Modern Chemistry Appendix D Solutions PDF

APPENDIX D
Problem Bank
1. a. Given: 5.2 cm 10 mm
5.2 cm × = 52 mm
Unknown: length in cm
millime-
ters
b. Given: 0.049 kg 1000 g

0.049 kg × ⎯⎯ = 49 g
Unknown: mass in kg
grams
c. Given: 1.60 mL 1000 µL

1.60 mL × ⎯⎯ = 1600 µL
Unknown: volume in mL
micro-
liters
d. Given: 0.0025 g 1000 000 µg

0.0025 g × ⎯⎯ = 2500 µg
Unknown: mass in g
micro-
grams
e. Given: 0.020 kg 1000 000 mg

0.020 kg × = 20 000 mg
Unknown: mass in kg
milli-
grams
f. Given: 3 kL 1000 L
3 kL × = 3000 L
Unknown: volume in kL
liters
2. a. Given: 150 mg 1g
150 mg ×
= 0.15 g
Unknown: mass in 1000 mg
grams
b. Given: 2500 mL 1L
2500 mL × = 2.5 L
Unknown: volume in 1000 mL
liters
c. Given: 0.5 g 1 kg
0.5 g × = 0.0005 kg
Unknown: mass in 1000 g
kilograms
d. Given: 55 L 1 kL
55 L × = 0.055 kL
Unknown: volume in 1000 L
kiloliters
MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
241
e. Given: 35 mm 1 cm
35 mm × = 3.5 cm
Unknown: length in 10 mm
cm
f. Given: 8740 m 1 km
8740 m × = 8.74 km
Unknown: length in 1000 m
kilome-
ters
g. Given: 209 nm 1 mm
209 nm × = 0.000 209 mm
Unknown: length in 1000 000 nm
millime-
ters
h. Given: 500 000 µg 1 kg

500 000 µg × ⎯⎯ = 0.0005 kg
Unknown: mass in 1000 000 000 µg
kilograms
3. Given: 152 million km 1 Mm

152 000 000 km × = 152 000 Mm
Unknown: length in 1000 km
megameters
4. Given: 1.87 L in a 2.00 L – 1.87 L = 0.13 L

2.00 L bottle
1000 mL
Unknown: volume in 0.13 L × = 130 mL
milliliters L
needed to fill
the bottle
5. Given: a wire 150 cm 10 mm

150 cm × = 1500 mm
long cm
Unknown: length in
1 piece
millimeters; 1500 mm × = 30 pieces
number of 50 mm
50 mm
segments in
the wire
6. Given: 8500 kg to fill 1000 kg

646 metric tons × = 646 000 kg
a ladle metric ton
646 metric tons
to make rails 1 ladleful
646 000 kg × = 76 ladlefuls
1 metric ton = 8500 kg
1000 kg
Unknown: number of
ladlefuls to
make rails
7. a. Given: 310 000 cm3 1 m3

310 000 cm3 × 3 = 0.31 m3
Unknown: volume in 1 000 000 cm
cubic
meters

242
b. Given: 6.5 m2 10 000 cm2
6.5 m2 × = 65 000 cm2
Unknown: area in m2
square
centime-
ters
c. Given: 0.035 m3 1 000 000 cm3

0.035 m3 × = 35 000 cm3
Unknown: volume in m3
cubic cen-
timeters
d. Given: 0.49 cm2 100 mm2

0.49 cm2 × = 49 mm2
Unknown: area in cm2
square
millime-
ters
e. Given 1200 dm3 1 m3

1200 dm3 × ⎯⎯3 = 1.2 m3
Unknown: volume in 1000 dm
cubic
meters
f. Given: 87.5 mm3 1 cm3

87.5 mm3 × 3 = 0.0875 cm3
Unknown: volume in 1000 mm
cubic cen-
timeters
g. Given: 250 000 cm2 1 m2

250 000 cm2 × 2 = 25 m2
Unknown: area in 10 000 cm
square
meters
8. Given: volume of a cell 1000 mm3

1.0 cm3 × = 1000.0 mm3
= 0.0147 mm3 cm3
Unknown: number of
1 cell
cells that 1000.00 mm3 × 3 = 68 027 cells
fit into a 0.0147 mm
volume of
1.0 cm3
9. a. Given: 12.75 Mm 1000 km

12.75 Mm × = 12 750 km
Unknown: length in Mm
kilometers
b. Given: 277 cm 1m
277 cm × = 2.77 m
Unknown: length in 100 cm
meters
c. Given: 30 560 m2 1 ha
30 560 m2 × 2 = 3.056 ha
1 ha = 10 000 m
10 000 m2
Unknown: area in
hectares

243
d. Given: 81.9 cm2 1 m2
81.9 cm2 × 2 = 0.00819 m2
Unknown: area in 10 000 cm
square
meters
e. Given: 300 000 km 1 Mm

300 000 km × = 300 Mm
Unknown: length in 1000 km
megame-
ters
10. a. Given: 0.62 km 1000 m

0.62 km × = 620 m
Unknown: length in km
meters
b. Given: 3857 g 1000 mg

3857 g × = 3857 000 mg
Unknown: mass in g
milli-
grams
c. Given: 0.0036 mL 1000 µL

0.0036 mL × ⎯⎯ = 3.6 µL
Unknown: volume in mL
micro-
liters
d. Given: 0.342 metric 1000 kg

0.342 metric tons × = 342 kg
tons metric ton
1 metric ton
= 1000 kg
Unknown: mass in
kilograms
e. Given: 68.71 kL 1000 L

68.71 kL × = 68 710 L
Unknown: volume in kL
liters
11. a. Given: 856 mg 1 kg

856 mg × = 0.000 856 kg
Unknown: mass in 1000 000 mg
kilograms
b. Given: 1210 000 µg 1 kg

1210 000 µg × ⎯⎯ = 0.00121 kg
kilograms
c. Given: 6598 µL 1 mL 1 cm3

6598 µL × ⎯⎯ × = 6.598 cm3
1 mL = 1 cm3 1000 µL mL
Unknown: volume
in cm3
d. Given: 80 600 nm 1 mm
80 600 nm × = 0.0806 mm
Unknown: length in 1000 000 nm
millimeters

244
e. Given: 10.74 cm3 1 mL 1L
10.74 cm3 × × = 0.010 74 L
Unknown: volume in cm3 1000 mL
liters
12. a. Given: 7.93 L 1000 mL 1 cm3

7.93 L × × = 7930 cm3
Unknown: volume in L mL
cubic cen-
timeters
b. Given: 0.0059 km 100 000 cm

0.0059 km × = 590 cm
Unknown: length in km
centime-
ters
c. Given: 4.19 L 1 dm3

4.19 L × = 4.19 dm3
Unknown: volume in L
cubic
decime-
ters
d. Given: 7.48 m2 10 000 cm2

7.48 m2 × = 74 800 cm2
Unknown: area in m2
square
centime-
ters
e. Given: 0.197 m3 1000 dm3 1 L

0.197 m3 × × 3 = 197 L
Unknown: volume in m3 dm
liters
13. Given: 0.05 mL oil used 0.05 mL 1L

20 000 km × ⎯⎯ × = 1 L
per kilometer km 1000 mL
Unknown: volume in
liters of oil
used for
20 000 km
14. Given: 370 mm3 1 cm3 1 mL 1000 µL

370 mm3 × 3 × × ⎯⎯ = 370 µL
Unknown: volume in 1000 mm cm3 mL
microliters
15. Given: 1.5 tsp vanilla 1.5 tsp 5 mL 1L

800 cakes × × × = 6 L
per cake cake tsp 1000 mL
1 tsp = 5 mL
Unknown: volume of
vanilla in
liters for
800 cakes

245
16. Given: eight 300 mL 8 glasses 365 days 300 mL 1L
× × × = 876 L per year
glasses of day yr glass 1000 mL
water/day
1 kg
1 yr = 365 days 876 L × = 876 kg
Dwater = L
1.00 kg/L
Unknown: volume in
liters of
water con-
sumed in
a year
mass in kilo-
grams of this
volume
17. a. Given: 465 m/s 465 m 1 km 3600 s

× × = 1674 km/h
Unknown: velocity in s 1000 m h
kilome-
ters per
hour
b. Given: 465 m/s 1674 km 24 h

× = 40 176 km/day
Unknown: velocity in h day
kilome-
ters per
day
18. Given: 130 g/student 130 g 1 kg

60 students ⎯⎯ × 60 students × = 7.8 kg
student 1000 g
Unknown: total mass in
kilograms
19. Given: 750 mm/student 750 mm 1m

60 students ⎯⎯ × 60 students × = 45 m
student 1000 mm
Unknown: total length
in meters
20. a. Given: 550 µL/h 550 µL 1 mL 24 h

⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ × = 13.2 mL/day
Unknown: rate in h 1000 µL day
milliliters
per day
b. Given: 9.00 metric 9.00 metric tons 1000 kg 1h

tons/h × ⎯⎯ × = 150 kg/min
h metric ton 60 min
Unknown: rate in
kilograms
per
minute
c. Given: 3.72 L/h 3.72 L 1000 mL 1 cm3 1h

× × × = 62 cm3/min
Unknown: rate in h L mL 60 min
cubic
centime-
ters per
minute

246
d. Given: 6.12 km/h 6.12 km 1000 m 1h
× × = 1.7 m/s
Unknown: rate in h km 3600 s
meters
per
second
21. a. Given: 2.97 kg/L 2.97 kg 1000 g 1L 1 mL

× × × = 2.97 g/cm3
Unknown: rate in L kg 1000 mL cm3
g/cm3
b. Given: 4128 g/dm2 4128 g 1 kg 1 dm2

× × = 0.04128 kg/cm2
Unknown: mass per dm2 1000 g 100 cm2
area in
kilograms
per
square
centime-
ters
c. Given: 5.27 g/cm3 5.27 g 1 kg 1000 cm3

3
× × = 5.27 kg/dm3
Unknown: density as cm 1000 g dm3
kilograms
per cubic
decimeter
d. Given: 6.91 kg/m3 6.91 kg 1000 000 mg 1 m3

3
× × 3 = 0.00691 mg/mm3
Unknown: density m kg 1000 000 000 mm
as mil-
ligrams
per cubic
millime-
ter
22. a. Given: density of 1L 1000 mL

4.17 g × × = 750 mL
5.56 g/L 5.56 g L
Unknown: volume in
milliliters
occupied
by 4.17 g
b. Given: density of 1000 dm3 1 L 5.56 g 1 kg

1 m3 × × 3 × × = 5.56 kg
5.56 g/L m3 dm L 1000 g
Unknown: mass in
kilograms
of 1 m3
23. Given: mass per area of 10 000 m2 10 000 cm2 0.10 g 1 kg

0.125 ha × × × × = 1250 kg
0.10 g/cm2 ha m2 cm2 1000 g
Unknown: mass in kilo-
meters per
0.125 ha

247
24. a. Given: length of book 1 m3
= 250. mm 250. mm × 224 mm × 50.0 mm = 2800 000 mm3 × 3
width of book 1000 000 000 mm
= 224 mm
= 0.0028 m3
thickness of
book =
50.0 mm
Unknown: volume in
cubic
meters
b. Given: length of book 2.94 kg 1000 g 1 m3

= 250. mm 3 × × 3 = 1.05 g/cm3
0.0028 m kg 1000 000 cm
width of book
= 224 mm
thickness of
book =
50.0 mm
mass of book
= 2.94 kg
Unknown: density in
grams per
cubic cen-
timeter
c. Given: length of book 1 m2

250 mm × 224 mm × 2 = 0.056 m2
= 250. mm 1000 000 mm
width of book
= 224 mm
thickness of
book =
50.0 mm
Unknown: area of
front
cover in
square
meters
25. a. Given: 25 drops = 1.00 mL

1.00 mL = 0.04 mL
25 drops
Unknown: volume of
one drop
in milli-
liters
b. Given: 25 drops = 0.04 mL

37 drops × = 1.48 mL
1.00 mL drop
Unknown: volume in
milliliters
of 37
drops
c. Given: 25 drops = 1000 mL 1 drop

0.68 L × × = 17 000 drops
1.00 mL L 0.04 mL
Unknown: number of
drops in
0.68 L

248
26. a. Given: 504 700 mg 1 kg
504 700 mg × = 0.5047 kg
kilograms 1g
and 504 700 mg × = 504.7 g
grams 1000 mg
b. Given: 9200 000 µg 1 kg

9200 000 µg × ⎯⎯ = 0.0092 kg
kilograms
1g
and 9200 000 µg × ⎯⎯ = 9.2 kg
grams 1000 000 µg
c. Given: 122 mg 1 kg
122 mg × = 0.000 122 kg
kilograms
1g
and 122 mg × = 0.122 g
grams 1000 mg
d. Given: 7195 cg 1 kg
7195 cg × = 0.07195 kg
Unknown: mass in 100 000 cg
kilograms
1g
and grams 7195 cg × = 71.95 g
100 cg
27. a. Given: 582 cm3 1 mL 1L

582 cm3 × × = 0.582 L
Unknown: volume in cm3 1000 mL
liters and
1 mL
milliliters 582 cm3 × = 582 mL
cm3
b. Given: 0.0025 m3 1000 dm3 1 L

0.0025 m3 × × 3 = 2.5 L
Unknown: volume in m3 dm
liters and
1000 000 cm3 1 mL
milliliters 0.0025 m3 × × = 2500 mL
m3 cm3
c. Given: 1.18 dm3 1L

1.18 dm3 × 3 = 1.18 L
Unknown: volume in dm
liters and
1 L 1000 mL
milliliters 1.18 dm3 × 3 × = 1180 mL
dm L
d. Given: 32 900 µL 1L
32 900 µL × ⎯⎯ = 0.0329 L
Unknown: volume in 1000 000 µL
liters and
1 mL
milliliters 32 900 µL × ⎯⎯ = 32.9 mL
1000 µL
28. a. Given: 1.37 g/cm3 1.37 g 1 cm3 1000 mL

× × = 1370 g/L
Unknown: density in cm3 mL L
grams per
1.37 g 1 kg 1000 000 cm3
liter and 3
× × = 1370 kg/m3
kilograms cm 1000 g m3
per cubic
meter

249
b. Given: 0.692 kg/dm3 0.692 kg 1000 g 1 dm3
× × = 692 g/L
Unknown: density in dm3 kg L
grams per
0.692 kg 1000 dm3
liter and × = 692 kg/m3
kilograms dm3 m3
per cubic
meter
c. Given: 5.2 kg/L 5.2 kg 1000 g

× = 5200 g/L
Unknown: density in L kg
gams per
5.2 kg 1 L 1000 dm3
liter and × 3 × = 5200 kg/m3
kilograms L dm m3
per cubic
meter
d. Given: 38 000 g/m3 38 000 g 1 m3 1 dm3

3
× 3 × = 38 g/L
Unknown: density in m 1000 dm L
grams per
38 000 g 1 kg
liter and 3
× = 38 kg/m3
kilograms m 1000 g
per cubic
meter
e. Given: 5.79 mg/mm3 5.79 mg 1g 1000 000 mm3 1 dm3

3
× × × = 5790 g/L
Unknown: density in mm 1000 mg dm3 L
grams per 1000 000 000 mm3
5.79 mg 1 kg
liter and × ⎯⎯ × = 5790 kg/m3
kilograms mm 3
1000 000 mg m3
per cubic
meter
f. Given: 1.1 µg/ml 1.1 µg 1g 1000 mL

⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ × = 0.0011 g/L
Unknown: density in mL 1000 000 µg L
grams per 1.1 µg 1 kg 1 mL 1000 000 cm3
liter and ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ × × = 0.0011 kg/m3
kilograms mL 1000 000 000 µg cm3 m3
per cubic
meter
29. a. Given: 648 kg/30.0 h 648 kg 1000 g 1h

× × = 360 g/min
Unknown: rate in 30.0 h kg 60 min
grams per
minute
b. Given: 648 kg/30.0 h 648.0 kg 24 h

⎯⎯ × = 518.4 kg/day
Unknown: rate in 30.0 h day
kilograms
per day
c. Given: 648 kg/30.0 h 648.0 kg 1000 000 mg 1h 1s

⎯⎯ × × × = 6 mg/ms
Unknown: rate in 30.0 h kg 3600 s 1000 ms
milli-
grams per
milli-
second

