Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OF
PHYSICS
(Revised 2005)
HIGHER ISSION
EDUCATION COMM
1
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
2
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 7
4. General Recommendations 75
3
PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By
looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual
development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has
turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in
like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula
regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields
of knowledge.
4
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
5
6
INTRODUCTION
A meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee was held at HEC,
Regional Centre, Karachi from 19-21 May, 2005 to finalize the revised draft
curriculum of Physics. The following attended:
1. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqsood, Convener
Professor,
Deptt. of Physics,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
2. Prof. Muhammad Maroof Khushk, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
3. Dr. Sohail Aziz Khan, Member
Professor,
NED University of Engg. & Technology, Karachi
4. Dr. Syed Iftikhar Ali, Member
Senior Fellow (Professor),
Institute of Business Management,
Korangi Creek Karachi
5. Dr. Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, Member
Professor, Deptt. of Physics,
Islamia University, Bahwalpur
6. Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, Member
Professor, Deptt. of Physics,
GC University,
Katchery Road, Lahore
7. Dr. M. Ayub Khan Yousafzai, Member
Chairman,
Deptt. of Applied Physics,
University of Karachi, Karachi
8. Dr. Muhammad Shahid Rafiq, Member
Deptt. of Physics
University of Engg. & Technology,
Lahore.
9. Dr. Jameel-un-Nabi, Member
Associate Professor & Dean Student Affairs,
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,
GIK Institute of Engg.Science& Technology
Topi, Distt. Swabi, NWFP
7
10. Prof. Dr. Qurban Ali Bhatti, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics,
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur
11. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Member
Associate Professor,
Deptt. of Physics,
University of the Punjab, Lahore
12. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Riaz Khan, Member
Director, Centralized Resource Laboratory,
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Peshawar, Peshawar
13. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
14. Dr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, Member
Associate Professor/Chairman,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Sector H-8/1, Islamabad
15. Dr. Shujjat Mehmood Khalid, Member
Principal,
University College of Education,
Lower Mall, Lahore.
16. Prof. Dr. Ansar A. Qidwai, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics,
University of Karachi, Karachi
17. Dr. Shaukat Ali Shahid, Member
Assistant Professor,
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
18. Dr. Mushtaq Yousaf, Member
Deptt. of Physics,
Government College University,
Faisalabad
19. Prof. Dr. M. Younus Nadeem, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics,
Bahauddin Zakria University,
Multan
20. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayub, Member
Professor, Deptt. of Physics,
Gomal University, D.I.Khan
8
21. Dr. Aamer Wali Rauf, Member
Foreign Faculty Member,
CASP, GC University, Lahore
22. Dr. Fazal Ghafoor, Member
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Malakand,
Chakdara
23. Mr. Muhammad Ikram, Member
Lecturer, Deptt. of Physics,
Hazara University, Mansehra
24. Ms. Gulnaz Altaf, Member/Secretary
Assistant Professor,
Jinnah University for Women,
Karachi
Meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran by Prof. Dr. Shaikh
Aftab Ahmad. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqssod chaired the final NCRC meeting in
Physics. The draft curriculum of BS (4 years) programme were discussed at
length and finalized as Annexed-A.
The committee decided that MS programme should be 2 years programme.
First year consists of two semesters and there will be four courses and 3
credit hours. Hence in each semester and second year will be devoted for
research and if any university wants to give number of credit hour to thesis.
They can do so. Due to academic requirements and shortage of time, it
was felt that there should be a complete list of courses and detail of
courses. Therefore it is recommended that another meeting of
subcommittee be organized by the HEC which was held on July 30, 2005 as
Annexure-B.
The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the convener.
9
CURRICULUM FOR BS (4 years) IN PHYSICS
SCHEME OF STUDIES
1st Year Cr.h
Semester-1
Phy-101 Mechanics-I 3
Phy-103 Waves and Oscillations 3
Phy-105 Lab-I 1
Mathematics-I 3
English-I 3
Pak. Studies 2
* Minor-I 3
Total 18
Semester-II Cr.h
Phy-102 Mechanics-II 3
Phy-104 Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics 3
Phy-106 Lab-II 3
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mathematics-II 1
English-II 3
Islamic Studies 3
* Minor-II 3
Total 18
Semester-IV Cr.h
Phy-202 Electricity & Magnetism-II 3
Phy-204 Modern Physics 3
Phy-206 Lab-IV 1
Mathematics-IV 3
English(Communication Skills) 3
Computer Applications 2
* Minor-IV 3
Total 18
10
Semester-V Cr.h
Phy-301 Mathematical Methods-I 3
Phy-303 Quantum Mechanics-I 3
Phy-305 Classical Mechanics 3
Phy-307 Electronics 3
Phy-309 Lab-V 3
Total 15
Cr.h
Semester-VI
Phy-302 Mathematical Methods-II 3
Phy-304 Quantum Mechanics-II 3
Phy-306 Electrodynamics 3
Phy-308 Thermal & Statistical Physics 3
Phy-310 Lab-VI 3
Total 15
Total 15
Semester-VIII Cr.h
Total 15
* Chemistry/Geology/Geography/Statistics etc.
