[EEE8054]

UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE

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2006/2007
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TRANSFORMERS

Time allowed – 2 hours

Instructions to candidates:

Answer any THREE from the four questions

Electronic calculators may be used, provided that they cannot store text.

[Turn over
Question 1

1. (a) Explain the difference between first cost (capital cost) and cost of
ownership when evaluating the cost of losses for a transformer.

(b) Describe the steps taken in the development of electromagnetic core

steels to minimise the no-load (core) loss.

(c) A purchaser is evaluating the cost of ownership of various tenders

received for an 11kV / 433V, 1000kVA, 3-phase distribution
transformer. A conventional design using steel laminations has a
capital cost of £6 000 with no-load losses of 1kW and load losses of
10kW. An amorphous design of transformer has a capital cost of £9
000 with no-load losses of 250W and load losses of 10kW. If the
capitalised value for load losses is £400/kW, at what capitalisation
rate for no-load losses would the amorphous transformer become
competitive with the conventional design?

Question 2

2. (a) Show by the use of vector diagrams the differences between Star,
Delta and Zig-zag connected windings on a three-phase transformer.
Describe the advantages of each method of connection.

(b) A star-connected high-voltage winding on a 400kV, 240MVA, 3-phase

transmission transformer has an in-tank, on-load tapchanger
connected at the neutral point. The 18% tapping range is in 18 linear
steps. When changing tap position, the circulating current through
the divertor contacts is to be limited to 60% of full load current on
normal tap position. Calculate the resistance of the divertor switch
resistors needed to limit the circulating current to the required value.
Question 3

Three identical single-phase, 2400V/240V, 50Hz, transformers of adequate

power rating have the following equivalent circuit impedances all referred to
the HV side:
(i) core loss resistance 25kΩ
(ii) magnetising reactance 3.6kΩ
(iii) total winding resistance 1.2Ω
(iv) total leakage reactance 2.0Ω.

The three transformers are connected to form a three-phase, delta-star

bank supplied at 2400V to the delta connection. The bank supplies a load
of 77kVA, 0.8 pf leading, at 415V.

(a) Draw a connection diagram for the transformer bank

(b) Calculate the output side line current
(c) Calculate the input side line voltage, line current and power factor.

Question 4

Describe, with the aid of sketches, the resulting magnetising inrush

currents when a single phase power transformer is connected to the
system at:

(a) voltage zero

(b) voltage negative peak
(c) voltage positive peak.
(d) voltage zero with a positive remanent flux resulting from the last
switching operation.

What actions can be taken to control magnetising inrush currents during

switching operations?