250
30. Given: 100 km/h 100. km 1000 m 1h
× × = 27.8 m/s
Unknown: rate in h km 3600 s
meters per
second
31. Given: 330 kJ/min 330 kJ 60 min 1 kcal

1 cal = 4.184 J × × = 4732 kcal/h
min h 4.184 kJ
Unknown: rate in kilo-
calories per
hour
32. Given: 62 g/m2 62 g 10 000 m2 1 kg 1.0 ha

× × × = 620 kg
1 ha = 10 000 m2 m2
ha 1000 g 1000 g
Unknown: mass in
kilograms
required for
1.0 ha
33. Given: 3.9 mL/h 3.9 mL 1L 24 h 365 days

1 year = × × × = 34 L/yr
h 1000 mL day yr
365 days
Unknown: volume in
liters per
year
34. Given: 50 µL/dose 1 do se 1000 µL

2.0 mL × ⎯ ⎯ × ⎯⎯ = 40 doses
2.0 mL/bottle 50 µL mL
Unknown: number of
doses in a
bottle
35. a. Given: 640 cm3 2; the zero is not significant

Unknown: number of
signicant
figures
b. Given: 200.0 mL 4; all digits are significant

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
c. Given: 0.5200 g 4; all digits to the right of the decimal point are significant
Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
d. Given: 1.005 kg 4; all digits are significant

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures

251
e. Given: 10 000 L 1; the zeros are placeholders
Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
f. Given: 20.900 cm 5; all digits are significant

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
g. Given: 0.000 000 56 2; all the zeros are placeholders

g/L
Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
h. Given: 0.040 02 4; the two initial zeros are placeholders

kg/m3
Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
i. Given: 790 001 cm2 6; all digits are significant

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
j. Given: 665.000 6; all digits are significant

kg • m/s2
Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
38. a. Given: 0.0120 m 3; the two initial zeros are placeholders

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
b. Given: 100.5 mL 4; all digits are significant

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures

252
c. Given: 101 g 3; all digits are significant
Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
d. Given: 350 cm2 2; zero is a placeholder

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
e. Given: 0.97 km 2; zero is a placeholder

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
f. Given: 1000 kg 1; zeros are placeholders

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
g. Given: 180. mm 3; all digits are significant

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
h. Given: 0.4936 L 4; zero is a placeholder

Unknown: number of
signifi-
cant
figures
i. Given: 0.020 700 s 5; initial zeros are placeholders

Unknown: number of
significant
figures
39. a. Given: 5 487 129 m 5 490 000 m; the digit following the last digit to be retained is greater
Unknown: value ex- than 5
pressed to
3 signifi-
cant
figures
b. Given: 0.013 479 265 0.013 479 3; initial zeros are placeholders; the digit following the last
mL digit to be retained is greater than 5
Unknown: value ex-
pressed to
6 signifi-
cant
figures

253
c. Given: 31 947.972 31 950 cm2; the digit following the last digit to be retained is greater
cm2 than 5
Unknown: value ex-
pressed to
4 signifi-
cant
figures
d. Given: 192.6739 m2 192.67 m2; the digit following the last digit to be retained is less than 5
Unknown: value ex-
pressed to
5 signifi-
cant
figures
e. Given: 786.9164 cm 790 cm; the digit following the last digit to be retained is greater than 5
Unknown: value ex-
pressed to
2 signifi-
cant
figures
f. Given: 389 277 600 J 389 278 000 J; the digit following the last digit to be retained is greater
Unknown: value ex- than 5; the zeros are placeholders
pressed to
6 signifi-
cant
figures
g. Given: 225 834.762 225 834.8 cm3; the digit following the last to be retained is greater than 5
cm3
Unknown: value ex-
pressed to
7 signifi-
cant
figures
42. a. Given: dimensions of 1 cm

87.59 cm × 35.1 mm × = 307 cm2
87.59 cm × 10 mm
35.1 mm
Unknown: area in
cm2
b. Given: dimensions of 10 mm
87.59 cm × × 35.1 mm = 30 700. mm2
87.59 cm × 1 cm
35.1 mm
Unknown: area in
mm2
c. Given: dimensions of 1m 1m
87.59 cm × × 35.1 mm × = 0.0307 m2
87.59 cm × 100 cm 1000 mm
35.1 mm
Unknown: area in
m2

254
43. a. Given: dimensions of 10 cm 1 cm
900. mm × × 31.5 mm × × 6.3 cm = 1800 cm3
900. mm × 10 mm 10 mm
31.5 mm ×
6.3 cm
Unknown: volume in
cm3
b. Given: dimensions of 1m 1m 1m
900. mm × × 31.5 mm × × 6.3 cm ×
900. mm × 1000 mm 1000 mm 100 cm
31.5 mm ×
6.3 cm = 0.0018 m3
Unknown: volume in
m3
c. Given: dimensions of 10 mm
900. mm × 31.5 mm × 6.3 cm × = 1 800 000 mm3
900. mm × 1 cm
31.5 mm ×
6.3 cm
Unknown: volume in
mm3
44. a. Given: 0.16 kg/125 mL 0.16 kg 1 mL 1 000 000 cm3

× 3 × ⎯⎯ = 1300 kg/m3
Unknown: density in 125 mL 1 cm 1 m3
kg/m3
b. Given: 0.16 kg/125 mL 0.16 kg 1000 g

× = 1.3 g/mL
Unknown: density in 125 mL 1 kg
g/mL
c. Given: 0.16 kg/125 mL 0.16 kg 1000 mL 1L

× × 3 = 1.3 kg/dm3
Unknown: density in 125 m L 1 L 1 dm
kg/dm3
45. a. Given: numbers with 13.75 mm × 10.1 mm × 0.91 mm = 130 mm3

4, 3, and 2
significant
figures,
respectively
Unknown: product to
2 signifi-
cant
figures
b. Given: numbers with 89.4 cm2 × 4.8 cm = 430 cm3

3 and 2 signif-
icant figures,
respectively
Unknown: product to
2 signifi-
cant
figures

255
c. Given: numbers with 14.9 m3 ÷ 3.0 m2 = 5.0 m
3 and 2 signif-
icant figures,
respectively
Unknown: quotient
to 2 sig-
nificant
figures
d. Given: numbers with 6.975 m × 30 m × 21.5 m = 4000 m3

4, 1, and 3
significant
figures,
respectively
Unknown: product to
1 signifi-
cant
figure
48. Given: dimensions of V = 30.5 mm × 202 mm × 153 mm = 943 000 mm3

30.5 mm ×
m = 1.33 kg – 0.30 kg = 1.03 kg
202 mm ×
153 mm; 1.03 kg 1.000 000 mm3 1 dm3
mass empty = D = 3 × × = 1.09 kg/L
943 000 mm 1 dm3 1L
0.30 kg;
mass full = 1.33 kg
Unknown: density of
the liquid
in kg/L
49. Given: 3.3 kg/7.76 km 3.3 kg 1000 g 1 km

× × = 0.43 g/m
Unknown: mass in g/m; 7.76 km 1 kg 1000 m
length with a
1m
mass of 1.0 g 1.0 g × = 2.3 m
0.43 g
50. Given: rate of 52 kg/ha; 10 kg 1 ha 10 000 m2

container holds × × ⎯⎯ = 2000 m2
1 container 52 kg 1 ha
10 kg;
1 ha = 10 000 m2
Unknown: area in m2
covered
by full
container
51. Given: 974 550 kJ/37.0 974 550 kJ

min = 26 300 kJ/min
37.0 min
Unknown: rate in
974 550 kJ 1 min
kJ/min × = 439 kJ/s
and kJ/s 37.0 min 60 s
52. a. Given: dimensions 1 m3

189 cm × 307 cm × 272 cm × 3 = 15.8 m3
of 189 cm × 1000 000 cm
307 cm ×
272 cm
Unknown: volume
in cubic
meters

256
b. Given: dimensions of 189 cm × 307 cm × 272 cm 1 dm3 60 s 1L
× 3 × × 3 = 9800 L/min
189 cm × 97 s 1000 cm 1 min 1 dm
307 cm ×
272 cm;
fill time of
97 s
Unknown: rate in
liters per
minute
c. Given: dimensions of 189 cm × 307 cm × 272 cm 1 m3 3600 s

189 cm × 307 × 3 × = 590 m3/h
97 s 1000 000 cm 1h
cm × 272 cm;
fill time of
97 s
Unknown: rate in
cubic
meters
per hour
55. a. Given: lengths ex- 4.74 × 104 km + 7.71 × 103 km + 1.05 × 103 km
pressed in = 4.74 × 104 km + 0.771 × 104 km + 0.105 × 104 km
scientific = 5.62 × 104 km
notation
Unknown: sum ex-
pressed in
scientific
notation
to hun-
dredths
place
b. Given: lengths ex- 2.75 × 10–4 m + 8.03 × 10–5 m + 2.122 × 10–3 m

pressed in = 0.275 × 10–3 m + 0.0803 × 10–3 m + 2.122 × 10–3 m
scientific
= 2.477 × 10–3 m
notation
Unknown: sum ex-
pressed in
scientific
notation
to thou-
sandths
place
c. Given: volume ex- 4.0 × 10–5 m3 + 6.85 × 10–6 m3 – 1.05 × 10–5 m3

pressed in = 4.0 × 10–5 m3 + 0.685 × 10–5 m3 – 1.05 × 10–5 m3
scientific
= 3.6 × 10–5 m3
notation
Unknown: answer
expressed
in scien-
tific nota-
tion to
tenths
place

257
d. Given: masses ex- 3.15 × 102 mg + 3.15 × 103 mg + 3.15 × 104 mg
pressed in = 0.0315 × 104 mg + 0.315 × 104 mg + 3.15 × 104 mg
scientific
= 3.50 × 104 mg
notation
Unknown: sum ex-
pressed in
scientific
notation
to hun-
dredths
place
e. Given: number of 3.01 × 1022 atoms + 1.19 × 1023 atoms + 9.80 × 1021 atoms
atoms ex-
= 0.301 × 1023 atoms + 1.19 × 1023 atoms + 0.0980 × 1023 atoms
pressed in
scientific = 1.59 × 1023 atoms
notation
Unknown: sum ex-
pressed in
scientific
notation
to hun-
dredths
place
f. Given: lengths ex- 6.85 × 107 nm + 4.0229 × 108 nm – 8.38 × 106 nm

pressed in = 0.685 × 108 nm + 4.0229 × 108 nm – 0.0838 × 108 nm
scientific
= 4.624 × 108 nm
notation
Unknown: answer
expressed
in scien-
tific nota-
tion to
thou-
sandths
place
65. a. Given: 7.11 × 1024 7.11 × 1024 molecules

× 1.09 cm3 = 7.75 × 1022 molecules
molecules per 100.0 cm3
100.0 cm3
Unknown: number of
molecules
per
1.09 cm3
b. Given: 7.11 × 1024 7.11 × 1024 molecules

× 2.24 × 104 cm3 = 0.159 × 1028 molecules
100.0 cm3
Unknown: number of = 1.59 × 1027 molecules
molecules
in 2.24 ×
104 cm3

258
c. Given: 7.11 × 1024 7.11 × 1024 molecules
× 9.01 × 10–6 cm3
100.0 cm3
Unknown: number of = 0.641 × 1018 molecules = 6.41 × 1017 molecules
molecules
in 9.01 ×
10–6 cm3
66. a. Given: 3 518 000 9.5 mm × 8.2 mm

= 0.000 022 mm2/transistor
transistors 3 578 000 transistors
per 9.5 mm
× 8.2 mm = 2.2 × 10–5 mm2/transistor
Unknown: area per
transistor
b. Given: 2.2 × 10–5 1 transistor

353 mm × 265 mm × ⎯⎯ = 43 000 × 105 transistors
mm2/ 2.2 × 10–5 mm2
transistor
Unknown: number of = 4.3 × 109 transistors
transis-
tors on
353 mm ×
265 mm
0.0501 g 1L
67. Given: 0.0501 g per ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ = 0.0501 × 10–6 g/µL = 5.01 × 10–8 g/µL
1.00 L 1.00 L 1 × 106 µL
Unknown: concentra-
tion in
grams per
microliter
1 Cs atom 1m
68. Given: 5.30 × 10–10 × × 2.54 cm = 4.79 × 107 Cs atoms
m/Cs atom 5.30 × 10–10 m 102 cm
Unknown: number of Cs
atoms in
2.54 cm
69. Given: Vneutron = 1.675 × 10–24 g

Dneutron = = 1.2 × 1020 g/m3
1.4 × 10–44 m3 1.4 × 10–44 m3
Mneutron =
1.675 × 10–24 g 1.675 × 10–24 g 1 kg 1 m3 3 11
× × × 1.0 m = 1.2 × 10 kg
Unknown: Dneutron in 1.4 × 10–44 m3 103 g 106 cm3
g/m3
mass of
1.0 cm3 of
neutrons
in kg
1 pit
70. Given: 1.6 × 10–8 m 0.305 m × = 1.9 × 107 pits
per pit 1.6 × 10–8 m
Unknown: number of
pits in
0.305 m

259
71. a. Given: 6.022 × 1023 6.022 × 1023 O2 molecules
O2 molecules × 0.100 mL = 0.000 026 9 × 1023 O2 molecules
22 400 mL
per 22 400
mL at 0°C = 2.69 × 1018 O2 molecules
and standard
atmospheric
pressure
Unknown: number of
O2 mole-
cules in
0.100 mL
b. Given: 6.022 × 1023 6.022 × 1023 O2 molecules 103 mL

O2 molecules
× × 1.00 L
22 400 mL 1L
per 22 400
mL at 0°C
and standard = 0.000 269 × 1026 O2 molecules = 2.69 × 1022 O2 molecules
atmospheric
pressure
Unknown: number of
O2 mole-
cules in
1.00 L
c. Given: 6.022 × 1023 22 400 mL

O2 molecules = 3720 × 10–23 mL/O2 molecule
6.022 × 1023 O2 molecules
per 22 400
mL at 0°C = 3.72 × 10–20 mL/O2 molecule
and standard
atmospheric
pressure
Unknown: average
space in
milliliters
occupied
by one
oxygen
molecule
5.136 × 1018 kg
72. a. Given: m = 5.136 × 9 = 7.9 × 108 kg/person
1018 kg; 6.5 × 10 people
6 500 000 000
people
Unknown: mass in
kg per
person
5.136 × 1018 kg 1 metric ton

b. Given: m = 5.136 × 9 × 3 = 0.79 × 106 metric ton/person
1018 kg; 6.5 × 10 people 10 kg
6 500 000 000
people = 7.9 × 105 metric ton/person
Unknown: mass in
metric
tons per
person

260
c. Given: m = 5.136 × 5.136 × 1018 kg
9 = 0.54 × 109 kg/person = 5.4 × 108 kg/person
1018 kg; 9.5 × 10 people
9 500 000 000
people
Unknown: mass in
kg per
person
73. Given: msun = 1.989 1.989 × 1030 kg

= 0.3329 × 106 = 3.329 × 105 Earths
× 1030 kg 5.974 × 1024 kg
mearth = 5.974
× 1024 kg
Unknown: number of
Earths to
equal mass
of sun
74. c. Given: landfill dime- 2.3 km × 1.4 km × 0.15 km 109 m3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯
sions of 8 –2 3
2.5 × 10 objects/yr × 6.0 × 10 m /objects 1 km3
2.3 km ×
1.4 km × = 0.032 × 103 yr = 32 yr
0.15 km;
250 000 000
objects, each
0.060 m3, per
year
Unknown: how many
years
to fill
landfill
75. Given: 1 C = 1000 cal 2400 C 1000 cal 4.184 J

intake of 2400 C × × = 10 000 000 J/day = 1.0 × 107 J/day
1 day 1C 1 cal
per day
1 cal = 4.184 J
Unknown: intake in
joules per
day
76. Given: D = 0.73 g/cm3 1305 kg – 1271 kg 1L 103 g 1 mL

⎯⎯⎯ × × × = 47 L
mautomobile = 0.73 g/cm3 10 mL 1 kg 1 cm3
3
1271 kg
Unknown: volume in L
of gasoline to
raise mass
of car to
1305 kg

