Topic 5: Industrial Revolution and its Impact on Human Settlement and Public Health

Section - I
Sources:
“The Urban Pattern” by Simon Eisner, Arthur Gallion and Stanley Eisner (Page 99 - 102)

# Beginning of Industrial Revolution:

 Begin at 19th century and this revolution is called Machine Age.
 Before this- Industrial Revolution: Industrial period is called
 Products were handmade
industrial revolution because it changed society
 Shops were with homes
 Number of employees were small both significantly and rapidly. Over the course of
 Close relation sustained between human history, there has been only one other
employee and employer group of changes as significant as the Industrial
Revolution.
# Causes / Factors of Industrial Revolution:
 Factory
Factory: The factory is the locus of
 Machine
mobilized abstract labor, of labor power
 Steam engine
as commodity, placed in the service of
commerce as well as production of
goods.

# Rapid Changes in the City Concept:

 City/town turned to manufacture centre (Newcastle). Many of
these cities were close to the coalfields that supplied fuel
to the factories.
 City population and employees increased.
 High crowded residential buildings
developed nearer to industrial
sectors.
 Houses became overcrowded.
 Pollution began.

# Nature of Industrial Works:

 Textile was the first developed
industry where men and women
worked.
 Division / specialization of labor was
followed.
 Child labor
started at this
time.
 Trade unions
were made as
like guilds.
 Assembly line
developed for
fast
production.

# Evolutions in Transportation:
 Transportation developed for supplying raw materials
to factories and products or goods from factories.
 At the beginning, wagons and barges were used in road and river respectively.
  Invention of steam engine brought speed.
 Small towns and cities were crowded with horse carriages and horse cars and congestion began.
 Elevated cable car (New York, 1867) invented to reduce congestion but it didn’t work effectively.
 Railroad developed as public transportation (invented on 1825) and brought out a new city planning concept
as Suburbs-
 Suburbs were the small town or city mainly residential in nature outside the manufacture city where
employees lived.
 Suburbs developed along the rail routes.
 People of suburbs came to the work places through rail and after working they returned to home
through rail (These peoples are called commutes in planning who come to the work place in daily
basis and return to their home after working).
 Electric underground railway developed as major subway (New York, 1897 and 1904) and suburbs increased
in numbers.
 Air transportation developed and transportation became more and more developed.

# Evolutions in Communication:
 Postal service developed for personal and industrial purposes.
 Invention of telegraph, telephone and radio changed the human lives with easier communication.

# Evolutions in Public Health and Safety:

 Water supply using gravity flow installed (Boston, 1652)
 Pumping system used in general purposes (1820) and later used in disposal and treatment of sewage.
 Heavy buildings reduced natural drainage but paved street and storm
sewers insured sanitation.
 Street lighting introduced (1812) and developed by electricity (1982)
 Highways and residential streets eliminated by lights (It called Great
White Ways).

Section – II

# Impacts of Industrial Revolution on Human Settlements

 Economic changes allied with industrialization:
 Specialization in work.
 Separation of workplace and home.
 Needs for transport.
 Development of housing markets.
 Transition from traditional feudal to a capitalist society:
 Industrilaization and the emergence of capitalism increased social stratification as segregation of
residential areas among employees and employers.
 Class became a basis for separation and difference
 Changed patterns of urbanization:
 Rapid urbanization occurred and it was more than product of economic activities (capitalist mode of
production).
  Spatial organization of city designed to facilitate the circulation of the capital, commodities and
information.
 Changes in urban form:
 Buildings were extended upwards (tall houses, especially in Northern Europe), or backwards to infill
the plot.
 Extended family under one roof remained typical under the workshop principle (master, workers,
and apprentices).
 Factories emerged and separate place of work became normal and also short daily journeys.
 Suburbs for commuters.
 Land and housing as commodities to be owned, rather than held
 New attitudes towards rent, property and profit.

Md. Sohel Rana

Lecturer
Department of Urban & Regional Planning (URP)
Pabna University of Science and Technology (PUST)
Email: sohelrana1017051@gmail.com