11
DETAILS OF COURSES
FOR BS LEVEL
BS Part-I
MECHANICS-I 3 Cr.h
Work, Power and Energy: Work done by a constant force, work done by a
variable force (1-2 dimension), (Essentially a review of grade-XII concepts
via integration technique to calculate work done (e.g. in vibration of a spring
obeying Hooke’s Law), Obtaining general expression for work done (2-
dimensional case) and applying to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the
end of a fixed string against gravity, Work energy theorem, General proof of
work energy theorem: Qualitative review of work energy theorem, Derivation
using integral calculus, Basic formulae and applications, Power, Energy
changes with respect to observers in different inertial frames, Conservation
of Energy in 1, 2, and 3 dimensional conservative systems, Conservative
and non conservative forces: Conservation of energy in a system of
particles, Law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system.
MECHANICS-II 3 Cr.h
13
importance, relativistic momentum and Relativistic energy, (Lorentz
invariants) E2=c2 p2+m2oC 4
14
THERMODYNAMICS & STATISTICAL MECHANICS 3 Cr.h
Heat and Temperature: Temperature, Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, Work
done on an ideal gas,Review of previous concepts. Internal energy of an
ideal gas: Equipartition of energy. Intermolecular forces. Qualitative
discussion. Van der Waals equation of state.
BS Part-II
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I 3 Cr.h
Electric Field: Field due to a point charge: due to several point charges.
Electric dipole. Electric field of continuous charge distribution e.g Ring of
charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge. Point charge in an electric
field. Dipole in an electric field, Torque and energy of a dipole in uniform
field. Electric flux: Gauss's law; (Integral and differential forms) and its
application. Charge in isolated conductors, conductor with a cavity, field
near a charged conducting sheet. Field of infinite line of charge, field of
infinite sheet of charge, field of spherical shell and field of spherical charge
distribution.
17
Nuclear Physics: Basic properties of a nucleus, Mass and Atomic
Numbers, Isotopes, mass and size of a nucleus, Nuclear force (Basic Idea),
Nuclear Radii, Nuclear Masses. Binding energy, mass defect. Nuclear Spin
and Magnetism and nuclear force.
Natural Radioactivity: Laws of radioactive decay, half life, mean life, chain
disintegration; Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma decays (basic idea), Measuring
ionizing radiation (units i.e. Curie, Rad etc.)
The following practicals are recommended for both BS 1st and 2nd year.
Minimum number of practicals to be performed is 6 from each lab. Teachers
are requested to emphasize on graphical analysis, error calculation and on
system of S.I. units in the beginning of session. 1 cr.h for lab means 3
contact hours.
LAB-I 1 Cr.h
18
LAB-II 1 Cr.h
LAB-III 1 Cr.h
19
LAB-IV 1 Cr.h
Text Book
1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999
Books Recommended
21
DETAIL OF COMPULSORY COURSES
FOR BS PART (III AND IV)
Text Book:
Mathematical Methods for Physicist, George Arfken, Acad Press 5th ed.
Books Recommended
Text Book:
Mathematical Methods for Physicist, George Arfken, Acad Press 5th ed.
Books Recommended
23
QUANTUM MECHANICS-I 3 Cr.h
Books Recommended
24
QUANTUM MECHANICS-II 3 Cr.h
Books Recommended
25
CLASSICAL MECHANICS 3 Cr.h
Two Body Central Force Problem: Low and least action, two body
problem and its reduction to one body problem. Equation of motion and
solution for one body problem, Kepler's Laws Laboratory and centre of mass
systems, Rutherford scattering.
ELECTRODYNAMICS 3 Cr.h
26
Static Electromagnetic Fields: Electrostatic fields in several dielectric
media, Magneto static fields of magnetized matter, Magnetostatic field of
stationary current, Magnetization current.
Skin Effect and Wave Guides: High frequency current in a semi infinite
conductor, Internal impedance at high frequencies, Waves guided by
parallel plane conductor, Transmission by a rectangular. Wave Guidance,
Power transfer and attenuation, Wave guides as cavity resonators, Q of a
cavity resonator, Waves guided by dielectrics.
Books Recommended
27
ELECTRONICS 3 Cr.h
Oscillators: Armstrong, Hartley, CMOSS, Colpit's Phase shift and 555 timer
oscillators.
Books Recommended
28
THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Basic postulates, fundamental equations
and equations of state, response functions Maxwell's relation, reduction of
derivatives.
Elements of Probability Theory: Probabilities, distribution functions,
statistical interpretation of entropy, Boltzmann H-theorem.
Formulation of Statistical Methods: Ensembles, counting of states (in
classical and quantum mechanical systems, examples) partition function,
Boltzmann distribution. Formation of Microcononical, canonical and grand
canonical partion function.