261
77. Given: pool dimensions 0.997 g 106 cm3 1 kg 1 metric ton
9.0 m × 3.5 m × 1.75 m × × × 3 × 3
of 9.0 m × 3.5 m 1 cm3 1 m3 10 g 10 kg
× 1.75 m
Dwater = 0.997 = 55 metric tons
g/cm3
1 metric ton
= 1000 kg
Unknown: mass of
water in pool
in metric
tons
78. Given: m = 250 g; 250 g 1 kg 10 cm3 103 mL

× 3 × ⎯⎯ × = 0.11 kg/L
dimensions of 7.0 cm × 17.0 cm × 19.0 cm 10 g 1 mL 1L
7.0 cm × 17.0 cm
× 19.0 cm
Unknown: density in
kilograms
per liter
79. Given: area of 18.5 m2; 1275 g 1 cm3 1 m3 103 mm

mass of 1275 g; 2 × × ⎯ 6
⎯3 × = 2.6 × 10–2 mm
18.5 m 2.7 g 10 cm 1m
density of
2.7 g/cm3
Unknown: thickness in
millimeters
80. Given: density of 1 cm3 103 g 1 mL 1L

3.75 kg × × × 3 × = 3.21 L
1.17 g/cm3; 1.17 g 1 kg 1 cm 103 mL
mass of 3.75 kg
Unknown: volume in
liters
81. Given: dimensions of 2090 g 10 mm

× = 0.80 g/cm3
28 cm × 21 cm 28 cm × 21 cm × 44.5 mm 1 cm
× 44.5 mm;
mass of 2090 g
Unknown: density in
g/cm3
82. Given: mass of 6.58 g; 6.58 g 103 mm3

× = 21.4 g/cm3
triangle with 0.5(36.4 mm × 30.1 mm) × 0.560 mm 1 cm3
base of 36.4 mm,
height of
30.1 mm, and
thickness of
0.560 mm
Unknown: density in
g/cm3
83. Given: crate dimensions 0.40 m × 0.40 m × 0.25 m 1 box 106 cm3
× ×
of 0.40 m × 1 crate 22.0 cm × 12.0 cm × 5.0 cm 1 m3
0.40 m × 0.25 m;
box dimensions = 30 boxes/crate
of 22.0 cm ×
12.0 cm × 5.0 cm
Unknown: number of
boxes to fill
the crate

262
84. a. Given: Vcube = l × l × l 1 cm3 103 g 1 mL 1L
D = 2.27 g/cm3 3.93 kg × × × 3 × = 1.73 L
2.27 g 1 kg 1 cm 103 mL
m = 3.93 kg
1 dm3 1 m3
Unknown: volume 1.73 L × × = 1.73 × 10–3 m3 = 0.00173 m3
in liters; 1L 103 dm3
dimensions
of the cube 0.001
73 m3 = 0.120 m; dimensions = 0.120 m × 0.120 m × 0.120 m
3
b. Given: Vrectangle 1 cm3

=l×w×h
V = 33 mm × 21 mm × 7.2 mm × = 5.0 cm3
103 mm3
D=
1.85 g/cm3 1.85 g
m = DV = × 5.0 cm3 = 9.2 g
dimensions of 1 cm3
33 mm ×
21 mm × 7.2 mm
Unknown: mass in
grams
volume
in cm3
4 3
c. Given: Vsphere = ⎯3⎯πr3; 102 dm3

4 4 3.30 m
V = πr3 = × 3.14 × × = 18.8 × 103 dm3
D = 3.21 g/L; 3 3 2 1 m3
diameter = 4 3
3.30 m = 1.88 × 10 dm
Unknown: mass in 3.21 g 1L 1 kg
kilograms, m = DV = × 1.88 × 104 dm3 × 3 × 3 = 60.3 kg
volume 1L 1 dm 10 g
in dm3
2
1 m3

d. Given: Vcylinder 7.5 cm
V = πr2 × h = 3.14 × 12 cm × = 5.3 × 10–4 m3
= πr2 × h; 2 106 cm3
mass = 497 g; m 497 g 1 m3
dimensions of D = = –4 3
× 6 3 = 0.94 g/cm3
V 5.3 × 10 m 10 cm
cylinder:
7.5 cm diame-
ter × 12 cm
Unknown: density in
g/cm3,
volume
in m3
e. Given: Vrectangle = 106 cm3

V = l × w × h = 3.5 m × 1.2 m × 0.65 m × = 2.7 × 106 cm3
l × w × h; 1 m3
D=
0.92 g 1 kg
0.92 g/cm3; m = DV = × (2.7 × 106 cm3) × 3 = 2.5 × 103 kg
dimensions of 1 cm3 10 g
3.5 m × 1.2 m
× 0.65 m
Unknown: mass in
kilograms,
volume
in cm3

263
85. Given: mass of 9.65 g; V = 19.5 mL – 16.0 mL = 3.5 mL
initial Vwater =
m 9.65 g 1 mL
16.0 mL; D = = × 3 = 2.8 g/cm3
final Vwater = V 3.5 mL 1 cm
19.5 mL
Unknown: Density in
g/cm3
86. a. Given: m = 50. kg; m m

D = ; thickness =
area = area × thickness area × D
3620 m2;
D= 50. kg 1 cm3 1 m2 104 µm 103 g
= 2 × × × ⎯⎯ × = 0.000 72 × 103 µm
19.3 g/cm3 3620 m 19.3 g 104 cm2 cm 1 kg
Unknown: thickness
of the gold = 0.72 µm
in micro-
meters
b. Given: thickness = diameter = 2 × radius = 2(1.44 × 10–10 m) = 2.88 × 10–10 m

0.72 µm;
atom radius = 1 atom 1m
× ⎯ 3
1.44 ×
0.72 µm × 6 ⎯ = 2.5 × 10 atoms
2.88 × 10–10
m 10 µm
10–10 m
Unknown: number of
atoms
2
87. Given: fill time = 238 s;

1.2 m
Vcylinder = πr2 × h = 3.14 × 4.6 m = 5.2 m3
cylinder diame- 2
ter = 1.2 m;
cylinder height = 5.2 m3 103 dm3 1L 60 s
4.6 m × 3
× 3 × ⎯⎯ = 1300 L/min
238 s 1m 1 dm 1 min
Unknown: flow rate in
L/min
88. Given: 2.8 g produces V = 4.5 cm × 3.05 cm × 15 cm = 210 cm3

1.0 J/s;
1 cal = 4.184 J; 19.86 g
m = DV = ⎯⎯ × 210 cm3 = 4200 g
dimensions = 1 cm3
4.5 cm × 3.05 cm
× 15 cm; 1.0 J 1 cal 3600 s
4200 g × × × = 1.3 × 106 cal/h
D = 19.86 g/cm3 2.8 g • s 4.184 J 1h
Unknown: calories
generated
per hour
3
89. Given: m = 5.974 × 1.28 × 104 km 1015 cm3

4 4
V = πr3 = × 3.14 × = 1.10 × 1027 cm3
1024 kg; 3 3 2 1 km3
sphere diameter
= 1.28 × 104 km m 5.974 × 1024 kg 103g
D = = × = 5.43 g/cm3
Unknown: density in V 1.10 × 1027 cm3 1 kg
g/cm3

264
90. Given: DMg = 1.74 g/cm3 21.45 g 103 cm3
mPt = 1.82 dm3 × × = 3.90 × 104 g = mMg
DPt = 21.45 1 cm3 1 dm3
g/cm3
Unknown: volume of mMg 1 cm3
VMg = ⎯ = 3.90 × 104 g × = 2.24 × 104 cm3
Mg in cm3 DMg 1.74 g
with the
same mass
as 1.82 dm3
of Pt
91. Given: 66 m/roll; 66 m 1 use 100 cm

5.0 cm/use × 24 rolls × × = 32 000 uses
1 roll 5.0 cm 1m
Unknown: number of
uses in
24 rolls
92. Given: 38 km/4.0 L 365 days × 0.75 = 274 days driven

gasoline;
86 km
driven 75% 274 days driven × = 24 000 km driven
of year; 1 day
86 km/day; 4.0 L
1 yr = 365 days 24 000 km × = 2500 L
38 km
Unknown: volume of
gasoline
in liters
per year
93. Given: fill time of 97 h; 9.0 m × 3.5 m × 1.75 m 103 dm3 1L 1h

× × 3 × = 9.5 L/min
pool dimensions 97 h 1 m3 1 dm 60 min
= 9.0 m × 3.5 m ×
1.75 m
Unknown: rate of fill in
L/min
94. Given: DH2SO4 = 1.285 g 1 cm3

500. mL × 0.38 × × = 244 g H2SO4
1.285 g/cm3; 1 cm3 1 mL
38% sulfuric acid
in battery
Unknown: mass of sul-
furic acid in
500. mL bat-
tery acid
95. a. Given: 64.1 g of Al 1 mol Al

64.1 g Al × = 2.38 mol Al
Unknown: number of 26.98 g Al
moles Al
b. Given: 28.1 g of Si 1 mol Si

28.1 g Si × = 1.00 mol Si
Unknown: number of 28.09 g Si
moles Si
c. Given: 0.255 g of S 1 mol S

0.255 g S × = 7.95 × 10–3 mol S
Unknown: number of 32.07 g S
moles S

265
d. Given: 850.5 g of Zn 1 mol Zn
850.5 g Zn × = 13.01 mol Zn
Unknown: number of 65.39 g Zn
moles Zn
96. a. Given: 1.22 mol Na 22.99 g N

1.22 mol Na × = 28.0 g Na
Unknown: mass Na 1 mol Na
b. Given: 14.5 mol Cu 63.55 g Cu

14.5 mol Cu × ⎯⎯ = 921 g Cu
Unknown: mass Cu 1 mol Cu
c. Given: 0.275 mol Hg 200.59 g Hg

0.275 mol Hg × = 55.2 g Hg
Unknown: mass Hg 1 mol Hg
d. Given: 9.37 × 10–3 24.31 g Mg

9.37 × 10–3 mol Mg × = 0.228 g Mg
mol Mg 1 mol Mg
Unknown: mass Mg
97. a. Given: 3.01 × 1023 1 mol

3.01 × 1023 atoms Rb × = 0.500 mol Rb
atoms Rb 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: amount in
moles
b. Given: 8.08 × 1022 1 mol

8.08 × 1022 atoms Kr × = 0.134 mol Kr
atoms Kr 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: amount in
moles
c. Given: 5 700 000 000 1 mol

5.7 × 109 atoms Pb × = 9.5 × 10–15 mol Pb
atoms of Pb 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: amount in
moles
d. Given: 2.997 × 1025 1 mol

2.997 × 1025 atoms V × = 49.77 mol V
atoms of V 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: amount in
moles
98. a. Given: 1.004 mol Bi 6.022 × 1023 atoms

1.004 mol Bi × = 6.046 × 1023 atoms Bi
Unknown: number of 1 mol
atoms
b. Given: 2.5 mol Mn 6.022 × 1023 atoms

2.5 mol Mn × = 1.5 × 1024 atoms Mn
atoms
c. Given: 0.000 000 2 6.022 × 1023 atoms

2 × 10–7 mol He × = 1 × 1017 atoms He
mol He 1 mol
Unknown: number of
atoms

266
d. Given: 32.6 mol Sr 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of 32.6 mol Sr × = 1.96 × 1025 atoms Sr
1 mol
atoms
99. a. Given: 54.0 g Al 1 mol Al 6.022 × 1023 atoms

54.0 g Al × × = 1.21 × 1024 atoms Al
Unknown: number of 26.98 g Al 1 mol
of atoms
Al
b. Given: 69.45 g La 1 mol La 6.022 × 1023 atoms

69.45 g La × × = 3.011 × 1023 atoms La
Unknown: number of 138.91 g La 1 mol
atoms La
c. Given: 0.697 g Ga 1 mol Ga 6.022 × 1023 atoms

0.697 g Ga × × = 6.02 × 1021 atoms Ga
Unknown: number of 69.72 g Ga 1 mol
atoms Ga
23
d. Given: 0.000 000 020 1 mol Be 6.022 × 10 atoms
2.0 × 10–8 g Be × × = 1.3 × 1015 atoms Be
g Be 9.01 g Be 1 mol
Unknown: number of
atoms Be
100. a. Given: 6.022 × 1024 1 mol 180.95 g Ta

6.022 × 1024 atoms Ta × 23 × = 1810 g Ta
atoms Ta 6.022 × 10 atoms 1 mol Ta
Unknown: mass Ta
b. Given: 3.01 × 1021 1 mol 58.93 g Co

3.01 × 1021 atoms Co × × = 0.295 g Co
atoms Co 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Co
Unknown: mass Co
c. Given: 1.506 × 1024 1 mol 39.95 g Ar

1.506 × 1024 atoms Ar × × ⎯⎯ = 99.91 g Ar
atoms Ar 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Ar
Unknown: mass Ar
d. Given: 1.20 × 1025 1 mol 4.00 g He

1.20 × 1025 atoms He × × = 79.7 g He
atoms He 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol He
Unknown: mass He
101. a. Given: 3.00 g BBr3 10.81 amu 79.90 amu

formula mass = 1 atom B × + 3 atoms Br ×
Unknown: number of 1 atom B 1 atom Br
moles
= 10.81 amu + 239.70 amu = 250.51 amu
BBr3
1 mol BBr3
3.00 g BBr3 × ⎯⎯ = 0.0120 mol BBr3
250.51 g BBr3
b. Given: 0.472 g NaF 22.99 amu 19.00 amu

formula mass NaF = 1 atom Na × ⎯⎯ + 1 atom F ×
Unknown: number of 1 atom Na 1 atom F
moles
= 41.99 amu
NaF
1 mol NaF
0.472 g NaF × = 0.0112 mol NaF
41.99 g NaF

267
c. Given: 7.50 × 102 g 12.01 amu 1. 01 amu
formula mass CH3OH = 1 atom C × + 4 atoms H ×
CH3OH 1 atom C 1 atom H
Unknown: number of 16.00 amu
moles + 1 atom O × ⎯⎯ = 32.05 amu
1 atom O
CH3OH
1 mol CH3OH
7.50 × 102 g CH3OH × = 23.4 mol CH3OH
32.05 g CH3OH
d. Given: 50.0 g 40.08 amu

formula mass Ca(ClO3)2 = 1 atom Ca × + 2 atoms Cl
Ca(ClO3)2 1 atom Ca
Unknown: number of 35.45 amu 16.00 amu
moles × + 6 atoms O ×
1 atom Cl 1 atom O
Ca(ClO3)2
= 206.98 amu
1 mol Ca(ClO3)2
50.0 g Ca(ClO3)2 × ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.242 mol Ca(ClO3)2
206.98 g Ca(ClO3)2
102. a. Given: 1.366 mol 14.01 amu 1.01 amu

formula mass NH3 = 1 atom N × + 3 atoms H ×
NH3 1 atom N 1 atom H
Unknown: mass NH3 = 17.04 amu
17.04 g NH
1.366 mol NH3 × 3 = 23.28 g NH3
1 mol NH3
b. Given: 0.120 mol 12.01 amu

formula mass C6H12O6 = 6 atoms C × + 12 atoms H
C6H12O6 1 atom C
Unknown: mass 1.01 amu 16.00 amu
C6H12O6 × + 6 atoms O ×
1 atom H 1 atom O
= 180.18 amu
180.18 g C6H12O6
0.120 mol C6H12O6 × = 21.6 g C6H12O6
1 mol C6H12O6
c. Given: 6.94 mol 137.33 amu 35.45 amu

formula mass BaCl2 = 1 atom Ba × + 2 atoms Cl ×
BaCl2 1 atom Ba 1 atom Cl
Unknown: mass = 208.23 amu
BaCl2
208.23 g BaCl
6.94 mol BaCl2 × 2 = 1450 g BaCl2
1 mol BaCl2
d. Given: 0.005 mol 12.01 amu 1.01 amu

formula mass C3H8 = 3 atoms C × + 8 atoms H ×
C3H8 1 atom C 1 atom H
Unknown: mass = 44.11 amu
C3H8
44.11 g C3H8
0.005 mol C3H8 × = 0.2 g C3H8
1 mol C3H8
103. a. Given: 4.99 mol CH4 6.022 × 1023 molecules

