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1-DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a growing strand.
3- if a cell were unable to produce histone proteins, which of the following would be a likely
effect ?
5-A new DNA strand elongates only in th5' to 3' direction because
5-DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end.
6-what determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA
replication?
7-what is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the stands that make up DNA?
7-The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other
strand.
9-histones .
10-Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect
organism?
10- a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of coding
sequence.
12-a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or
polypeptide.
16-excision of introns.
17-Each eukaryotic mRNA, even after post-transcriptional modification, includes 5' and 3'
UTRs. Which are these?
18-In the structural organization of many eukaryotic genes, individual exons may be related
to which of the following?
20- Assume that you are trying a gene into a plasmid. Someone gives you a preparation of
genomic DNA that has been cut with restriction enzyme X. the gene you wish to insert has
sites on both ends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. you have a plasmid with a single site
for Y, but not for X. your strategy should be to
20- cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the
plasmid cut with the same enzyme.
21- How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their
DNA and are just about to begin meiosis?
21- They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
23- How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species?
24- A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial
plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that
25- Which of the following is true of embryonic stem cells but not of adult stem cells?
27- In a viral reproduction, which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?
28- A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according
to size and shape.
30- In many ways, the regulation of the genes of particular group of viruses will be similar to
the regulation of the host genes. Therefore, which of the following would you expect of the
genes of the bacteriophage?
31- Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes
high mortality in its host?
31- The newly emerging virus will be die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less
lethal.
32- Whether during mitosis or meiosis, sister chromatids are held together by proteins
referred to as cohesions. Such molecules must
33- Which of the following represents a difference between viruses and viroids?
33- Viruses have capsids composed of protein, whereas virods represent viral genimuc
nucleic acid and have no capsids.
34- Two individual organisms are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a
particular trait suggests
35- Replication of their genomes dose not involve the proofreading steps of DNA
replication.
36- What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
37- Cystic fiborsis (CF) is a mendelian disorder in the human population that is inherited as a
recessive. Two normal parents have two children with (CF). The probability of their next
child being normal for this characterisitic is which of the following?
37- 1/4
38- It is a method that can be used to determine the number of chromosomes in speies.
39- Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cance. Which of the following
explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?
40- If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the
completion of meiosis?
40- One of the gametes will be n+1, one will be n-1, and two will be n.
41- What would occur if the repressor of an inducible operon were mutated so it could not
42- The pedigree in the figure shows the transmission of a trait in a particular family. Based
on this pattern of transmission, the trait is most likely
42- Mitochondrial.
43- Muscle cells differ from never cells mainly because they
46- Locus
47- In animals, embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells in that
47- Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, and adult stem cells are pluripotent.
51- Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of
52- Trascription.
53- Which describes the ABO blood group system in humans?
54- Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely serve the
organism's survival in which of the following ways?
55- The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of replication
fork and lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction.
56- Polytene chromosomes of Drosophila salivary glands each consist of multiple identical
DNA strands that are aligned in parallel arrays. How could these arise?
57- Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which
radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the
presence of this radioactive base?
58- What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?
58- Hydrogen.
59- Which point mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the
functioning of a protein?
61- Can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a signal m RNA.
62- Why does the DNA double helix have a uniform diameter?
63- Which of the following is most closely identical to the formation of identical twins?
64- Dominance.
65- Biologists use the terms negative control and positive control to refer to different
mechanisms of gene regulation. Which of the following statements is correct?
65- Negative control occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and prevents
transcription; positive control occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and
stimulates transcription.
66- In a eukaryotic cell the DNA is enclosed in the nucleus, whereas ribosomes that make
proteins are located in the cytoplasm. How does the information in DNA needed to specify
the amino acid sequence of a particular protein make it to the cytoplasmic protein-
manufactruring centers?
66- Messenger RNA molecules act as the link between genes and the protein-
manufactruring centers.
67- The cells that produce sperm in humans contain 46 chromosomes. If one these cells
undergoes meiosis to form sperm cells, and chromosomal nondisjunction occurs in
chromosomes 22 during meiosis I, what is the chromosome number in each of the resulting
sperm?