Partition Function: Relations of partition function with thermodynamic
variables, examples (collection of simple harmonic oscillators, Pauli and
Van Vleck paramagnetics, Theorem of equipartition of energy.
Statistical Systems: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac
statistical systems. Examples of thermodynamics of these systems; Black
body radiations, Gas of electrons in solids.
Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Systems: Lattice vibrations in solids;
Van der Waals Gas: mean field calculation; Ferromagnets in Mean Field
Approximation.
Advanced Topics: Fluctuations, Bose-Einstein Condensation, Introduction
to density matrix approach.
Books Recommended
1. F. Mandl, Statistical Physics, ELBS/John Willey, 2nd Ed. 1988.
2. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw
Hill, 1965.
Lab-V & VI
• To study the characteristics of a Geiger-Muller counter and to
examine the attenuations of beta particles in Al-and Pb foils.
• Measurement of the half life of a radio nuclide. To study the pulse-
height as a function of the H.H.T. in a scintillation counter.
• Measurement of the spectrum of gama rays from a radioisotope.
Shielding and attenuation of gamma rays.
• To study the characteristics of a solid-state detector and use it to
measure the spectra of alpha and beta particles.
• Use of a Lithium-drifted Ge-counter for gamme spectroscopy and to
compare its performance with that of a nal-detector.
• AC circuits and dielectric constants of water and ice.
• Radio frequency measurement. Skin effect, etc.
29
• Experiments with transmission lines.
• Measurement of characteristic impedance. Velocity. Standing wave
ratio, etc.
• Study of random processes and fluctuations in random processes
(Poission distribution, etc.) Measurement of transistor hybrid
parameters.
• To build and investigate the properties of hard value multivibrators.
• Transistor pulse-circuitry (three types of flipflop and the Schmidt
trigger circuit).
• Design of high or medium voltage dc power supply and measurement
of the voltage regulation. Ripple factor etc.
• Design of an L.F.R.C. coupled amplifier and a study of its
characteristics.
• Design of high or medium voltage dc power supply and measurement
of the voltage regulation. Ripple factor, etc.
• Design of a medium wave T.R.F. or superheterdyne receiver and
measurement of its sensitivity. Power out-put selectivity, etc. the
operational amplifier.
• To design and build a linear integrator to enable digitization of photo-
multiplier pulses, or to design and build a height-to-width converter.
• To design and build a lotic circuit (using AND/OR/NOR gates) for
performing a given function.
• Study of leaser parameters. Gain characteristics and spectral
response of a photo-multiplier tube.
Books Recommended:
1. H.Mark and H.T. Olsono. Experiments in Modern Physics (McGraw-
Hill).
2. A.C. Melissinos. Experiments in Modern Physics (Academic).
3. R.J. Higgings. Experimental Electronics (McGraw-Hill).
30
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model; Fermi gas model, Shell model;
Collective model.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended
31
3. P.K. Macheown & D.J. Merman, Computational Techniques in
Physics' Adm Hilger, Bristol (1987).
4. H. Gould & J. Tobochnik, 'An Introduction to Computer Simulation
Methods', Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Rading
Massachusetts(1988).
5. S.C. Chapra & R.P. Chanle, 'Numerical Methods for Engineers with
Personal Computer Applications, McGraw Hill Book Company, New
York (1965).
Books Recommended
Books Recommended
1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John
Wiley.
2. S.O.Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub. 2003.
3. W.T. Read Jr. Dislocations in crystals, McGraw Hill, 1991.
4. C.M. Kachaava, Solid State Physics, Tata McGraw Hill. Co. New
Delhi, 1989.
5. J.R. Christman, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1988.
6. H.E. Hall, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
7. A. Guinier & R. Jullien, The Solid State, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 1989.
32
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Books Recommended
PROJECT 3 Cr.h
Lab-VII
• Measurement of the total neutron cross-section.
• To prove the Rutherford law of scattering of charged particles.
• Measurement of the spectrum of gamma rays from a radioisotope
(e.g.Cs) and study of their photoelectric and Compton absorption.
• Source strength of Co60 by gamma coincidence methods.
• Determination of the constituents of substance by activation analysis.
• To examine the characteristics of a Solid-State detector and to use it
for alpha and beta Spectroscopy and compare the results with those
obtained by a scintillation counter.
• Use of an analogue computer for solving differential equations.
• To examine the stopping-power of various substances for thermal
neutrons.
• Determination of Planck’s constant (h) by using the photoelectric
effect.
• Determination of the charge on an electron (e) by Millikan’s method.
33
• The Frank-hertz experiment (Measurement of excitation potential of
Hg).
• Determination of the Rydberg constant from the spectrum of
hydrogen.
• Fabry-Perot interferometer used as a gas refractometer.
• To study the Zeeman effect for a line in the spectrum of helium.
• Experiments with microwaves. Study of their optical properties.