4.99 mol CH4 × = 3.00 × 1024 molecules CH4
molecules

268
b. Given: 0.005 20 mol 6.022 × 1023 molecules
N2 5.20 × 10–3 mol N2 × = 3.13 × 1021 molecules N2
1 mol
Unknown: number of
molecules
c. Given: 1.05 mol PCl3 6.022 × 1023 molecules

1.05 mol PCl3 × = 6.32 × 1023 molecules PCl3
molecules
d. Given: 3.5 × 10–5 mol 6.022 × 1023 molecules

3.5 × 10–5 mol C6H8O6 ×
C6H8O6 1 mol
Unknown: number of
molecules = 2.1 × 1019 molecules C6H8O6
104. a. Given: 1.25 mol KBr 6.022 × 1023 formula units

1.25 mol KBr ×
formula
units = 7.53 × 1023 formula units KBr
b. Given: 5.00 mol 6.022 × 1023 formula units

5.00 mol MgCl2 ×
MgCl2 1 mol
Unknown: number of
formula = 3.01 × 1024 formula units MgCl2
units
c. Given: 0.025 mol 6.022 × 1023 formula units

0.025 mol Na2CO3 ×
Na2CO3 1 mol
Unknown: number of
formula = 1.5 × 1022 formula units Na2CO3
units
d. Given: 6.82 × 10–6 6.022 × 1023 formula units

6.82 × 10–6 mol Pb(NO3)2 ×
mol Pb(NO3)2 1 mol
Unknown: number of
formula = 4.11 × 1018 formula units Pb(NO3)2
units
105. a. Given: 3.34 × 1034 1 mol

3.34 × 1034 formula units Cu(OH)2 ×
formula units 6.022 × 1023 formula units
Cu(OH)2
Unknown: amount in = 5.55 × 1010 mol Cu(OH)2
moles
b. Given: 1.17 × 1016 1 mol

1.17 × 1016 molecules H2S × = 1.94 × 10–8 mol H2S
molecules 6.022 × 1023 molecules
of H2S
Unknown: amount in
moles
c. Given: 5.47 × 1021 1 mol

5.47 × 1021 formula units NiSO4 ×
formula units 6.022 × 1023 formula units
of NiSO4
Unknown: amount in = 9.08 × 10–3 mol NiSO4
moles

269
d. Given: 7.66 × 1019 1 mol
molecules of 7.66 × 1019 molecules H2O2 ×
6.022 × 1023 molecules
H2O2
Unknown: amount in = 1.27 × 10–4 mol H2O2
moles
106. a. Given: 2.41 × 1024 1.01 amu

formula mass H2 = 2 atoms H × = 2.02 amu
molecules H2 1 atom H
Unknown: mass H2
1 mol 2.02 g H
2.41 × 1024 molecules H2 × × 2
6.022 × 1023 molecules 1 mol H2
= 8.08 g H2
b. Given: 5.00 × 1021 26.98 amu

formula mass Al(OH)3 = 1 atom Al × + 3 atoms O
formula units 1 atom Al
Al(OH)3
16.00 amu 1.01 amu
Unknown: mass × + 3 atoms H × = 78.01 amu
1 atom O 1 atom H
Al(OH)3
1 mol
5.00 × 1021 formula units Al(OH)3 ×
6.022 × 1023 formula units
78.01 g Al(OH)
× 3 = 0.648 g Al(OH)3
1 mol Al(OH)3
c. Given: 8.25 × 1022 79.90 amu 19.00 amu

formula mass BrF5 = 1 atom Br × + 5 atoms F ×
molecules 1 atom Br 1 atom F
BrF5
= 174.90 amu
Unknown: mass
BrF5
1 mol 174.90 g BrF
8.25 × 1022 molecules BrF5 × × 5
6.022 × 1023 molecules 1 mol BrF5
= 24.0 g BrF5
d. Given: 1.20 × 1023 22.99 amu

formula mass Na2C2O4 = 2 atoms Na × + 2 atoms C
formula units 1 atom Na
Na2C2O4
12.01 amu 16.00 amu
Unknown: mass × + 4 atoms O × ⎯⎯ = 134 amu
1 atom C 1 atom O
Na2C2O4
1 mol
1.20 × 1023 formula units Na2C2O4 ×
134 g Na2C2O4
× ⎯⎯ = 26.7 g Na2C2O4
1 mol Na2C2O4
107. a. Given: 22.9 g Na2S 22.99 amu 32.01 amu

formula mass Na2S = 2 atoms Na × + 1 atom S × ⎯⎯
Unknown: number of 1 atom Na 1 atom S
formula = 77.99 amu
units
Na2S
1 mol Na2S 6.022 × 1023 formula units
22.9 g Na2S × ×
77.99 g Na2S 1 mol
= 1.77 × 1023 formula units Na2S

270
b. Given: 0.272 g 58.69 amu
Ni(NO3)2 formula mass Ni(NO3)2 = 1 atom Ni × + 2 atoms N
1 atom Ni
Unknown: number of
14.01 amu 16.00 amu
formula × ⎯⎯ + 6 atoms O × = 182.71 amu
units 1 atom N 1 atom O
Ni(NO3)2
1 mol Ni(NO3)2 6.022 × 1023 formula units
0.272 g Ni(NO3)2 × ×
182.71 g Ni(NO3)2 1 mol
= 8.96 × 1020 formula units Ni(NO3)2
c. Given: 260 mg 12.01 amu

formula mass CH2CHCN = 3 atoms C × + 3 atoms H
CH2CHCN 1 atom C
Unknown: number of 1.01 amu 14.01 amu
molecules × + 1 atom N × = 53.07 amu
1 atom H 1 atom N
CH2CHCN
1 mol CH2CHCN 1g
260 mg CH2CHCN × ×
53.07 g CH2CHCN 1000 mg

× ⎯⎯⎯ = 3.0 × 1021 molecules CH2CHCN
1 mol
108. a. Given: 0.039 g Pd 1 mol Pd

Unknown: number of 0.039 g Pd × = 3.7 × 10–4 mol Pd
106.42 g Pd
moles Pd
b. Given: 8200 g Fe 1 mol Fe

8200 g Fe × = 150 mol Fe
Unknown: number of 55.85 g Fe
moles Fe
c. Given: 0.0073 kg Ta 1000 g 1 mol Ta

0.0073 kg Ta × × = 0.040 mol Ta
Unknown: number of 1 kg 180.95 g Ta
moles Ta
d. Given: 0.006 55 g Sb 1 mol Sb

0.006 55 g Sb × = 5.38 × 10–5 mol Sb
Unknown: number of 121.76 g Sb
moles Sb
e. Given: 5.64 kg Ba 1 mol Ba 1000 g

5.64 kg Ba × × = 41.1 mol Ba
Unknown: number of 137.33 g Ba 1 kg
moles Ba
f. Given: 3.37 × 10–6 g 1 mol Mo

3.37 × 10–6 g Mo × = 3.51 × 10–8 mol Mo
Mo 95.94 g Mo
Unknown: number of
moles Mo
109. a. Given: 1.002 mol Cr 52.00 g Cr

1.002 mol Cr × = 52.10 g Cr
Unknown: mass Cr 1 mol Cr
b. Given: 550 mol Al 26.98 g Al

550 mol Al × = 1.5 × 104 g Al
Unknown: mass Al 1 mol Al

271
c. Given: 4.08 × 10–8 20.18 g Ne
4.08 × 10–8 mol Ne × = 8.23 × 10–7 g Ne
mol Ne 1 mol Ne
Unknown: mass Ne
d. Given: 7 mol Ti 47.88 g Ti

7 mol Ti × = 3 × 102 g Ti
Unknown: mass Ti 1 mol Ti
e. Given: 0.0086 mol Xe 131.29 g Xe

0.0086 mol Xe × = 1.1 g Xe
Unknown: mass Xe 1 mol Xe
f. Given: 3.29 × 104 mol 6.94 g Li

3.29 × 104 mol Li × = 2.28 × 105 g Li
Li 1 mol Li
Unknown: mass Li
110. a. Given: 17.0 mol Ge 6.022 × 1023 atoms

17.0 mol Ge × = 1.02 × 1025 atoms Ge
atoms
b. Given: 0.6144 mol 6.022 × 1023 atoms

0.6144 mol Cu × = 3.700 × 1023 atoms Cu
Cu 1 mol
Unknown: number of
atoms
c. Given: 3.02 mol Sn 6.022 × 1023 atoms

3.02 mol Sn × ⎯⎯⎯ = 1.82 × 1024 atoms Sn
atoms
d. Given: 2.0 × 106 mol 6.022 × 1023 atoms

2.0 × 106 mol C × = 1.2 × 1030 atoms C
C 1 mol
Unknown: number of
atoms
e. Given: 0.0019 mol Zr 6.022 × 1023 atoms

0.0019 mol Zr × = 1.1 × 1021 atoms Zr
atoms
f. Given: 3.227 × 10–10 6.022 × 1023 atoms

3.227 × 10–10 mol K × = 1.943 × 1014 atoms K
mol K 1 mol
Unknown: number of
atoms
111. a. Given: 6.022 × 1024 1 mol

6.022 × 1024 atoms Co × = 10.00 mol Co
atoms Co 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of
moles Co
b. Given: 1.06 × 1023 1 mol

1.06 × 1023 atoms W × = 0.176 mol W
atoms W 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of
moles W

272
c. Given: 3.008 × 1019 1 mol
atoms Ag 3.008 × 1019 atoms Ag × = 4.995 × 10–5 mol Ag
6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of
moles Ag
d. Given: 950 000 000 1 mol

9.5 × 108 atoms Pu × = 1.6 × 10–15 mol Pu
atoms Pu 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of
moles Pu
e. Given 4.61 × 1017 1 mol

4.61 × 1017 atoms Rn × = 7.66 × 10–7 mol Rn
atoms Rn 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of
moles Rn
f. Given: 8 trillion 1 mol

8 × 1012 atoms Ce × = 1 × 10–11 mol Ce
atoms Ce 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Unknown: number of
moles Ce
112. a. Given: 0.0082 g Au 1 mol Au 6.022 × 1023 atoms

0.0082 g Au × × = 2.5 × 1019 atoms Au
Unknown: number of 196.97 g Au 1 mol
atoms Au
b. Given: 812 g Mo 1 mol Mo 6.022 × 1023 atoms

812 g Mo × × = 5.10 × 1024 atoms Mo
Unknown: number of 95.94 g Mo 1 mol
atoms Mo
c. Given: 2.00 × 102 mg 1g 1 mol Am 6.022 × 1023 atoms

2.00 × 102 mg Am × × ×
Am 1000 mg 243.06 g Am 1 mol
Unknown: number of
atoms Am = 4.96 × 1020 atoms Am
d. Given: 10.09 kg Ne 1000 g 1 mol Ne 6.022 × 1023 atoms

10.09 kg Ne × × ×
Unknown: number of 1 kg 20.18 g Ne 1 mol
atoms Ne
= 3.011 × 1026 atoms Ne
e. Given: 0.705 mg Bi 1g 1 mol Bi 6.022 × 1023 atoms

0.705 mg Bi × × ×
Unknown: number of 1000 mg 208.98 g Bi 1 mol
atoms Bi
= 2.03 × 1018 atoms Bi
f. Given: 37 µg U 1g 1 mol U 6.022 × 1023 atoms

37 µg U × ⎯6⎯ × × = 9.4 × 1016 atoms U
Unknown: number of 10 µg 238.03 g U 1 mol
atoms U
113. a. Given: 8.22 × 1023 1 mol 85.47 g Rb

8.22 × 1023 atoms Rb × × = 117 g Rb
atoms Rb 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Rb
Unknown: mass Rb

273
b. Given: 4.05 Avo- 1 mol 54.94 g Mn
gadro’s 4.05 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms Mn × × ⎯⎯
6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Mn
constants of
Mn atoms = 223 g Mn
Unknown: mass Mn
c. Given: 9.96 × 1026 1 mol 127.60 g Te

9.96 × 1026 atoms Te × × = 2.11 × 105g Te
atoms Te 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Te
Unknown: mass Te
d. Given: 0.000 025 1 mol 102.91 g Rh

2.5 × 10–5 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms Rh × ×
Avogadro’s 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Rh
constants of
Rh atoms = 2.6 × 10–3 g Rh
Unknown: mass Rh
e. Given: 88 300 000 1 mol 226.03 g Ra

8.83 × 1013 atoms Ra × ×
000 000 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Ra
atoms Ra
Unknown: mass Ra = 3.31 × 10–8 g Ra
f. Given: 2.94 × 1017 1 mol 178.49 g Hf

2.94 × 1017 atoms Hf × × = 8.71 × 10–5 g Hf
atoms Hf 6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mol Hf
Unknown: mass Hf
114. a. Given: 45.0 g 12.01 amu

formula mass CH3COOH = 2 atoms C ×
CH3COOH 1 atom C
Unknown: moles 1.01 amu 16.00 amu
CH3COOH + 4 atoms H × + 2 atoms O × = 60.06 amu
1 atom H 1 atom O
1 mol CH3COOH
45.0 g CH3COOH × = 0.749 mol CH3COOH
60.06 g CH3COOH
b. Given: 7.04 g 207.2 amu

formula mass Pb(NO3)2 = 1 atom Pb × ⎯⎯ + 2 atoms N
Pb(NO3)2 1 atom Pb
Pb(NO3)2 × + 6 atoms O × ⎯⎯ = 331.22 amu
1 atom N 1 atom O
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
7.04 g Pb(NO3)2 × = 0.0213 mol Pb(NO3)2
331.22 g Pb(NO3)2
c. Given: 5000 kg 55.85 amu 16.00 amu

formula mass Fe2O3 = 2 atoms Fe × + 3 atoms O ×
Fe2O3 1 atom Fe 1 atom O
Unknown: moles
Fe2O3 = 159.70 amu
1000 g 1 mol Fe2 O3

5000 kg Fe2O3 × × = 3 × 104 mol Fe2O3
1 kg 159.70 g Fe2O3

274
d. Given: 12.0 mg 12.01 amu 1.01 amu
C2H5NH2 formula mass C2H5NH2 = 2 atoms C × + 7 atoms H ×
1 atom C 1 atom H
Unknown: moles 14.01 amu
C2H5NH2 + 1 atom N × = 45.10 amu
1 atom N
1g 1 mol C2H5NH2
12.0 mg C2H5NH2 × ×
1000 mg 45.10 g C2H5NH2
= 2.66 × 10–4 mol C2H5NH2
e. Given: 0.003 22 g 12.01 amu

formula mass C17H35COOH = 18 atoms C ×
C17H35COOH 1 atom C
C17H35CO + 36 atoms H × + 2 atoms O × = 284.54 amu
1 atom H 1 atom O
OH
1 mol C17H35COOH
3.22 × 10–3 g C17H35COOH ×
284.54 g C17H35COOH
= 1.13 × 10–5 mol C17H35COOH
f. Given: 50.0 kg 14.01 amu

formula mass (NH4)2SO4 = 2 atoms N × + 8 atoms H
(NH4)2SO4 1 atom N
Unknown: moles 1.01 amu 32.07 amu 16.00 amu
(NH4)2 × + 1 atom S × + 4 atoms O ×
1 atom H 1 atom S 1 atom O
SO4
= 132.17 amu
1000 g 1 mol (NH4)2SO4

50.0 kg (NH4)2SO4 × ×
1 kg 132.17 g (NH4)2SO4
= 378 mol (NH4)2SO4
115. a. Given: 3.00 mol 78.96 amu

formula mass SeOBr2 = 1 atom Se ×
SeOBr2 1 atom Se
SeOBr2 + 1 atom O × + 2 atoms Br ×
1 atom O 1 atom Br
= 254.76 amu
254.76 g SeOBr2
3.00 mol SeOBr2 × = 764 g SeOBr2
1 mol SeOBr2
b. Given: 488 mol 40.08 amu 12.01 amu

formula mass CaCO3 = 1 atom Ca × + 1 atom C ×
CaCO3 1 atom Ca 1 atom C
Unknown: mass 16.00 amu
CaCO3 + 3 atoms O × = 100.09 amu
1 atom O
100.09 g CaCO
488 mol CaCO3 × 3 = 4.88 × 104 g CaCO3
1 mol CaCO3

