaria etc. (http://living.oneindia.in/insync/chikungunya1.html,
http://personal.vsnl.com/sahasram/approval.htm)

Leptospirosis

The disease, also known as canicola fever, hemorrhagic jaundice, infectious jaundice, mud fever, spirochetal jaundice,
swamp fever, swineherd’s disease, caver’s flu or sewerman’s flu, is a potentially serious illness that can affect many parts of
the body. It is caused by Leptospira interrogans, a corkscrew shaped bacterium (spirochete). Infected rodents and other wild
and domestic animals pass the bacteria in their urine. The bacteria can live for a long time in fresh water, damp soil,
vegetation, and mud. People get leptospirosis by contact with fresh water, damp soil, or vegetation contaminated by the
urine of infected animals. Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria can reach all parts of the body and cause signs and
symptoms of illness. The symptoms include fever, headache, chills, nausea and vomiting, eye inflammation, and muscle
aches. In more severe cases, the illness can result in liver damage and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the
eyes), kidney failure, and internal bleeding.
(http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/sub_lepto.htm,http://www.leptospirosis.org/)

Dengue

Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection, found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban
and semi-urban areas. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the
1950s during the dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. There are four distinct, but closely related, viruses that
cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4), of the genus Flavivirus. Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans
through the bites of infective female Aedesmosquitoes. Mosquitoes generally acquire the virus while feeding on the blood of
an infected person and transmitted to the next person. Symptoms of typical uncomplicated dengue usually start with fever
within 5 to 6 days after a person has been bitten by an infected mosquito. Other symptoms are High fever, up to 105
degrees Fahrenheit, Severe headache, Retro-orbital (behind the eye) pain, Severe joint and muscle pain, Nausea and
vomiting, Rash. The rash may appear over most of the body 3 to 4 days after the fever begins. A second rash may appear
later in the disease.
(http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/dengue/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/sub_dengue.htm)

Malaria

It is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects between 300 and 500 million
people every year and causes between one and three million deaths annually, mostly among young children in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Malaria is therefore one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health problem. The
disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genusPlasmodium. The most serious forms of the disease are caused
by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, but other related species (P. ovale and P. malariae) can also infect humans. These
groups of human-pathogenic Plasmodium species are usually referred to collectively as malaria parasites. Female
Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites. Plasmodium multiplies within the red blood cells, causing symptoms that
include fever, anemia, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases, coma and death. (The Hindu Oct 16 2006)

There could be an upsurge in vector borne and water borne diseases, if our state will continue current system in vector
control and garbage clearance. Most of the people are concerned only in personal hygiene than their environmental
sanitation. It is due to their lack of awareness that, little pool of stagnant water can host lakhs of vectors of epidemic
diseases. Unless implementing proper ecofreindly technologies for waste management and way to generate less waste the
medical system will go to fail in the front of these epidemic diseases. Besides, it is very important that the integration of
various departments, mainly the Health and the Local Self-Government Departments, in the prevention and control of
epidemic activities.

•
• Isotope
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• This article is about the atomic variants of chemical elements. For the British jazz fusion band, see Isotope

(band).

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nuclide. (Discuss)

• Isotopes are nuclear configurations of atoms, with a specific number of neutrons and a specific elemental

type. In a corresponding manner, isotopes of the same element differ in mass number (or total number

of nucleons per atom) but never in atomic number.[1] The number of protons (the atomic number) is the

same among different isotopes of one element, because it defines the elemental type of the atom. Number

of protons is correspondingly always equal to (in an atom of net-neutral electric charge) the number

of electrons in the atom's shell, which is what determines the chemical properties of the atom and, thus,

characterizes a chemical element. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 are three isotopes of

the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14 respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6 (every

neutral atom of carbon has exactly 6 protons and 6 electrons, the former is what makes it carbon);

the neutron numbers in these isotopes of carbon are therefore 12−6 = 6, 13−6 = 7, and 14–6 = 8.
• A nuclide is not an atomic nucleus without a specified composition of protons and neutrons.

The nuclide concept emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, while the isotope concept

emphasizes chemical over nuclear. The neutron number has drastic effects on nuclear properties, but its

effect on chemical properties is negligible in most elements, and still quite small in the case of the very

lightest elements, where it does matter slightly. Since isotope is the older term, it is better known, and is still

sometimes used in contexts where nuclide might be more appropriate, such asnuclear technology.

• An isotope and/or nuclide is specified by the name of the particular element (this indicates the atomic

number implicitly) followed by a hyphen and the mass number (e.g. helium-3, carbon-12, carbon-13, iodine-

131 and uranium-238). When a chemical symbol is used, e.g., "C" for carbon, standard notation is to

indicate the number of nucleons with a superscript at the upper left of the chemical symbol and to indicate

the atomic number with a subscript at the lower left (e.g. 32He, 42He, 126C, 146C, 23592U, and 23992U). Since

the atomic number is implied by the element symbol, it is common to state only the mass number in the

superscript and leave out the atomic number subscript.

• Some isotopes are radioactive and are therefore described as radioisotopes or radionuclides, while others

have never been observed to undergo radioactive decay and are described as stable isotopes. For

example, 14C is a radioactive form of carbon while 12C and 13C are stable isotopes. There are about 339

naturally occurring nuclides on Earth[2], of which 288 are primordial nuclides. These include 31 nuclides with

very long half lives (over 80 million years) and 257 which are formally considered as "stable"[2]. About 30 of

these "stable" isotopes have actually been observed to decay, but with half lives too long to be estimated so

far. This leaves 227 nuclides that have not been observed to decay at all.

• Many more apparently "stable" isotopes are predicted by theory to be radioactive, with extremely long half-

lives (this does not count the posibility of proton decay, which would make all nuclides unstable). Of the 227

nuclides never observed to decay, only 90 of these (all from the first 40 elements) are stable in theory to all

known forms of decay. Element 41 (niobium) is theoretically unstable tospontaneous fission, but this has

never been detected. Many other stable nuclides are in theory energetically susceptible to other known

forms of decay such as alpha decay or double beta decay, but no decay has yet been observed. The half

lives for these processes often exceed a million times the estimated age of the universe.

• Adding in the radioactive nuclides that have been created artificially, there are more than 3100 currently

known nuclides.[3]. These include 905 nuclides which are either stable, or have half lives longer than 60

minutes. See list of nuclides for details.