• Electron spin resonance (E.S.R.) by microwave absorption.
• Nuclear magnetic resonance (N.M.R.) of protons in water.
• The study of the Mossbauer effect.
• The measurement of the Hall effect in germanium and silicon.
• To build a medium or short-wave transmitter.
• Measurement of the conductivity of Si and Ge as a functions of
temperature.
• To determine the energy gap in silicon and Germanium.
• Drift mobility. (Shockley-Haynes experiments for Germanium,
demonstrating transistor action).
• Simple diode manufacture and point-contact transistor.
Books Recommended:
34
DETAIL OF OPTIONAL COURSES
FOR BS PART (IV)
Books Recommended:
35
Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics for low coverages Langmuir Isotherms,
derivation, adsorbate phase diagrams and phase transitions.
Books Recommended
Books Recommended
1. H.Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Doer, 6th edition 1993.
2. White, F.M. Viscous flud flow (second Edition), Mcgraw Hill, 1991.
3. P.J. Roache, “Computational Fluid Dynamics”, Albuquerque, N.M.,
Hemosa Publishers.
4. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere,
1980.
5. K.A. Hoffmann and S.T. Chiang. Computational Fluid Dynamics for
Engineers, Vol.1 & 11, 1993.
37
Radiation Detection and Measurement: GM tubes, scintillation detector,
channeltron, photo multipliers, neutron detectors, alpha/beta detectors, x-
rays/gamma detectors, cosmic rays detectors, Spectrographs and
Interferometers.
Sensor Technology: Sensors for temperature, pressure displacement,
rotation, flow, level, speed, rotation position, phase, current voltage, power
magnetic field, tilt, metal, explosive and heat.
Electronics and Electronic Instruments: Operational amplifiers, summing
amplifiers, difference amplifiers, Differentiators, Integrators, Logarithmic
amplifiers, current to voltage converter, Spectroscopy amplifiers, charge
sensitive pre-amplifiers, Coincidence circuits, Isolators, Ramp Generators,
and single channel analyzer. Power supplies, Signal Generators, Counters,
Multichannel analyzer, Lock in Amplifiers, Boxcar averages.
Computer Introduction: Introduction to computers, GPIB Interface, RS
232. Interfacing, DA/AD conversion, Visual c/visual Basic.
Data Analysis: Evaluation of measurement: Systematic Errors, Accuracy;
Accidental Errors, Precision, Statistical Methods; Mean Value and Variance;
Statistical Control of Measurements; Errors of Direct measurements,
Rejection of data; Significance of results; Propagation of errors; preliminary
Estimation; Errors of Computation. Least squares fit to a polynomial.
Nonlinear functions. Data manipulation, smoothing, interpolation and
extrapolation, linear and parabolic interpolation.
Books Recommended
1. H.D.Young, Statistical Treatment of Methods of Experimental Physics,
Academic Press, Inc. New York & London Vol.1.
2. J. Yarwood, High Vacuum Techniques, Chapman Hall.
3. P. Bevington, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for Physical
Science, McGraw Hill.
4. J.B.Toping, Errors of Observations, IOP, 1962.
38
The Global Climate: The energy Balance, (Zero-dimensional Greenhouse
Model), elements of weather and climate, climate variations and modeling.
Noise: Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and noise criteria, reducing the
transmission of sound, active control of sound.
Topo Climates and Micro Climates: Effects of surface elements in flat and
widely unduling areas, Dynamic action of seliq. Thermal action of selief.
Books Recommended
1. Egbert Booker and Rienk Van Gron Belle, Environmental Physics, 2nd
ed. John Wiley and sons. 1999.
2. Physics of Environmental and Climate, Guyot Praxis Publication.
1998.
Books Recommended
1. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information by M. A. Nielson and
I. L. Chuang, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000.
2. Exploration in Quantum Computation by C.P. Williams and S. H.
Clearwater, Springer Verlag (1997).
3. The Physics of Quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography,
Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation by P. Bouwmester, A.
Ekert, and A. Zeilinger, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2000).
4. Mathematics of Quantum Computation by A.K.Brylinsky and G. Chen,
Chapman & Hall/CRC (2002).
40
Text Book
1. Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banarjee, Solid State Electronic
Devices Printice Hall (5th Edition).
The Quark Model: The group SU (3), quarks, hadrons baryons, mesons in
quark model, heave meson spectroscopy, the quarkonium model.