275
c. Given: 0.0091 mol 12.01 amu
C20H28O2 formula mass C20H28O2 = 20 atoms C ×
1 atom C
C20H28O2 + 28 atoms H × + 2 atoms O × = 300.48 amu
1 atom H 1 atom O
300.48 g C20H28O2
0.0091 mol C20H28O2 × = 2.7 g C20H28O2
1 mol C20H28O2
d. Given: 6.00 × 10–8 12.01 amu

formula mass C10H14N2 = 10 atoms C × + 14 atoms H
mol C10H14N2 1 atom C
C10H14N2 × + 2 atoms N × = 162.26 amu
1 atom H 1 atom N
162.26 g C10H14N2
6.00 × 10–8 mol C10H14N2 × = 9.74 × 10–6 g C10H14N2
1 mol C10H14N2
e. Given: 2.50 mol 87.62 amu

formula mass Sr(NO3)2 = 1 atom Sr ×
Sr(NO3)2 1 atom Sr
Sr(NO3)2 + 2 atoms N × + 6 atoms O ×
1 atom N 1 atom O
= 211.64 amu
211.64 g Sr(NO3)2
2.50 mol Sr(NO3)2 × = 529 g Sr(NO3)2
1 mol Sr(NO3)2
f. Given: 3.50 × 10–6 238.03 amu 19.00 amu

formula mass UF6 = 1 atom U × + 6 atoms F ×
mol UF6 1 atom U 1 atom F
Unknown: mass UF6 = 352.03 amu
352.03 g UF
3.50 × 10–6 mol UF6 × 6 = 1.23 × 10–3 g UF6
1 mol UF6
116. a. Given: 4.72 mol WO3 6.022 × 1023 formula units

4.27 mol WO3 ×
formula
units = 2.57 × 1024 formula units WO3
b. Given: 0.003 00 mol 6.022 × 1023 formula units

3.00 × 10–3 mol Sr(NO3)2 ×
Sr(NO3)2 1 mol
Unknown: number of
formula = 1.81 × 1021 formula units Sr(NO3)2
units
c. Given 72.5 mol 6.022 × 1023 molecules

72.5 mol C6H5CH3 ×
C6H5CH3 1 mol
Unknown: number of
molecules = 4.37 × 1025 molecules C6H5CH3

276
d. Given: 5.11 × 10–7 6.022 × 1023 molecules
mol C29H50O2 5.11 × 10–7 mol C29H50O2 ×
1 mol
Unknown: number of
molecules = 3.08 × 1017 molecules C29H50O2
e. Given: 1500 mol 6.022 × 1023 molecules

1500 mol N2H4 × = 9.0 × 1026 molecules N2H4
N2H4 1 mol
Unknown: number of
molecules
f. Given: 0.989 mol 6.022 × 1023 molecules

0.989 mol C6H5NO2 ×
C6H5NO2 1 mol
Unknown: number of
molecules = 5.96 × 1023 molecules C6H5NO2
117. a. Given: 285 g FePO4 55.85 amu 30.97 amu

formula mass FePO4 = 1 atom Fe × + 1 atom P ×
Unknown: number of 1 atom Fe 1 atom P
formula 16.00 amu
units + 4 atoms O × = 150.82 amu
1 atom O
FePO4
1 mol FePO4 6.022 × 1023 formula units
285 g FePO4 × ×
150.82 g FePO4 1 mol
= 1.14 × 1024 formula units FePO4
b. Given: 0.0084 g 12.01 amu 1.01 amu

formula mass C5H5N = 5 atoms C × + 5 atoms H × ⎯⎯
C5H5N 1 atom C 1 atom H
molecules + 1 atom N × = 79.11 amu
1 atom N
C5H5N
1 mol C5H5N 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.0084 g C5H5N × ×
79.11 g C5H5N 1 mol
= 6.4 × 1019 molecules C5H5N
c. Given: 85 mg 12.01 amu

formula mass (CH3)2CHCH2OH = 4 atoms C ×
(CH3)2CHCH2 1 atom C
OH
1.01 amu 16.00 amu
Unknown: number of + 10 atoms H × + 1 atom O × = 74.14 amu
1 atom H 1 atom O
molecules
(CH3)2CH 1g 1 mol (CH3)2CHCH2OH
85 mg (CH3)2CHCH2OH × ×
CH2OH 1000 mg 74.14 g (CH3)2CHCH2OH
6022 ×1023 molecules

× = 6.9 × 1020 molecules (CH3)2CHCH2OH
1 mol

277
d. Given: 4.6 × 10–4 g 200.59 amu
formula mass Hg(C2H3O2)2 = 1 atom Hg × + 4 atoms C
Hg(C2H3O2)2 1 atom Hg
Unknown: number of 12.01 amu 1.01 amu 16.00 amu
× ⎯⎯ + 6 atoms H × + 4 atoms O ×
formula 1 atom C 1 atom H 1 atom O
units Hg
(C2H3O2)2 = 318.69 amu
1 mol Hg(C2H3O2)2
4.6 × 10–4 g Hg(C2H3O2)2 ×
318.69 g Hg(C2H3O2)2

× = 8.7 × 1017 formula units Hg(C2H3O2)2
1 mol
e. Given: 0.0067 g 6.94 amu 12.01 amu

formula mass Li2CO3 = 2 atoms Li × + 1 atom C × ⎯⎯
Li2CO3 1 atom Li 1 atom C
formula + 3 atoms O × = 73.89 amu
1 atom O
units
Li2CO3 1 mol Li2CO3 6.022 × 1023 formula units
6.7 × 10–3 g Li2CO3 × ⎯⎯ ×
73.89 g Li2CO3 1 mol
= 5.5 × 1019 formula units Li2CO3
118. a. Given: 8.39 × 1023 19.00 amu

formula mass F2 = 2 atoms F × = 38.00 amu
molecules F2 1 atom F
Unknown: mass F2
1 mol 38.00 g F
8.39 × 1023 molecules F2 × 23 × 2 = 52.9 g F2
6.022 × 10 molecules 1 mol F2
b. Given: 6.82 × 1024 9.01 amu 32.07 amu

formula mass BeSO4 = 1 atom Be × + 1 atom S ×
formula units 1 atom Be 1 atom S
BeSO4
16.00 amu
Unknown: mass + 4 atoms O × = 105.08 amu
1 atom O
BeSO4
1 mol
6.82 × 1024 formula units BeSO4 ×
105.08 g BeSO
× ⎯⎯4 = 1190 g BeSO4
1 mol BeSO4
c. Given: 7.004 × 1026 12.01 amu 1.01 amu

formula mass CHCl3 = 1 atom C × + 1 atom H × ⎯⎯
molecules of 1 atom C 1 atom H
CHCl3
35.45 amu
Unknown: mass + 3 atoms Cl × = 119.37 amu
1 atom Cl
CHCl3
1 mol
7.004 × 1026 molecules CHCl3 ×
119.37 g CHCl
× 3 = 1.388 × 105 g CHCl3
1 mol CHCl3

278
d. Given: 31 billion for- 52.00 amu
formula mass Cr(CHO2)3 = 1 atom Cr ×
mula units Cr 1 atom Cr
(CHO2)3 12.01 amu 1.01 amu 16.00 amu
Unknown: mass + 3 atoms C × ⎯⎯ + 3 atoms H × + 6 atoms O ×
1 atom C 1 atom H 1 atom O
Cr(CHO2)3
= 187.06 amu
1 mol
3.1 × 1010 formula units Cr(CHO2)3 ×
187.06 g Cr(CHO2)3
× = 9.6 × 10–12 g Cr(CHO2)3
1 mol Cr(CHO2)3
e. Given: 6.3 × 1018 1.01 amu 14.01 amu

formula mass HNO = 1 atom H × + 1 atom N × ⎯⎯
molecules 1 atom H 1 atom N
HNO3
16.00 amu
Unknown: mass + 3 atoms O × ⎯⎯ = 63.02 amu
1 atom O
HNO3
1 mol 63.02 g HNO
6.3 × 1018 molecules HNO3 × 23 × 3
6.022 × 10 molecules 1 mol HNO3
= 6.6 × 10–4 g HNO3
f. Given: 8.37 × 1025 12.01 amu

formula mass C2Cl2F4 = 2 atoms C ×
molecules 1 atom C
C2Cl2F4
35.45 amu 19.00 amu
Unknown: mass + 2 atoms Cl × ⎯⎯ + 4 atoms F × = 170.92 amu
1 atom Cl 1 atom F
C2Cl2F4
1 mol
8.37 × 1025 molecules C2Cl2F4 ×
170.92 g C2Cl2F4
× = 2.38 × 104 g C2Cl2F4
1 mol C2Cl2F4
119. Given: 1 troy ounce 1 mol Au

31.1 g Au × ⎯ ⎯ = 0.158 mol Au
= 31.1 g 196.97 g Au
Unknown: moles in a 1 mol Pt
troy ounce of 31.1 g Pt × = 0.159 mol Pt
Au, Pt, Ag 195.08 g Pt
1 mol Ag
31.1 g Ag × = 0.288 mol Ag
107.87 g Ag
120. Given: 22.0 g C6H5OH 12.01 amu

formula mass C6H5OH = 6 atoms C × ⎯⎯
Unknown: moles 1 atom C
C6H5OH 1.01 amu 16.00 amu
+ 6 atoms H × ⎯⎯ + 1 atom O × = 94.12 amu
1 atom H 1 atom O
1 mol C6H5OH
22.0 g C6H5OH × = 0.234 mol C6H5OH
94.12 g C6H5OH

279
121. Given: 0.015 mol I2 126.90 amu
formula mass I2 = 2 atoms I × = 253.80 amu
Unknown: mass I2 1 atom I
253.80 g I
0.015 mol I2 × 2 = 3.8 g I2
1 mol I2
122. Given: 1 carat = 200 mg 200. mg 1g 1 mol C 6.022 × 1023 atoms

1 carat × ⎯⎯ × × ×
Unknown: number of C 1 carat 1000 mg 12.01 g C 1 mol
atoms in
1.00 carat = 1.00 × 1022 atoms C
123. a. Given: 8.00 g CaCl2; 40.08 amu

formula mass CaCl2 = 1 atom Ca ×
1.000 kg 1 atom Ca
water
35.45 amu
Unknown: moles of + 2 atoms Cl × = 110.98 amu
1 atom Cl
CaCl2 and
water
1 mol CaCl2
8.00 g CaCl2 × = 0.0721 mol CaCl2
110.98 g CaCl2
1.01 amu 16.00 amu
formula mass H2O = 2 atoms H × + 1 atom O ×
1 atom H 1 atom O
= 18.02 amu
1000 g 1 mol H2O

1.000 kg H2O × × ⎯⎯ = 55.49 mol H2O
1 kg 18.02 g H2O
b. Given: 0.0721 mol 1 mol Ca2+

0.0721 mol CaCl2 × = 0.0721 mol Ca2+
CaCl2 from 1 mol CaCl2
part a
2 mol Cl–
Unknown: moles of 0.0721 mol CaCl2 × = 0.144 mol Cl –
Ca2+ and 1 mol CaCl2
Cl – ions
124. a. Given: 453.6 g 12.01 amu

formula mass C12H22O11 = 12 atoms C ×
C12H22O11 1 atom C
C12H22O11 + 22 atoms H × + 11 atoms O × ⎯⎯ = 342.34 amu
1 atom H 1 atom O
1 mol C12H22O11
453.6 g C12H22O11 × = 1.325 mol C12H22O11
342.34 g C12H22O11
b. Given: 453.6 g NaCl 22.99 amu 35.45 amu

formula mass NaCl = 1 atom Na × + 1 atom Cl ×
Unknown: moles 1 atom Na 1 atom Cl
NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mol NaCl
453.6 g NaCl × = 7.762 mol NaCl
58.44 g NaCl

280
125. Given: 10.7 g NH4Cl 14.01 amu 1.01 amu
formula mass NH4Cl = 1 atom N × + 4 atoms H ×
Unknown: moles of ions 1 atom N 1 atom H
35.45 amu
+ 1 atom Cl × = 53.50 amu
1 atom Cl
1 mol NH4Cl 2 mol ions

10.7 g NH4Cl × × = 0.400 mol ions
53.50 g NH4Cl 1 mol NH4Cl
126. Given: 2.41 × 1024

2.41 × 1024 atoms + 0.15 × 1024 atoms + 0.301 × 1024 atoms
atoms Cr;
1.51 × 1023 atoms = 2.86 × 1024 atoms
Ni; 3.01 × 1023
atoms Cr 1 mol
2.86 × 1024 atoms × = 4.75 mol
Unknown: total moles 6.022 × 1023 atoms
127. a. Given: 250.0 mL 0.997 g H2O

250.0 mL H2O × = 249 g H2O
H2O; DH2O = 1 mL H2O
0.997 g/mL
Unknown: mass H2O
b. Given: 249 g H2O 1.01 amu 16.00 amu

formula mass H2O = 2 atoms H × + 1 atom O ×
(from part a) 1 atom H 1 atom O
Unknown: moles = 18.02 amu
H2O
1 mol H2O
249 g H2O × = 13.8 mol H2O
18.02 g H2O
c. Given: DH2O = 18.02 g H2O 1 mL H2O

2.000 mol H2O × × = 36.1 mL H2O
0.997 g/mL; 1 mol H2O 0.997 g H2O
2000 mol H2O
Unknown: volume
d. Given: 2.000 mol 18.02 g H2O

2.000 mol H2O × = 36.04 g H2O
H2O 1 mol H2O
Unknown: mass
129. Given: 6.35 g Cd 1 mol 26.98 g Al

6.35 g Cd × × = 1.52 g Al
Unknown: mass of same 112.41 g Cd 1 mol
number of Al
atoms
130. Given: Oxygen in cylin- 16.00 amu

formula mass O2 = 2 atoms O × = 32.00 amu
der: initial = 1 atom O
1027.8 g; final
= 1023.2 g mass of O2 used = 1027.8 g – 1023.2 g = 4.6 g
Unknown: moles of O2 1 mol O2
used 4.6 g O2 × = 0.14 mol O2
32.00 g O2
131. a. Given: 0.250 mol 2 mol Ag

0.250 mol Ag2S × = 0.500 mol Ag
Ag2S 1 mol Ag2S
Unknown: moles of
Ag and S 1 mo l S
0.250 mol Ag2S × = 0.250 mol S
1 mol Ag2S

281
b. Given: 38.8 g Ag2S 107.87 Amu 32.07 amu
formula mass Ag2S = 2 atoms Ag × + 1 atom S ×
Unknown: moles 1 atom Ag 1 atom S
Ag2S, Ag,
and S = 247.81 amu
1 mol Ag2S
38.8 g Ag2S × = 0.157 mol Ag2S
247.81 g Ag2S
2 mol Ag
0.157 mol Ag2S × = 0.314 mol Ag
1 mol Ag2S
1 mo l S
0.157 mol Ag2S × = 0.157 mol S
1 mol Ag2S
c. Given: 0.314 mol Ag; 107.87 g Ag

0.314 mol Ag × = 133.9 g Ag
0.157 mol S 1 mol Ag
Unknown: masses of
Ag and S 32.07 g S
0.157 mol S × = 5.03 g S
1 mol S
132. a. Given: Na2C2O4 22.99 g Na 12.01 g C

molar mass Na2C2O4 = 2 mol Na × + 2 mol C ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Na 1 mol C
age com- 16.00 g O
position + 4 mol O × = 134.00 g
1 mol O
2 × 22.99 g Na
× 100 = 34.31% Na
134.00 g Na2C2O4
2 × 12.01 g C
× 100 = 17.93% C
134.00 g Na2C2O4
4 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 47.76% O
134.00 g Na2C2O4
b. Given: C2H5OH 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C2H5OH = 2 mol C × + 6 mol H ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol C 1 mol H
age com- 16.00 g O
1 mol O
2 × 12.01 g C
× 100 = 52.13% C
46.08 g C2H5OH
6 × 1.01 g H
× 100 = 13.15% H
46.08 g C2H5OH
1 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 34.72% O
46.08 g C2H5OH
c. Given: Al2O3 26.98 g Al 16.00 g O

molar mass Al2O3 = 2 mol Al × + 3 mol O × = 101.96 g
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Al 1 mol O
age com-
position 2 × 26.98 Al
× 100 = 52.92% Al
l0l.96 Al2O3
3 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 47.08% O
101.96 g Al2O3