67- 24;24;22;22
68- The cells that produce sperm in humans contain 46 chromosomes. If one of these cells
undergoes meiosis to from sperm cells, and chromosomal nondisjunction occurs in
chromosomes 22 during meiosis II, what is the chromosome number in each of the resulting
sperm?
68- 23;23;22;24
69- Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both
bacteria and viruses?
70- Which of the following can be effective in preventing viral infection in humans?
71- What is name given to viruses that are single-stranded RNA that acts as template for
DNA synthesis?
71- Restoviruses.
72- Which of the following cuts DNA molecules at specific sequence locations?
73- Antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the
following properties?
74-Which of the following statements is the leading hypothesis to explain why many
organisms reproduce sexually?
74- The offspring that result from sexual reproduction are variable, and some of them can
adapt to change of environment or fight off diseases more easily than genetically identical
offspring.
75- Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reaction
and hydrolysis?
76- All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except
76- They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
79- Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
81- Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively ,in many
vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
81- Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same
carbon skeleton.
82- Both starch and are glucose polymers. Why can animals easily degrade starch, but not
cellulose?
82- Animals have the enzymes to degrade a-1,4-glycosidic bonds, but not b-1,4-glycosidic
bonds.
84- Which of the following best explains why fats, instead of carbohydrates, are used for
long-term energy strong in animals?
84- Carbohydrates contain less energy than fats do, because the larger number of O-H
bonds in carbohydrates have lower free energy than the C-H bonds in fats.
85- The sugar one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next nucleotide.
87- Catalysis.
88- In which of the following ways does DNA differ from RNA?
89- The function of each protein is consequence of its specific shape. what is the term used
for a change in a protein's three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of
hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?
89- Stabilization.
90-In the following diagram of protein structure, match the letters (a)-(d) with the correct
description listed below:
(D)- shape produced when two or more polypeptides associate to form functional
Protein.
91- The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal
cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic of
all these extracellular structures?
91- They are constructed of materials that are largely synthesized in the cytoplasm and
then transported out of the cell.
92- Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic ………. Which cellular organelle must be involved
in this condition?
93- Ions and even some large molecules can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one
animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
94- Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
96- The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of
the following statements correctly describes this polarity?
96- All the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.
97- Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a
predominance of free ribosomes?
98- Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
99- Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of
cellular structures?
99- Cytoskeletons.
100- Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids
help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
100- The double bonds from kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent lipids to be
further apart .
101- An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma
membrane would likely be impaired in which function?
102- It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration
to a region of lower concentration.
103- What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
104- In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein if would have to be which
of the following?
104- Amphipathic.
105- Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions
for typical plant and animal cells?
105- The animal cell is in an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution.
106- You are working on a term that is deigning anew drug………. Which of the following
would be a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cell?
106- Similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells.
110- Asexual reproduction results in indentical offspring unless which of the following
occurs?
110- Mutation.
111- Which of the following is correct of a species that has a chromosome number of
2n=16?
112- Haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
115- A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind
woman of normal height……… How many of their daughters might be expected to be color-
blind dwarfs?
115- None.
117- Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because
118- A normal couple has a child with Down syndrome (i.e. his cells contain the extra
chromosome 21). When the mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which is the
most probable cause of this abnormality?
119- Mendel accounted for the observation that traits which had disappeared in the F1
generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that
119- Traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured the
dominant ones in the F1.
120- A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for the allele of a particular gene……….
121- Mendel's observation of the segregation of the alleles in gamete formation has its
basis in which of the following phases of cell division?
122- Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long
tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross Bb Tt X BBtt will have black fur and long
tails?
122- 1/2
123- Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs,………. Which of the following terms best describes
this?
123- Pleiotropy.
124- A pedigree analysis for a given disorder's occurrence in a family shows that,………
124- Recessive.
125- A couple has sex daughters. The chance that their next child will be a son is
125- 1/2
127- In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. ………… what would be the
sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal
allele and a normal female?
128- Smooth muscle contraction that move food through the alimentary canal.
129- Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an
individual?
130- Which of the following hormone action will occur when more energy by a human
organism?
131- Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that
133- How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans?
134- Why is the velocity (speed of motion) of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?
134- The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the
arterioles.
135- Which of the following is a normal event in the process of blood clotting?
137- T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens.
138- Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an
inflammatory response?
139- A bacterium entering the body through a small cut in the skin will do which of the
following?
140- An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a
bacterium because
140- MHC molecule of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue.
141- A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in
which of the following?
141- The recipient's anti-A antibodies clumpingo the donated red blood cells.
142- Which of the following would be most beneficial in treating an individual who has
been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast=acting toxin?
144- Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels, and increase in their
permeability. Which of the signs of inflammation are therefore associated release?
145- Both the eye and the respiratory treat are protected against infections by which of
the following?
147- Which is the following is likely to lead to increase in the concentration of ATP in a
cell?
148-For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first
law of thermodynamics?
148- The organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its
environment.
149- Which of the following statements is usually true concerning catabolic pathways?
149- They are coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of
ATP.
150- Which of the following best describes the reaction A+B -> C+D shown in figure?
150- The amount of free energy released as a result of the catalyzed reaction is indicated
"d"
151- Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is
anabolism as
152- In order to attach a particular acid to the tRNA molecule that will be transport it,……
what must occur in order for the final attachment to occur?
152- The binding of the first two molecule must cause a 3-dimensional change that opens
another active site on the enzyme for the tRNA.
153- What of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy with in a cell?
155- Cytosol.
156- Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally regardless whether oxygen
(O2) is present or absent?
156- Glycolysis.
157- Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and payoff phase?
157- It used stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.
158- Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular
respiration?
158- Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle.
159- Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
160- During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where dose the oxygen for the
synthesis the water come from?
161- Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have
evolved?
161- It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
162- The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthesis during
oxidative phosphorylation is
166- The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C.
168- A bsorption and heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.
173- Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular
respiration?
173- Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle.
174- Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
175- A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of
the following statements is true concerning this compound?
176- A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group
when placed in water it
178- Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join
nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
179- The reaction of fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water.
180- Involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator
into the extracellular fluid.
182- Polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins are similar in that they
183- Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha-1,4- glycosidic linkages of starch
but not the beta-1,4- glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
185- Which of the following description best fits the class of molecules known as
nucleotides?
186- All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true expect
186- They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
189- The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term
used for a change in protein's three-dimensional or conformation due to disruption of
hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?
189- Denaturation
190- The structural level of protein not affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the
191- Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types
of cellular structures?
191- Cytoskeletons.
192- The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the
endomembrane system in largely determined by
193- Which of the following statements about a typical plasma membrane is correct?
193- The two sides of the plasma membrane have different lipid and protein composition.
194- Which of the following correctly describes some aspect of exocytosis or endocytosis?
194- Exocytosis and endocytosis change the surface area of the plasma membrane.
195- Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell prokaryotic or eukarotic?
196- Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
198- Mitochondarion.
199- Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct?
199- Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces
bounded of membranes of the endomembrane system.
200- After a membrane freezes and then thaws, it often becomes leaky to solutes. The
most reasonable explanation for this is that
200- The integrity of the lipid bilayer is broken when the membrane freezes.
202- As humans, we have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as
catecholamines………The use of beta 2 antagonist drugs may be useful in asthma because
202- They may dilate (make wider, expand) the bronchioles by relaxing their smooth
muscle
203- Transport proteins provide a hydrophilic route for the solute to cross the membrane.
205- What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking
down complex molecules?
207- Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
barriers.
208- Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, ………The zinc most likely
functions as a (n)
209- From the perspective of cells receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling
are
210- During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids?
211- The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during
oxidative phosphorylation is
212- At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of
several organ system,…….. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many
effects?
212- Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have
different responses to its binding.
213- In response to a signal, the cell may alter protein activity in cytosol or gene
expression by transcription of different RNA.
214- Some drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of the mitochondrial inner
membrane. When such a drug is added, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen
consumption?
215- Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have
evolved?
215- It is found in cytosol, dose not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
219- Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in
distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
220- At what stage of mitosis centrioles begin to move apart in animal cell?
220- Prophase.