Books Recommended
41
SEMICONDUCTOR OPTOELECTRONICS DEVICES 3Cr.h
Basic Concepts: Elemental and Compound Semiconductor Materials,
Electronic Properties and their Importance to Optical properties of
Semiconductors;
Optical Processes in Semiconductors: Luminescence in
Semiconductors, Absorption and Emission, Absorption in Quantum Wells,
Exciton;
The Semiconductor Diode Laser: Broad area laser diodes, threshold
current density and quantum efficiency, light-current characteristic,
longitudinal mode spectra, lateral waveguides;
Quantum Well Heterostructure Lasers: Basics of quantum well lasers,
state filling in quantum well lasers, performance characteristics of QW
Lasers;
Strained Quantum Well Lasers: Electronic structure and gain;
High Speed Lasers: Rate equation analysis, laser dynamics, linewidth and
chirp, relative intensity noise, high-seed laser design, large-signal
modulation;
Reduced Dimension Structures: Quantum wire lasers, quantum dot
lasers;
LD Structures: Single-mode and tunable laser diodes, high-power
semiconductor lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs);
Additional topics in Optoelectronics: Semiconductor Photodetectors;
Photovoltaics; optical modulators; Introduction to Optical Fibers and optical
waveguides.
Recommended Books:
1. Jasprit Singh, Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Physics and
Technology, McGraw Hill, 1995.
2. Pallab Bhattacharya, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Prentice
Hall (1998).
Energy & Environment: Emission of pollutants from fossil fuels and their
damaging effects, and economics impact; Renewable energy and its
sustainability.
42
Renewable Scenarios: Defining renewable, promising renewable energy
sources, their potential, availability, present status, existing technologies
and availability.
43
power generation, resource assessment, problems, current status and
future prospects.
Books Recommended
Books Recommended
1. Communication systems by Lathi.
2. Principles of Communication Systems by Taub Schilling.
3. Information, Transmission, Modulation and Noise by Schawarts.
4. Communication System by Hayking.
5. Electronics Communication by Kennedy.
6. Kennedy, J., Electronic Communication, 1999.
7. Hakies, M., Communication System, 1990, McGraw Hill.
8. Scherletz, R., Principles of communication, 1992, Prentice Hall.
9. Yi-Bing Lin, Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and Mobile Network
Architecture, Wiley (2001).
45
COMPUTER SIMULATION 3 Cr.h
Books Recommended
1. Hillar, Johnston and Styer, Quantum Mechanics Simulation. (A Series
of the Consortium for upper level Physics software), John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. New York.1995.
46
Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2010
2. P.J. Roache, Computational
For Fluid Dynamics,
Evaluation Only. Albuquerque, N.M.
Hemosa Publishers. 1993.
3. Marvin L. De Jong, Introduction to Computational Physics, Addison
Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. New York, 1991.
5. D. Stauffer, F.W. Hehl, W. Winkelman and J.G. Zabolitzky, Computer
Simultation and Computer Algebra (Lectures for Beginers), Springer-
Verlage Berlin, New York, 1988.
6. Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochink, An Introduction to “Computer
Simulation Methods” Part-I & II, Addison Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc., New York. 1988.
47
Micro-controller/ Embedded System: Introduction to Embedded and
microcontroller based systems; The Microprocessor and microcontroller
applications and environment; microcontroller characteristics; features of a
general purpose microcontroller; Microchip Inc and PIC microcontroller;
Typical Microcontroller examples:, Philips 80C51 & 80C552 and Motorola
68Hc05/08; Interfacing with peripherals.
Books Recommended
1. Larry D. Jones, Principles and applications of digital electronics,
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.
2. Digital System Design and Micro possessor J.C. BORTIE (NBF).
3. McMillan, Micro Electron, McGraw Hill.
4. Digital Logic and Computer Design Morris Mono 1995 Prentic Hall
5. Tocheim, Digital Electronics, (1999).
6. Barrey B. Brey, Intel UPS Architecture, programming and interfacing,
Prentic Hall (1998).
7. T.L.Floyd, Digital Fundamental, 8th edition.
8. Tim Wilmshurst, The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems,
Palgrave (2003).
48
Books Recommended
1. Glenn, F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley,
1989.
2. William, R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics,
Spinger, 1994.
3. Philips Berington and D. Keith, Data Detection and Error analysis for
physical sciences, 2002.
4. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977.
5. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
6. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999.
LASERS 3 Cr.h
49
Lasers Systems : Solid State Lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd: YAG & Nd: Glass
Lasers and Semiconductor Lasers: Homojunction Lasers Double-
Heterostructure lasers, Gas lasers: Helium Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen
Laser and Excimer Lasers, Free-Electron and
X-Ray Lasers
Books Recommended
50
Radiation Protection: Cardinal principles of radiation protection minimize
time, maximizes distance, maximize shielding. Time, distance and shielding,
maximum permissible dose. Whole-body occupational exposure, whole-
body non-occupational exposure, partial body occupational exposure, X-
rays and pregnancy, Basic radiation safety criteria, effective dose-
equivalent, allowable limit on intake (ALI), inhaled radioactivity, derived air
concentration, Gastrointestinal tract, Basic of radiation safety regulations.
Nuclear radiation hazard.
Books Recommended:
51
General Relativity: Principles of general relativity, equation of geodesics
deviation, Einstein’ s field equations.
Cosmology: Newtonian cosmology, cosmological redshift, Hubble’s law,
microwave background, the Big Bang expansion rate, matter and radiation
domination, history of the universe.