282
d. Given: K2SO4 39.10 g K 32.07 g S
molar mass K2SO4 = 2 mol K × + 1 mol S × ⎯⎯
Unknown: percent- 1 mol K 1 mol S
age com- 16.00 g O
1 mol O
2 × 39.10 g K
× 100 = 44.87% K
174.27 g K2SO4
1 × 32.07 g S
× 100 = 18.40% S
174.27 g K2SO4
4 × 16.00 O
× 100 = 36.72% O
174.27 g K2SO4
133. Given: percentage com- 100.0 g compound contains 42.59 g Na, 12.02 g C, and 44.99 g O.
position
42.59 g Na
Unknown: identity of = 1.853 mol Na ≅ 2 mol Na
the com- 22.99 g/mol
pound 12.02 g C
= 1.001 mol C ≅ 1 mol C
12.01 g/mol
44.99 g O
= 2.812 mol O ≅ 3 mol O
16.00 g/mol
Na2CO3, or sodium carbonate
134. a. Given: 50.0 g KBr 39.10 g K 79.90 g Br

molar mass KBr = 1 mol K × + 1 mol Br × ⎯⎯ = 119.00 g
Unknown: mass Br 1 mol K 1 mol Br
79.90 g Br
50.0 g KBr × = 33.6 g Br
119.00 g KBr
b. Given: 1.00 kg 22.99 g Na 52.00 g Cr

molar mass Na2Cr2O7 = 2 mol Na × ⎯⎯ + 2 mol Cr ×
Na2Cr2O7 1 mol Na 1 mol Cr
Unknown: mass Cr 16.00 g O
+ 7 mol O × = 261.98 g
1 mol O
1000 g 2 × 52.00 g Cr
1.00 kg Na2Cr2O7 × × = 397 g Cr
1 kg 261.98 g Na2Cr2O7
c. Given: 85.0 mg 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C6H14N2O2 = 6 mol C × + 14 mol H ×
C6H14N2O2 1 mol C 1 mol H
Unknown: mass N
14.01 g N 16.00 g O
+ 2 mol N × + 2 mol O ×
1 mol N 1 mol O
= 146.22 g
28.02 g N
0.085 g C6H14N2O2 × = 0.0163 g = 16.3 mg N
146.22 g C6H14N2O2

283
d. Given: 2.84 g 58.93 g Co 12.01 g C
molar mass Co(C2H3O2)2 = 1 mol Co × + 4 mol C ×
Co(C2H3O2)2 1 mol Co 1 mol C
Unknown: mass of 1.01 g H 16.00 g O
Co + 6 mol H × + 4 mol O × = 177.03 g
1 mol H 1 mol O
58.93 g Co
2.84 g Co(C2H3O2)2 × = 0.945 g Co
177.03 g Co(C2H3O2)2
135. a. Given: Na2CO3 • 22.99 g Na

molar mass Na2CO3 • 10H2O = 2 mol Na × ⎯⎯
10H2O 1 mol Na
Unknown: percent- 16.00 g O
12.01 g C 1.01 g H
age of + 1 mol C × + 13 mol O × ⎯⎯ + 20 mol H × = 286.19 g
water 1 mol C 1 mol O 1 mol H
1.01 g H 16.00 g O
molar mass H2O = 2 mol H × + 1 mol O × = 18.02 g
1 mol H 1 mol O
10(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 62.97% H2O
286.19 g Na2CO3 • 10 H2O
b. Given: NiI2 • 6H2O 58.69 g Ni 126.90 g I

molar mass NiI2 • 6H2O = 1 mol Ni × + 2 mol I ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Ni 1 mol I
age of 16.00 g O
1.01 g H
water + 12 mol H × + 6 mol O × ⎯⎯ = 420.61 g
1 mol H 1 mol O
6(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 25.71% H2O
420.61 g NiI2 • 6H2O
c. Given: (NH4)2 14.01 g N

molar mass (NH4)2Fe(CN)6 • 3H2O = 8 mol N ×
Fe(CN)6 • 1 mol N
3H2O
1.01 H 55.85 g Fe 12.01 g C
Unknown: percent- + 14 mol H × + 1 mol Fe × + 6 mol C ×
age of 1 mol H 1 mol Fe 1 mol C
water 16.00 g O
+ 3 mol O × = 302.13 g
1 mol O
3(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 17.89% H2O
302.13 g (NH4)2Fe(CN)6 • 3H2O

284
d. Given: AlBr3 • 6H2O 26.98 g Al
molar mass AlBr3 • 6H2O = 1 mol Al ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Al
age of 79.90 g Br 1.01 g H
water + 3 mol Br × + 12 mol H ×
1 mol Br 1 mol H
16.00 g O
+ 6 mol O × = 374.80 g
1 mol O
6(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 28.85% H2O
374.80 g AlBr3 • 6 H2O
136. a. Given: nitric acid formula is HNO3

Unknown: formula;
percent- 1.01 g H 14.01 g N
molar mass HNO3 = 1 mol H × + 1 mol N ×
age com- 1 mol H 1 mol N
position
16.00 g O
+ 3 mol O × = 63.02 g
1 mol O
1.01 g H
× 100 = 1.60% H
63.02 g HNO3
14.01 g N
× 100 = 22.23% N
63.02 g HNO3
3 × 16.00 g O
⎯⎯ × 100 = 76.17% O
63.02 g HNO3
b. Given: ammonia formula is NH3

Unknown: formula; 14.01 g N 1.01 g H
percent- molar mass NH3 = 1 mol N × + 3 mol H × = 17.04 g
age com- 1 mol N 1 mol H
position 14.01 g N
× 100 = 82.22% N
17.04 g NH3
3 × 1.01 g H
× 100 = 17.78% H
17.04 g NH3
c. Given: mercury (II) formula is HgSO4

sulfate
Unknown: formula; 200.59 g Hg 32.07 g S
molar mass HgSO4 = 1 mol Hg × + 1 mol S ×
percent- 1 mol Hg 1 mol S
age com-
position 16.00 g O
+ 4 mol O × = 296.66 g
1 mol O
200.59 g Hg
× 100 = 67.616% Hg
296.66 g HgSO4
32.07 g S
× 100 = 10.81% S
296.66 g HgSO4
4 × 16.00 g O
⎯⎯ × 100 = 21.57% O
296.66 g HgSO4

285
d. Given: antimony (V) formula is SbF5
flouride
121.76 g Sb 19.00 g F
Unknown: formula; molar mass SbF5 = 1 mol Sb × + 5 mol F × = 216.76 g
percent- 1 mol Sb 1 mol F
age com-
121.76 g Sb
position × 100 = 56.173% Sb
216.76 g SbF5
5 × 19.00 g F
× 100 = 43.83% F
216.76 g SbF5
137. a. Given: LiBr 6.94 g Li 79.90 g Br

molar mass LiBr = 1 mol Li × + 1 mol Br × = 86.84 g
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Li 1 mol Br
age com-
position 6.94 g Li
× 100 = 7.99% Li
86.84 g LiBr
79.90 g Br
× 100 = 92.01% Br
86.84 LiBr
b. Given: C14H10 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C14H10 = 14 mol C × + 10 mol H ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol C 1 mol H
age com- = 178.24 g
position
14 × 12.01 g C
× 100 = 94.33% C
178.24 g C14H10
10 × 1.01 g H
× 100 = 5.67% H
178.24 g C14H10
c. Given: NH4NO3 14.01 g N 1.01 g H

molar mass NH4NO3 = 2 mol N × + 4 mol H ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol N 1 mol H
age com-
16.00 g O
1 mol O
2 × 14.01 g N
× 100 = 35.00% N
80.06 g NH4NO3
4 × 1.01 g H
× 100 = 5.05% H
80.06 g NH4NO3
3 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 59.96% O
80.06 g NH4NO3
d. Given: HNO2 1.01 g H 14.01 g N

molar mass HNO2 = 1 mol H × + 1 mol N ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol H 1 mol N
age com-
16.00 g O
1 mol O
1.01 g H
× 100 = 2.15% H
47.02 g HNO2
14.01 g N
× 100 = 29.80% N
47.02 g HNO2
2 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 68.06% O
47.02 g HNO2

286
e. Given: Ag2S 107.87 g Ag 32.07 g S
molar mass Ag2S = 2 mol Ag × + 1 mol S × = 247.81 g
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Ag 1 mol S
age com-
2 × 107.87 g Ag
position × 100 = 87.059% Ag
247.81 g Ag2 S
32.07 g S
× 100 = 12.94% S
247.81 g Ag2S
f. Given: Fe(SCN)2 55.85 g Fe 32.07 g S

molar mass Fe(SCN)2 = 1 mol Fe × + 2 mol S ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Fe 1 mol S
age com-
12.01 g C 14.01 g N
position + 2 mol C × + 2 mol N × = 172.03 g
1 mol C 1 mol N
55.85 g Fe
× 100 = 32.47% Fe
172.03 g Fe(SCN)2
2 × 32.00 g S
× 100 = 37.28% S
172.03 g Fe(SCN)2
2 × 12.01 g C
× 100 = 13.96% C
172.03 g Fe(SCN)2
2 × 14.01 g N
× 100 = 16.29% N
172.03 g Fe(SCN)2
g. Given: lithium 6.94 g Li 12.01 g C

molar mass LiC2H3O2 = 1 mol Li × + 2 mol C ×
acetate 1 mol Li 1 mol C
Unknown: percent-
1.01 g H 16.00 g O
age com- + 3 mol H × + 2 mol O × = 65.99 g
position 1 mol H 1 mol O
6.94 g Li
× 100 = 10.52% Li
65.99 g LiC2H3O2
2 × 12.01 g C
× 100 = 36.40% C
65.99 g LiC2H3O2
3 × 1.01 g H
× 100 = 4.59% H
65.99 g LiC2H3O2
2 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 48.49% O
65.99 g LiC2H3O2

287
h. Given: nickel (II) 58.69 g Ni 12.01 g C
molar mass Ni(CHO2)2 = 1 mol Ni × + 2 mol C ×
formate 1 mol Ni 1 mol C
Unknown: percent- 1.01 g H 16.00 g O
age com- + 2 mol H × + 4 mol O × = 148.73 g
position 1 mol H 1 mol O
58.69 g Ni
× 100 = 39.46% Ni
148.73 g Ni(CHO2)2
2 × 12.01 g C
× 100 = 16.15% C
148.73 g Ni(CHO2)2
2 × 1.01 g H
× 100 = 1.36% H
148.73 Ni(CHO2)2
3 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 43.03% O
148.73 g Ni(CHO2)2
138. a. Given: NH2CONH2 14.01 g N 12.01 g C

molar mass NH2CONH2 = 2 mol N × + 1 mol C ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol N 1 mol C
age of
1.01 g H 16.00 g O
nitrogen + 4 mol H × + 1 mol O × = 60.07 g
1 mol H 1 mol O
2 × 14.01 g N
× 100 = 46.65% N
60.07 g NH2CONH2
b. Given: SO2Cl2 32.07 g S 16.00 g O

molar mass SO2Cl2 = 1 mol S × + 2 mol O ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol S 1 mol O
age of
35.45 g Cl
sulfur + 2 mol Cl × = 134.97 g
1 mol Cl
32.07 g S
× 100 = 23.76% S
134.97 g SO2Cl2
c. Given: Tl2O3 204.38 g Tl 16.00 g O

molar mass Tl2O3 = 2 mol Tl × + 3 mol O × ⎯ ⎯ = 456.76 g
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Tl 1 mol O
age of
thallium 2 × 204.38 g Tl
× 100 = 89.491% Tl
456.76 g Tl2O 3
d. Given: KClO3 39.10 g K 35.45 g Cl

molar mass KClO3 = 1 mol K × + 1 mol Cl ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol K 1 mol Cl
age of
16.00 g O
oxygen + 3 mol O × = 122.55 g
1mol O
3 × 16.00 g O
× 100 = 39.17% O
122.55 g KClO3

288
e. Given: CaBr2 40.08 g Ca 79.90 g Br
molar mass CaBr2 = 1 mol Ca × + 2 mol Br × ⎯ ⎯ = 199.88 g
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Ca 1 mol Br
age of
2 × 79.9 g Br
bromine × 100 = 79.95% Br
199.88 g CaBr2
f. Given: SnO2 118.71 g Sn 16.00 g O

molar mass SnO2 = 1 mol Sn × + 2 mol O ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Sn 1 mol O
age of tin = 150.71 g
118.71 g Sn
× 100 = 78.767% Sn
150.71 g SnO2
139. a. Given: 4.00 g MnO2 54.94 g Mn 16.00 g O

molar mass MnO2 = 1 mol Mn × + 2 mol O × ⎯⎯ = 86.94 g
Unknown: mass of 1 mol Mn 1 mol O
oxygen
4.00 g MnO2 × 2 × 16.00 g O
= 1.47 g O
86.94 g MnO2
b. Given: 50.0 metric 26.98 g Al 16.00 g O

molar mass Al2O3 = 2 mol Al × + 3 mol O × = 101.96 g
tons Al2O3 1 mol Al 1 mol O
Unknown: mass of
aluminum 2 × 26.98 g Al
50.0 metric tons Al2O3 × = 26.5 metric tons Al
101.96 g Al2O3
c. Given: 325 g AgCN 107.87 g Ag 12.01 g

molar mass AgCN = 1 mol Ag × + 1 mol C ×
Unknown: mass of 1 mol Ag 1mol C
silver
14.01 g N
+ 1 mol N × = 133.89 g
1 mol N
107.87 g Ag
325 g AgCN × = 262 g Ag
133.89 g Ag CN
d. Given: 0.780 g 196.97 g Au 78.96 g Se

molar mass Au2Se3 = 2 mol Au × + 3 mol Se ×
Au2Se3 1 mol Au 1 mol Se
Unknown: mass of = 630.82 g
gold
2 × 196.97 g Au
0.780 g Au2Se3 × = 0.487 g Au
630.82 g Au2S e3
e. Given: 683 g 22.99 g Na 78.96 g Se

molar mass Na2SeO3 = 2 mol Na × + 1 mol Se ×
Na2SeO3 1 mol Na 1 mol Se
Unknown: mass of
16.00 g O
selenium + 3 mol O × = 172.94 g
1 mol O
78.96 g Se
683 g Na2SeO3 × = 312 g Se
172.94 g Na2SeO3

289
f. Given: 5.0 × 104 g 12.01 g C 1.01 g H
molar mass CHCl2CH2CH3 = 3 mol C × + 6 mol H ×
CHCl2CH2CH3 1 mol C 1 mol H
Unknown: mass of 35.45 g Cl
chlorine + 2 mol Cl × = 112.99 g
1 mol Cl
2 × 35.45 g Cl
5.0 × 104 g CHCl2CH2CH3 × = 3.1 × 104 g Cl
112.99 g CHCl2CH2CH3
140. a. Given: SrCl2 • 6H2O 87.62 g Sr 35.45 g Cl

molar mass SrCl2 • 6 H2O = 1 mol Sr × + 2 mol Cl ×
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Sr 1 mol Cl
age of
1.01 g H 16.00 g O
water + 12 mol H × + 6 mol O × = 266.64 g
1 mol H 1 mol O
6(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 40.55% H2O
266.64 g SrCl2 • 6H2O
b. Given: ZnSO4 • 7H2O 65.39 g Zn 32.07 g S

molar mass ZnSO4 • 7H2O = 1 mol Zn × + 1 mol S × ⎯⎯
Unknown: percent- 1 mol Zn 1 mol S
age of
16.00 g O 1.01 g H
water + 11 mol O × + 14 mol H × = 287.60 g
1 mol O 1 mol H
7(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 43.86% H2O
287.60 g ZnSO4 • 7H2O
c. Given: CaFPO3 • 40.08 g Ca

molar mass CaFPO3 • 2H2O = 1 mol Ca ×
2H2O 1 mol Ca
Unknown: percent-
19.00 g F 30.97 g P 16.00 g O
age of + 1 mol F × + 1 mol P × + 5 mol O ×
water 1 mol F 1 mol P 1 mol O
1.01 g H
+ 4 mol H × ⎯ ⎯ = 174.09 g
1 mo l H
2(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 20.70% H2O
174.09 g CaFPO3 • 2H2O
d. Given: Be(NO3)2 • 9.01 g Be

molar mass Be(NO3)2 • 3H2O = 1 mol Be × ⎯⎯
3H2O 1 mol Be
Unknown: percent-
14.01 g N 16.00 g O
age of + 2 mol N × ⎯⎯ × 9 mol O ×
water 1 mol N 1 mol O
1.01 g H
+ 6 mol H × = 187.09 g
1 mol H
3(18.02) g H2O
× 100 = 28.90% H2O
187.09 g Be(NO3)2 • 3H2O