Books Recommended:
1. W.D.McComb, Dynamics and Relativity, Oxford University Press,
1999.
2. J.V.Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press,
1989.
3. R.D.D’Inverno, Introducing Einstein’s Relativity, Oxford University
Press, 1992.
Books Recommended:
1. Hand Book Of Applied Meteorology Hougton (Publisher: Wiley), 1st
Edition, 1985.
2. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens (Publisher: Prentice Hall),
International Edition, 1998.
3. Atmospheric Physics by J.V. Irinarne (Publisher: D.Reidel Pub. Co.), 1st
Edition, 1980.
4. Applied Climatology by Russell D. Thompson (Publisher: Routledge),
1st Edition, 1997.
5. Essentials of Meteorology by C. Donald Ahrens (Publisher:
Brooks/Calc), 3rd Edition, 2001.
6. Atmosphertic Science by John M. Wallace (Publisher: Academic
Press), 1st Edition, 1997.
52
CURRICULUM IN MS-PHYSICS
A sub-committee meeting to revise the curriculum for MS level was
held on July 30, 2005 at HEC Regional Centre, Lahore, following experts
attend the meeting:-
53
SCHEME OF STUDIES
M.S., Physics (two years/four semester)
COMPULSORY/CORE COURSES
Note:
55
DETAILS OF COURSES
COMPULSORY COURSES
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
OPTIONAL COURSES
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
57
3. P.T.Landsberg, Solid State Theory (John-Wiley and Sons).
4. C.Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids (Jolm-Wiley and Sons).
5. M.Jones and N.H.March. Theoretical Solid State Physics (Wiley
Interscience).
MATERIALS SCIENCES I
Crystallography. Translational periodicity. Crystal classes. Crystal forms.
Point and space groups. Crystal growth. Methods of purification. Zone
refining. Zone levelling. Impurity control. Methods of perturbing the
concertration of impurities in semiconductors. Formation of n-p and n-p-n
junctions. Different techniques of growing single crystals. Structure of
materials. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Metallic bond. Van der Waal’s bond.
Polymer chains. Polymerization. Polymer processing. Ceramics. Oxide and
silicate. structures. Phase transformations. Fabrication technology of
semiconductor electronic devices
Books Recommended:
I. C.S.Barrett, Structure of Metals (McGraw-Hill).
2. W.D.Kingery, Introduction to Cel1Unics (Jolm-Wiley).
3. H.E.Buckley, Crystal Growth (Jolm-Wiley and Sons).
4. A. V.Tobolsky, Properties and Structure of Polymers (Jolm-wiley and
Sons).
5. F.c.Phillips, An Introduction to Crystallography (Jolm-Wiley and Sons).
6. A.H.Cottrell, Theory of Dislocations in Crystals (Gordon and Breach).
Books Recommended:
I. E.M. McDanial, Collision Phenomena in Ionized gases (John-Wiley and
Sons).
2. 1.8. Hasted, Physics of Atomic Collisions (Butterworth).
3. H.S. W. Massey and E.H.S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon).
58
ADVANCED NUCLEAR THEORY I
Books Recommended:
LASER PHYSICS I
Books Recommended:
GROUP THEORY
Linear vector spaces. Groups. Representations of groups. Characters.
Schur’s Lemmas. Lie groups. Representation of lie groups. Rotation group
and SV(J). Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Rotation matrices. Wigner-Eckart
theorem. Kronecker product of irreducible representations. Spinor
representations of Lorentz roup. Elementary theory of Wigner's unitary
representations of Poincare group.
59
Books Recommended:
1. M.Hamermesh. Group Theory (Addison-Wesley).
2 E.P Wigner. Group Theory (Academic).
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
1. R.E.Peierls. The Quantum Theory of Solids (Oxford V.P.).
2. J.M.Ziman, Principles of the Theory of Solids Cambridge U.P.).
3. P.T. Landsberg, Solid State Theory (John-Wiley and Sons).
4. C.Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids (John-Wiley and Sons).
5. W.Jones and N.H.March, Theoretical Solid State Physics (Wiley-
Interscience).
CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS
Band theory of crystalline solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors,
impurity conductivity, Anderson localization, Band theory of non-crystalline
solids, CFO model, Mott and Davis model. Metal-insulator interface, ohmic
contacts, neutral contacts, blocking contacts, MIM contacts Electrical
conduction in MIM systems, ohmic conduction, lonic conduction, space-
change-limited conduction, tunneling conduction, hoping conduction, high
60
field conduction, Richardson-Schottky conduction, Poole-Franked effect,
difference between Schottky and Poole-Frankel Conduction
Books Recommended:
1. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials, 2nd Editions N.F.
Motl & E.A. Dais Clarandon Press, Oxford.
2. D.C. Conduction in thin Insulating Films by D.R. Lamb.
3. Handbook of thin Film Technology Edited by L.I. Massel D.R. Glang Mc
Graw Hill Book Co. New York (1970).
4. Introduction to Solid State Physics Charles Kittel 7th Edition John Wiley
and Sons inc New York ( 1996).
MATERIALS SCIENCE II
Imperfections in crystals. Impurities. Vacancies. Grain boundaries.
Dislocations. Stacking faults. Frenkel and Schottky disorder. Electrons and
holes. Color centres. Mechanical properties of metals. Polymers and
ceramics. Elastic and plastic deformation. Fracture, creep and fatigue
phenomena. Strengthening mechanism. Annealing. Effect of imperfections
on the mechanical properties of materials. Modulation spectroscopy for
optical properties in solids. Modulation teclmiques. Wavelength modulation.
Temperature modulation. Stress modulation. piezo absorption and piezo-
reflectance. Electric field modulation.
Books Recommended:
I. C.S.Barrett. Structure of Metals (McGraw-Hill).
2. A.V.Tobolsky. Properties and Structure of Polymers (John-Wiley and
Sons).
3. F.C.Phillips. An Introduction to Crystallography (John-Wiley and Sons).
4. A.H.Cottrell. Theory of Dislocations in Crystals (Gordon and Breach).
Books Recommended:
1. R.L.Horovitz and V.A.Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics
(Academic).
2. D.Williams, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic).
3. J.Gibbons, Semi-conductor Electronics (McGraw-Hill).
61
ATOMIC AND ELECTRON PHYSICS II
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
62
PLASMA PHYSICS II
Books Recommended:
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -I
63
Concept of Loops, Pretest and Post-test Loops, Initialization and
updating, Event Control and C()LlJ1ter Control, Loops in C++, Other
statements related to loops.
vi. Pointers:
Concepts, Pointer variables, accessing variables through
pointers, pointer definition and declaration, Initialization of
pointer variables, pointers and functions, pointers to pointers,
Compatibility, Lvalue and Rvalue, Arrays and pointers, pointer
arithmetic and arrays, passing array to a function,
understanding complicated declarations, Memory Allocation
functions, array of pointers.
vii. Arrays, Strings and structure:
Concepts, using arrays in C++, arrays and functions, Two
dimension arrays, Multi-dimension arrays, String concepts, C++
Strings, Strings 10, an-ays of Strings, String manipulation
functions, Enumerated type structure, Accessing Structure,
complex Structures, array of structures. .
viii. Text and Binary Files:
Concept of a file, File and streams, Standard Library
input/output functions, Formatting input/output. Character
input/output functions, Detecting File errors, Using Binary Files,
Standard Library function for Binary Files. Converting File Type.
Recommended Books:
64
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -II
Recommended Books:
65
NONLINEAR PHYSICS
Chaos
Qualitative description of the chaotic behavior of mechanical and Physical
Systems; Oscillators (D.D. Pendulum) Duffing, Vander Pol, Rayleigh
Bernard Convection, Lasers Forces Surface Waves, Josephson Junction.
Understanding of Chaos.
Books Recommended:
1. Stable and Random Motions in Dynamical Systems, by Nachr Akad
Wiss Gottingen Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
2. Chaos, Dynamics and Fractals- An Algorithmic Approach to
Deterministic Chaos by Joseph L. McCauley, CUP, 1993.
3. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, by R.C. Hilbon, Oxford University
Press, 1994.
4. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, by Martin C. Gutzwiller,
Springer-Verlag, 1990.
FIELD THEORY
Classical field theory, lagrangian mechanics, variational principle, vibrating
stings, classical field theory, Lorentz transformations, Lorentz group,
representations of Lorentz group, classical scalar fields, Klein-Gordon
equation, complex scalar fields, energy-momentum tensor, electromagnetic
field, Maxwell's equations, spinor field, Dirac equation, symmetries and
conservation laws, Noether's theorem, translation invariance.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
1. Quantum Field Theory by C. Itzykson and J- B. Zuber, M_Graw-Hill,
(1980).
2. Quantum Field Theory by L. H. Ryder Cambridge University Press,
(1999). 3. Quantum Field Theory by M. Kaku, Oxford University Press,
(1993).
4. The Quantum Theory of Fields Vol. L IL by S. Weinberg Cambridge
University Press, (1995).
5. Field Theory:A Modern Primer by P. Ramond Addison-Wesley,
Reading (1990).
6. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, by M. Peskin and D.
Schroeqer Perseus Books, Reading, (1995).
Books Recommended:
1. Quantum Field Theory by Ryder L H, 2nd Edition, CUP, (1996).
2. Gauge Theories in Particle Physics by Aitchison I J R and Hey A J G,
2nd Edition, Adam Hilger, (1989).
3. Quantum Field Theory by Mandl F and Shaw G, Revised Edition,
68
Wiley, (1993).
4. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory by Peskin M E and Schroeder
D V, Addison
SOIL PHYSICS
3. Soil Air; Air capacity of soils, composition of soil air, Renewal of soil
air. Permeability of soil to air, measuring soil aeration.