290
141. a. Given: nickel (II) formula is Ni(C2H3O2)2 • 4H2O
acetate
tetrahydrate
58.69 g Ni
Unknown: formula; molar mass Ni(C2H3O2)2 • 4H2O = 1 mol Ni ×
1 mol Ni
percent-
age of 12.01 g C 1.01 g H 16.00 g O
+ 4 mol C × + 14 mol H × + 8 mol O ×
nickel 1 mol C 1 mol H 1 mol O
= 248.87 g
58.69 g Ni
× 100 = 23.58% Ni
248.87 g Ni(C2H3O2)2 • 4H2O
b. Given: sodium formula is Na2CrO4 • 4H2O

chromate
tetrahydrate
22.99 g Na
Unknown: formula; molar mass Na2CrO4 • 4H2O = 2 mol Na ×
1 mol Na
percent-
age of 52.00 g Cr 16.00 g O 1.01 g H
+ 1 mol Cr × + 8 mol O × + 8 mol H ×
chromium 1 mol Cr 1 mol O 1 mol H
= 234.06 g
52.00 g Cr
× 100 = 22.22% Cr
234.06 g Na2CrO4 • 4H2O
c. Given: cerium (IV) formula is Ce(SO4)2 • 4H2O

sulfate
tetrahydrate
140.12 g Ce
Unknown: percent- molar mass Ce(SO4)2 • 4H2O = 1 mol Ce ×
1 mol Ce
age of
cerium 32.07 g S 16.00 g O 1.01 g H
+ 2 mol S × + 12 mol O × + 8 mol H ×
1mol S 1 mol O 1 mol H
= 404.34 g
140.12 g Ce
× 100 = 34.65% Ce
404.34 g Ce(SO4)2 • 4H2O
142. Given: 50.0 kg HgS 200.59 g Hg 32.07 g S

molar mass HgS = 1 mol Hg × + 1 mol S × = 232.68 g
Unknown: mass of 1 mol Hg 1 mol S
mercury
200.59 g Hg
50.0 kg HgS × = 43.1 kg Hg
232.68 g HgS

291
143. Given: 1.00 × 103 kg 63.55 g Cu 16.00 g O
molar mass Cu2(OH)2CO3 = 2 mol Cu × + 5 mol O ×
of each of 1 mol Cu 1 mol O
Ca2(OH)2CO3
1.01 g H 12.01 g C
and CuFeS2 + 2 mol H × + 1 mol C × = 221.13 g
1 mol H 1mol C
Unknown: mass of
copper 2 × 63.55 g Cu
for each; 1.00 × 103 kg Cu2(OH)2CO3 × = 575 kg Cu
221.13 g Cu2(OH)2CO3
which has
more Cu
63.55 g Cu 55.85 g Fe
molar mass CuFeS2 = 1 mol Cu × + 1 mol Fe ×
1 mol Cu 1 mol F
32.07 g S
+ 2 mol S × = 183.54 g
1 mol S
63.55 g Cu
1.00 × 103 kg CuFeS2 × = 346 kg Cu
183.54 g CuFeS2
Malachite, Cu2(OH)2CO3, has more copper.
144. a. Given: VOSO4 • 50.94 g V 16.00 g O

molar mass VOSO4 • 2H2O = 1 mol V × + 7 mol O ×
2H2O 1 mol V 1 mol O
Unknown: percent-
32.07 g S 1.01 g H
age of + 1 mol S × + 4 mol H × = 199.05 g
vanadium 1 mol S 1 mol H
50.94 g V
× 100 = 25.59% V
199.05 g VOSO4 • 2 H2O
b. Given: K2SnO3 • 39.10 g K

molar mass K2SnO3 • 3H2O = 2 mol K ×
3H2O 1 mol K
Unknown: percent-
118.71 g Sn 16.00 g O 1.01 g H
age of tin + 1 mol Sn × + 6 mol O × + 6 mol H × = 298.97 g
1 mol Sn 1 mol O 1 mol H
118.71 g Sn
× 100 = 39.71% Sn
298.97 g K2SnO3 • 3H2O
c. Given: CaClO3 • 40.08 g Ca

molar mass CaClO3 • 2H2O = 1 mol Ca ×
2H2O 1 mol Ca
Unknown: percent- 35.45 g Cl 16.00 g O 1.01 g H
age of + 1 mol Cl × + 5 mol O × + 4 mol H ×
chlorine 1 mol Cl 1mol O 1 mol H
= 159.57 g
35.45 g Cl
× 100 = 22.22% Cl
159.57 g CaClO3 • 2H2O

292
145. Given: 500.0 g CuSO4 • 63.55 g Cu 32.07 g
molar mass CuSO4 = 1 mol Cu × + 1 mol S × ⎯⎯
5H2O 1 mol Cu 1 mol S
Unknown: mass of 16.00 g O
anhydrous + 4 mol O × = 159.62 g
CuSO4 1 mol O
18.02 g H2O
molar mass CuSO4 • 5H2O = 159.62 g + 5 mol H2O × ⎯⎯ = 249.72 g
1 mol H2O
159.62 g CuSO4
500.0 g CuSO4 • 5H2O × = 319.6 g CuSO4
249.72 g CuSO4 • 5H2O
146. Given: 1.00 g Ag 107.87 g Ag 14.01 g N

molar mass AgNO3 = 1 mol Ag × + 1 mol N ×
Unknown: mass of 1 mol Ag 1 mol N
AgNO3
16.00 g O
+ 3 mol O × = 169.88 g
1 mol O
169.88 g AgNO
1.00 g Ag × 3 = 1.57 g AgNO3
107.87 g Ag
147. Given: 62.4 g Ag2S 107.87 g Ag 32.07 g S

molar mass Ag2S = 2 mol Ag × + 1 mol S × = 247.81 g
Unknown: mass of Ag 1 mol Ag 1 mol S
and S 2(107.87) g Ag
62.4 g Ag2S × ⎯ ⎯ = 54.3 g Ag
247.81 g Ag2S
32.07 g S
62.4 g Ag2S × = 8.08 g S
247.81 g Ag2S
148. Given: MgSO4 • 7H2O; 24.31 g Mg

molar mass MgSO4 • 7H2O = 1 mol Mg ×
11.8 g H2O 1 mol Mg
Unknown: mass of 32.07 g S 16.00 g O 1.01 g H
MgSO4 • + 1 mol S × + 11 mol O × + 14 mol H ×
1 mol S 1 mol O 1 mol H
7H2O
= 246.52 g
246.52 g MgSO4 • 7H2O
11.8 g H2O × = 23.1 g MgSO4 • 7H2O
7(18.02) g H2O
149. Given: 1.00 kg H2SO4 1.01 g H 32.07 S

molar mass H2SO4 = 2 mol H × + 1 mol S ×
Unknown: mass of 1 mol H 1 mol S
sulfur 16.00 g O
+ 4 mol O × = 98.09 g
1 mol O
32.07 g S 1000 g
1.00 kg H2SO4 × × = 3.27 × 102 g S
98.09 g H2SO4 1 kg
150. a. Given: 28.4% Cu; 100.0 g of compound contains 28.4 g Cu and 71.6 g Br.
71.6% Br 1 mol Cu
Unknown: empirical 28.4 g Cu × = 0.447 mol Cu
63.55 g Cu
formula of
1 mol Br
compound 71.6 g Br × = 0.896 mol Br
79.90 g Br
0.447 mol Cu 0.896 mol Br
: = 1.00 mol Cu : 2.00 mol Br → CuBr2
0.447 0.447

293
b. Given: 39.0% K; 100.0 g of compound contains 39.0 g K, 12.0 g C, 1.01 g H, and 47.9 g O.
12.0% C;
1 mol K
1.01% H; 39.0 g K × = 0.997 mol K
47.9% O 39.10 g K
Unknown: empirical 1 mol C
12.0 g C × = 0.999 mol C
formual of 12.01 g C
compound
1 mol H
1.01 g H × = 1.00 mol H
1.01 g H
1 mol O
47.9 g O × ⎯⎯ = 2.99 mol O
16.00 g O
0.997 mol k 0.999 mol C 1.00 mol H 2.99 mol O

: : : = 1.00 mol K : 1.00 mol
0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997
C : 1.00 mol H : 3.00 mol O → KHCO3
c. Given: 77.3% Ag; 100.0 g of compound contains 77.3 g Ag, 7.4 g P, and 15.3 g O.
7.4% P;
1 mol Ag
15.3% O 77.3 g Ag × = 0.717 mol Ag
Unknown: empirical 107.87 g Ag
formula of 1 mol P
7.4 g P × = 0.24 mol P
compound 30.97 g P
1 mol O
15.3 g O × = 0.956 mol O
16.00 g O
0.717 mol Ag 0.24 mol P 0.956 mol O

: : = 3.0 mol Ag : 1.0 mol P :
0.24 0.24 0.24
4.0 mol O → Ag3PO4
d. Given: 0.57% H; 100.0 g of compound contains 0.57 g H, 72.1 g I, and 27.3 g O

72.1% I;
1 mol H
27.3% O 0.57 g H × = 0.56 mol H
Unknown: empirical 1.01 g H
formula of 1 mol I
72.1 g I × = 0.57 mol I
compound 126.90 g I
1 mol O
27.3 g O × = 1.7 mol O
16.00 g O
0.56 mol H 0.57 mol I 1.7 mol O

: : = 1.0 mol H : 1.0 mol I : 3.0 mol O
0.56 0.56 0.56
→ HIO3
151. a. Given: 36.2% Al; 100.0 g of compound contains 36.2 g Al and 63.8 g S.
63.8% S
1 mol Al
Unknown: empirical 36.2 g Al × = 1.34 mol Al
formula of 26.98 g Al
compound 1 mol S
63.8 g S × = 1.99 mol S
32.07 g S
1.34 mol Al 1.99 mol S

: = 1.0 mol Al : 1.5 mol S
1.34 1.34
2(1.0 mol Al : 1.5 mol S) = 2.0 mol Al : 3.0 mol S → Al2S3

294
b. Given: 93.5% Nb; 100.0 g of compound contains 93.5 g Nb and 6.50 g O.
6.50% O
1 mol Nb
Unknown: empirical 93.5 g Nb × = 1.01 mol Nb
formula of 92.91 g Nb
compound 1 mol O
6.50 g O × = 0.406 mol O
16.00 g O
1.01 mol Nb 0.406 mol O

: = 2.49 mol Nb : 1.00 mol O
0.406 0.406
2(2.49 mol Nb : 1.00 mol O) = 4.98 mol Nb : 2 mol O → Nb5O2
c. Given: 57.6% Sr; 100.0 g of compound contains 57.6 g Sr, 13.8 g P, and 28.6 g O
13.8% P;
1 mol Sr
28.6% O 57.6 g Sr × = 0.657 mol Sr
Unknown: empirical 87.62 g Sr
formula of 1 mol P
13.8 g P × = 0.446 mol P
compound 30.97 g P
1 mol O
28.6 g O × = 1.79 mol O
16.00 g O
0.657 mol Sr 0.446 mol P 1.79 mol O
: : = 1.47 mol Sr : 1.00 mol P : 4.01 mol O
0.446 0.446 0.446
2(1.47 mol Sr : 1.00 mol P : 4.01 mol O) = 2.94 mol Sr : 2.00 mol P :
8.02 mol O → Sr3P2O8
d. Given: 28.5% Fe; 100.0 g of compound contains 28.5 g Fe, 48.6 g O, and 22.9 g S
48.6% O;
1 mol Fe
22.9% S 28.5 g Fe × = 0.510 mol Fe
Unknown: empirical 55.85 g Fe
formula of 1 mol O
48.6 g O × = 3.04 mol O
compound 16.00 g O
1 mol S
22.9 g S × ⎯⎯ = 0.714 mol S
32.07 g S
0.510 mol Fe 3.04 mol O 0.714 mol S

: : = 1.00 mol Fe : 5.96 mol O :
0.510 0.510 0.510
1.40 mol S
2(1.00 mol Fe : 5.96 mol O : 1.40 mol S) = 2.00 mol Fe : 11.92 mol O :
2.80 mol S → Fe2S3O12
152. a. Given: empirical 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass CH2 = 1 mol C × + 2 mol H × = 14.03 g
formula: CH2; 1 mol C 1 mol H
molar mass
= 28 g/mol 28 g
x = = 2.0 CxH2x = C2H4
Unknown: molecular 14.03 g
formula
b. Given: empirical for- 10.81 g B 1.01 g H

molar mass B2H5 = 2 mol B × + 5 mol H × = 26.67 g
mula: B2H5; 1 mol B 1 mol H
molar mass
= 54 g/mol 54 g
x = = 2.0 B2xH5x = B4H10
formula

295
c. Given: empirical for- 12.01 g C 1.01 g H
molar mass C2HCl = 2 mol C × + 1 mol H × ⎯⎯
mula: C2HCl; 1 mol C 1 mol C
molar mass 35.45 g Cl
= 179 g/mol + 1 mol Cl × = 60.48 g
1 mol Cl
Unknown: molecular
179 g
formula x = = 2.96 ≅ 3 C2xHxClx = C6H3Cl3
60.48 g
d. Given: empirical for- 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C6H8O = 6 mol C × + 8 mol H ×
mula: C6H8O; 1 mol C 1 mol H
molar mass
16.00 g O
= 290 g/mol + 1 mol O × = 96.14 g
1 mol O
Unknown: molecular
formula 290 g
x = = 3.0 C6xH8xOx = C18H24O3
96.14 g
e. Given: empirical for- 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C3H2O = 3 mol C × ⎯⎯ + 2 mol H × ⎯⎯
molar mass
16.00 g O
= 216 g/mol + 1 mol O × = 54.05 g
1 mol O
Unknown: molecular
formula 216 g
x = = 4.0 C3xH2xOx = C12H8O4
54.05
153. a. Given: 66.0% Ba; 100.0 g of compound contains 66.0 g Ba and 34.0 g Cl
34.0% Cl
1 mol Ba
Unknown: empircal 66.0 g Ba × = 0.481 mol Ba
formula of 137.33 g Ba
compound 1 mol Cl
34.0 g Cl × = 0.959 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
0.481 mol Ba 0.959 mol Cl
: = 1.00 mol Ba : 1.99 mol Cl → BaCl2
0.481 0.481
b. Given: 80.38% Bi; 100.00 g of compound contains 80.38 g Bi, 18.46 g O, and 1.16 g H
18.46% O;
1 mol Bi
1.16% H 80.38 g Bi × = 0.3846 mol Bi
Unknown: empirical 28.98 g Bi
formula of 1 mol O
18.46 g O × = 1.154 mol O
compound 16.00 g O
1 mol H
1.16 g H × = 1.149 mol H
1.01 g H
0.3846 mol Bi 1.154 mol O 1.149 mol H

: : = 1.000 mol Bi : 3.001 mol O :
0.3846 0.3846 0.3846
2.964 mol H → BiO3H3

296
c. Given: 12.67% Al; 100.00 g of compound contains 12.67 g Al, 19.73 g N, and 67.60 g O.
19.73% N;
1 mol Al
67.60% O 12.67 g Al × = 0.4696 mol Al
Unknown: empirical 26.98 g Al
formula of 1 mol N
19.73 g N × = 1.408 mol N
compound 14.01 g N
1 mol O
67.60 g O × = 4.225 mol O
16.00 g O
0.4696 mol Al 1.408 mol N 4.225 mol O