PRATICALS
Books Recommended:
1. Baver, L.D. 1972, Soil Physics, Modern Asia Edition, 7th Printing,
Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, Japan.
2. Rose, C.W. 1966, Agricultural Physics, Pergamen Press Ltd. U.K.
3. Kirkhan I. & Power W.L., 1972. Advanced Soil physics, Wiley
Interscience John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
4. Buckman. H.O. & Brady N.C. 1972. The Nature and Properties of Soils
7th Edition. The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York,
10022 U.S.A.
69
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Introduction, Importance of Energy, World energy demand, Conventional
energy sources, Renewable energy sources; potential, availability and
present status of renewable energy sources, Solar Energy, Physical
principle of the conversion of solar radiation into heat, Flat Plate Collectors,
Concentrating Collectors, Basic Principles and components of Wind Energy
Conversion Systems, Types and performance of Wind Machines, Biomass
Conversion Technologies, Thermal Gasification of Biomass, Alternative
Liquid Fuels, Biogas Generation, Classification of Biogas Plants,
Geothermal Sources, Hydro-Thermal, Geo-Pressure, Petro-Thermal and
Magma Resources, Advantages and Limitations of Geo-Thermal Energy,
Introduction, Global Generation, Growth Rate, Prospects of Nuclear, Safely
and Health Hazards Issues, Global Resources and their Assessment,
Classification, Micro, Mini, Small and Large Resources, Principles of Energy
Conversions, Turbines, Working and Efficiency of from Micro to Small
Power Systems, Environmental Impact.
Books Recommended:
1. Solar Energy Utilization by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers – Delhi (1991).
2. Renewable Energy Sources; John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir,
E&F.N Spon Ltd. London, 1986.
3. A Practical Guide to Solar Electricity, Simon Roberts; Prentice Hall Inc.
USA, 1991.
4. Solar Engineering Technology; Ted. J. Jansen, Radiation; Prentice Hall
Inc. USA, 1985.
5. Wind Power, V. Daniel Hunt, Litton Educational Publishing Inc, 1981.
6. Solar Hydrogen Energy Systems, Ed. T. Ohta, Pergamon Press, 1979.
7. Solar Energy Conversion, Eds., A,E. Dixon and J.D. Leslie, Pergamon
Press, 1979.
8. Biogas, Production and Utilisation, Elizabeth C. Price, Paul N.
Cheremisinoff; Ann Arbor Science, USA, 1981.
9. Biomass, Catalysts and Liquid Fuels; Ian Campbell, Technonic
Publishing Co. Inc, USA, 1983.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. Definitions and units
Introduction, Magnetic poles, Magnetic moments, Intensity of
magnetization, Magnetic dipoles, Magnetic effects of currents, mks
units.
2. Kinds of Magnetism
Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagetism, Ferrimagnetism
70
3. Magnetic Anisotropy
Introduction, Anisotropy in cubic crystals, Anisotropy in hexagonal
crystals, Physical origin of crystal anisotropy, Anisotropy
measurement, Anisotropy constants, polycrytalline materials,
Anisotropy in antiferromagnetics, shape anisotroy, mixed
anisotropies.
Books Recommended:
1. Introduction to Magnetic Materials, B.D Cullity, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, (1972).
2. Magnetic Ceramics, Raul Valenzuela, Cambridge University Press
(1994).
3. Physical Properties of Materials, M.C Lovel and AJ Avery and M.W
Vernon, (1984).
4. The Physical Principles of Magnetism Allan H. Morrish, John wiley &
Sons Inc (1965).
LASER - II
5. SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
6. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Books Recommended:
72
ATOMIC, MOLECULAR LASER PHYSICS
Atomic Physic
Introduction:
• Introduction of structure of atom
• Stern Gerach Experiment, Schrodinger equation, Approximate
methods .
Two-electron system:
• Electrostatic interaction
• Ground and Excited States of Helium
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Periodic system
Molecular Structure
• Introduction, Rotational Spectrum of Diatomic molecule, Rotational-
Vibrational Spectra of diatomic molecule
• Franck-Condon Principle,
• Born Oppenheimer Approximation
73
Lasers
• Introduction, Planck's Law, Einstein Coefficients and Stimulated
Emission.
Light Amplification
• Introduction, Pumping Schemes, Monochromaticity, coherence,
Directionality,
• Brightness
• Population Inversion
• Gain Curve for Inhomogeneous Transitions
• Line Narrowing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission
• Three level and Four level Systems
• Resonators
• Time dependent Solutions and Q-switching
• Mode Locking
Types of Lasers
• Gas Lasers
• Solid State Lasers
• Liquid Lasers
• X-rays Lasers
• Free Electron Laser
74
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
9. HEC should contact the provincial government to allocate fund for up-
gradation in terms of staff and laboratory to affiliated colleges.
75