: : = 1.000 mol Al : 2.998 mol N :
0.4696 0.4696 0.4696
8.997 mol O → AlN3O9
d. Given: 35.64% Zn; 100.00 g of compound contains 35.64 g Zn, 26.18 g C, 34.88 g O, and 3.30 g H.
26.18% C;
1 mol Zn
34.88% O; 35.64 g Zn × = 0.5450 mol Zn
3.30% H 65.39 g Zn
Unknown: empirical 1 mol C
26.18 g C × = 2.180 mol C
formula of 12.01 g C
compound
1 mol O
34.88 g O × = 2.180 mol O
16.00 g O
1 mol H
3.30 g H × = 3.267 mol H
1.01 g H
0.5450 mol Zn 2.180 mol C 2.180 mol O 3.267 mol H

: : : ⎯⎯ = 1.000 mol Zn :
0.5450 0.5450 0.5450 0.5450
4.000 mol C : 4.000 mol O : 5.994 mol H → ZnC4H6O4
e. Given: 2.8% H; 9.8% 100.0 g of compound contains 2.8 g H, 9.8 g N, 20.5 g Ni, 44.5 g O, and 22.4 g S.
N; 20.5% Ni;
1 mol H
44.5% O; 2.8 g H × = 2.8 mol H
22.4% S 1.01 g H
Unknown: empirical 1 mol N
9.8 g N × = 0.70 mol N
formula of 14.01 g N
compound
1 mol Ni
20.5 g Ni × = 0.35 mol Ni
58.69 g Ni
1 mol O
44.5 g O × = 2.8 mol O
16.00 g O
1 mol S
22.4 g S × = 0.70 mol S
32.07 g S
2.8 mol H 0.70 mol N 0.35 mol Ni 2.8 mol O 0.70 mol S
: : : : = 8.0 mol H :
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
2.0 mol N : 1.0 mol Ni : 8.0 mol O : 2.0 mol S → NiN2S2H8O8

297
f. Given: 8.09% C; 100.00 g of compound contains 8.09 g C, 0.34 g H, 10.78 g O, and 80.78 g Br.
0.34% H;
1 mol C
10.78% O; 8.09 g C × = 0.674 mol C
80.78% Br 12.01 g C
Unknown: empirical 1 mol H
0.34 g H × = 0.34 mol H
formula of 1.01 g H
compound
1 mol O
10.78 g O × = 0.674 mol O
16.00 g O
1 mol Br
80.78 g Br × = 1.011 mol Br
79.90 g Br
0.674 mol C 0.34 mol H 0.674 mol O 1.011 mol Br

: : : = 2.0 mol C :
0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
1.00 mol H : 2.0 mol O : 3.0 mol Br → C2HBrO2
154. a. Given: 0.537 g Cu; 1 mol Cu

0.537 g Cu × = 0.00845 mol Cu
0.321 g F 63.55 g Cu
Unknown: empirical
1 mol F
formula of 0.321 g F × = 0.0169 mol F
compound 19.00 g F
0.00845 mol Cu 0.0169 Mol F
: = 1.00 mol Cu : 2.00 mol F → CuF2
0.00845 0.00845
b. Given: 9.48 g Ba; 1 mol Ba

9.48 g Ba × = 0.0690 mol Ba
1.66 g C; 137.33 g Ba
1.93 g N
1 mol C
Unknown: empirical 1.66 g C × = 0.138 mol C
compound 1 mol N
1.93 g N × = 0.138 mol N
14.01 g N
0.0690 mol Ba 0.138 mol C 0.138 mol N

: ⎯⎯ : = 1.00 mol Ba : 2.00 mol C :
0.0690 0.0690 0.0690
2.00 mol N → BaC2N2 = Ba(CN)2
c. Given: 0.0091 g Mn; 1 mol Mn

0.0091 g Mn × = 1.7 × 10–4 mol Mn
0.0106 g O; 54.94 Mn
0.0053 g S
1 mol O
Unknown: empirical 0.0106 g O × = 6.63 × 10–4 mol O
formula of 16.00 g O
compound 1 mol S
0.0053 g S × = 1.7 × 10–4 mol S
32.07 g S
1.7 × 10–4 mol Mn 6.63 × 10–4 mol O 1.7 × 10–4 mol S

: :
1.7 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–4
= 1.0 mol Mn : 3.9 mol O : 1.0 mol S → MnO4S = MnSO4

298
155. a. Given: 0.0015 g Ni; 1 mol Ni
0.0015 g Ni × = 2.6 × 10–5 mol Ni
0.0067 g I 58.69 g Ni
Unknown: empirical 1 mol I
formula of 0.0067 g I × = 5.3 × 10–5 mol I
compound 126.90 g I
2.6 × 10–5 mol Ni 5.3 × 10–5 mol I

: = 1.0 mol Ni : 2.0 mol I → NiI2
2.6 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5
b. Given: 0.144 g Mn; 1 mol Mn

0.144 g Mn × = 2.62 × 10–3 mol Mn
0.074 g N; 54.94 g Mn
0.252 g O
1 mol N
Unknown: empirical 0.074 g N × = 5.3 × 10–3 mol N
formula of 14.01 g N
compound 1 mol O
0.252 g O × = 1.58 × 10–2 mol O
16.00 g O
2.62 × 10–3 mol Mn 5.3 × 10–3 mol N 1.58 × 10–2 mol O

: : =
2.62 × 10–3 2.62 × 10–3 2.62 × 10–3
1.00 mol Mn : 2.0 mol N : 6.0 mol O → MnN2O6 = Mn(NO3)2
c. Given: 0.691 g Mg; 1 mol Mg

0.691 g Mg × = 0.0284 mol Mg
1.824 g S; 24.31 g Mg
1.365 g O
1 mol S
Unknown: empirical 1.824 g S × = 0.05688 mol S
formula of 32.07 g S
compound 1 mol O
1.365 g O × = 0.08531 mol O
16.00 g O
0.0284 mol Mg 0.05688 mol S 0.08531 mol O

⎯⎯ : ⎯⎯ : ⎯⎯ = 1.00 mol Mg :
0.0284 0.0284 0.0284
2.00 mol S : 3.00 mol O → MgS2O3
d. Given: 14.77 g K; 1 mol K

14.77 g K × = 0.3777 mol K
9.06 g O; 39.10 g K
2.42 g Sn
1 mol O
Unknown: empirical 9.06 g O × = 0.566 mol O
formula of 16.00 g O
compound 1 mol Sn
22.42 g Sn × = 0.1889 mol Sn
118.71 g Sn
0.3777 mol K 0.566 mol O 0.1889 mol Sn

⎯⎯ : : = 1.000 mol K : 1.50 mol O :
0.3777 0.3777 0.3777
0.5001 mol Sn
2(1.0 mol K : 1.5 mol O : 0.5 mol Sn) = 2 mol K: 3 mol O : 1 mol Sn
→ K2O3Sn = K2SnO3

299
156. a. Given: 60.9% As; 100.0 g of compound contains 60.9 g As and 39.1 g S.
39.1% S
1 mol As
Unknown: empirical 60.9 g As × = 0.813 mol As
formula of 74.92 g As
compound 1 mol S
39.1 g S × = 1.22 mol S
32.07 g S
0.813 mol As 1.22 mol S

: ⎯⎯ = 1.00 mol As: 1.50 mol S
0.813 0.813
2(1.00 mol As : 1.50 mol S) = 2 mol As : 3 mol S → As2S3
b. Given: 76.89% Re; 100.00 g of compound contains 76.89 g Re and 23.12 g O.

23.12% O
1 mol Re
Unknown: empirical 76.89 g Re × = 0.4129 mol Re
formula of 186.21 g Re
compound 1 mol O
23.12 g O × = 1.445 mol O
16.00 g O
0.4129 mol Re 1.445 mol O

: = 1.000 mol Re : 3.500 mol O
0.4129 0.4129
2(1.0 mol Re : 3.5 mol O) = 2 mol Re : 7 mol O → Re2O7
c. Given: 5.04% H; 100.00 g of compound contains 5.04 g H, 35.00 g N, and 59.96 g O

35.00% N;
1 mol H
59.96% O 5.04 g H × = 4.99 mol H
Unknown: empirical 1.01 g H
formula of mol N
35.00 g N × 1 = 2.498 mol N
compound 14.01 g N
1 mol O
59.96 g O = = 3.748 mol O
16.00 g O
4.99 mol H 2.498 mol N 3.748 mol O

: : = 2.00 mol H : 1.000 mol N :
2.498 2.498 2.498
1.500 mol O
2(2.0 mol H : 1.0 mol N : 1.5 mol O) = 4 mol H : 2 mol N : 3 mol O
→ H4N2O3 = NH4NO3
d. Given: 24.3% Fe; 100.0 g of compound contains 24.3 g Fe, 33.9 g Cr and 41.8 g O
33.9% Cr;
1 mol Fe
41.8% O 24.3 g Fe × = 0.435 mol Fe
Unknown: empirical 55.85 g Fe
formula of 1 mol Cr
33.9 g Cr × = 0.652 mol Cr
compound 52.00 g Cr
1 mol O
41.8 g O × = 2.61 mol O
16.00 g O
0.435 mol Fe 0.652 mol Cr 2.61 mol O

: : = 1.00 mol Fe : 1.50 mol Cr :
0.435 0.435 0.435
6.00 mol O
2(1.0 mol Fe : 1.5 mol Cr : 6.0 mol O) = 2 mol Fe : 3 mol Cr : 12 mol O
→ Fe2Cr3O12 = Fe2(CrO4)3

300
e. Given: 54.03% C; 100.00 g of compound contains 54.03 g C, 37.81 g N, and 8.16 g H.
37.81% N;
1 mol C
8.16% H 54.03 g C × = 4.499 mol C
Unknown: empirical 12.01 g C
formula of 1 mol N
37.81 g N × = 2.699 mol N
compound 14.01 g N
1 mol H
8.16 g H × = 8.08 mol H
1.01 g H
4.499 mol C 2.699 mol N 8.08 mol H
: : = 1.67 mol C : 1.00 mol N :
2.699 2.699 2.699
2.99 mol H
3(1.67 mol C : 1.00 mol N : 2.99 mol H) = 5 mol C : 3 mol N : 9 mol H
→ C5N3H9 = C5H9N3
f. Given: 55.81% C; 100.00 g of compound contains 55.81 g C, 3.90 g H, 29.43 g F, and 10.85 g N.
3.90% H;
1 mol C
29.43% F; 55.81 g C × = 4.647 mol C
10.85% N 12.01 g C
Unknown: empirical 1 mol H
3.90 g H × = 3.86 mol H
formula of 1.01 g H
compound
1 mol F
29.43 g F × = 1.549 mol F
19.00 g F
1 mol N
10.85 g N × = 0.7744 mol N
14.01 g N
4.647 mol C 3.86 mol H 1.549 mol F 0.7744 mol N
: : : = 6.000 mol C :
0.7744 0.7744 0.7744 0.7744
4.98 mol H ; 2.000 mol F : 1.000 mol N → C6H5F2N = C6H3F2NH2
157. a. Given: empirical for- 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C2H4S = 2 mol C × + 4 mol H ×
mula: C2H4S; 1 mol C 1 mol H
molar mass
= 179 32.07 g S
+ 1 mol S × = 60.13 g
Unknown: molecular 1 mol S
formula of
179 g
compound x = = 2.98 ≅ 3; C2xH4xSx = C6H12S3
60.13 g
b. Given: empirical for- 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass
= 176 16.00 g O
+ 1 mol O × = 44.06 g
Unknown: molecular 1 mol O
formula of 176 g
x = = 3.99 ≅ 4; C2xH4xOx = C8H16O4
compound 44.06 g
c. Given: empirical 12.01 g C 1.01 g H

molar mass C2H3O2 = 2 mol C × + 3 mol H ×
formula: 1 mol C 1 mol H
C2H3O2; 16.00 g O
+ 2 mol O × = 59.058
molar mass 1 mol O
= 119
119 g
Unknown: molecular x = = 2.02 ≅ 2; C2xH3xO2x = C4H6O4
formula of 59.05 g
compound

301
d. Given: empirical for- 12.01 g C 1.01 g H
molar mass 16.00 g O
= 254 + 1 mol O × = 42.04 g
1 mol O
Unknown: molecular
formula of 254 g
x = = 6.04 ≅ 6; C2xH2xOx = C12H12O6
compound 42.04 g
158. a. Given: percent com- 100.00 g of compound contains 41.39 g C, 3.47 g H, and 55.14 g O.
position;
1 mol C
molar mass 41.39 g C × = 3.446 mol C
= 116.07 12.01 g C
Unknown: molecular 1 mol H
3.47 g H × = 3.44 mol H
formula of 1.01 g H
compound
1 mol O
55.14 g O × = 3.446 mol O
16.00 g O
3.446 mol C 3.44 mol H 3.446 mol O

: : = 1.00 mol C : 1.00 mol H: 1.00 mol
3.44 3.44 3.44
empirical formula = CHO
12.01 g C 1.01 g H
molar mass CHO = 1 mol C × + 1 mol H ×
1 mol C 1 mol H
16.00 g O
+ 1 mol O × = 29.02 g
1 mol O
116.07 g
x = = 4.000; CxHxOx = C4H4O4
29.02 g
b. Given: percent 100.00 g of compound contains 54.53 g C, 9.15 g H, and 36.32 g O.

composition;
1 mol C
= 88 12.01 g C
9.15 g H × = 9.06 mol H
formula of 1.01 g H
compound
1 mol O
36.32 g O × = 2.270 mol O
16.00 g O
4.540 mol C 2.06 mol H 2.270 mol O

: : = 2.000 mol C: 3.99 mol H :
2.270 2.270 2.270
1.000 mol O
empirical formula = C2H4O
12.01 g C 1.01 g H
1 mol C 1 mol H
16.00 g O
+ 1 mol O × = 44.06 g
1 mol O
88 g
x = = 2.0; C2xH4xOx = C4H8O2
44.06 g

302
c. Given: percent 100.00 g of compound contains 64.27 g C; 7.19 g H, and 28.54 g O.
composition;
1 mol C
= 168.19 12.01 g C
7.19 g H × = 7.12 mol H
formula of 1.01 g H
compound
1 mol O
28.54 g O × = 1.784 mol O
16.00 g O
5.351 mol C 7.12 mol H 1.784 mol O

: : = 2.999 mol C : 3.99 mol H :
1.784 1.784 1.784
1.000 mol O
empirical formula = C3H4O
12.01 g C 1.01 g H
1 mol C 1 mol H
16.00 g O
+ 1 mol O × = 56.07 g
1 mol O
168.19 g
x = = 3.000; C3xH4xOx = C9H12O3
56.07 g
159. Given: 0.141 g K; 1 mol K

0.141 g K × = 3.61 × 10–3 mol K
0.115 g S; 39.10 g K
0.144 g O
1 mol S
Unknown: empirical 0.115 g S × = 3.59 × 10–3 mol S
formula of 32.07 g S
compound 1 mol O
0.144 g O × = 9.00 × 10–3 mol O
16.00 g O
3.61 × 10–3 mol K 3.59 × 10–3 mol S 9.00 × 10–3 mol O

: :
3.59 × 10–3 3.59 × 10–3 3.59 × 10–3
= 1.01 mol K : 1.00 mol S : 2.51 mol O

2(1.01 mol K : 1.00 mol S : 2.51 mol O) = 2 mol K : 2 mol S : 5 mol O
→ K2S2O5
160. a. Given: 9.65 g Pb; 1 mol Pb

9.65 g Pb × = 0.0466 mol Pb
0.99 g O 207.2 g Pb
Unknown: empirical
1 mol O
formula of 0.99 g O × = 0.062 mol O
compound 16.00 g O
0.466 mol Pb 0.062 mol O

: ⎯⎯ = 1.0 mol Pb : 1.3 mol O
0.0466 0.0466
3 (1.0 mol Pb : 1.3 mol 0) = 3 mol Pb : 4 mol O → Pb3O4

303
161. Given: 0.70 g Cr; 0.65 g 1 mol Cr
0.70 g Cr × = 0.013 mol Cr
S; 1.30 g O; 52.00 g Cr
molar mass
1 mol S
= 392.2 0.65 g S × = 0.0203 mol S
Unknown: molecular 32.07 g S
formula of 1 mol O
compound 1.30 g O × = 0.812 mol O
16.00 g O
0.0135 mol Cr 0.0203 mol S 0.0812 mol O
: : = 1.0 mol Cr : 1.5 mol S :
0.0135 0.0135 0.0135
6.0 mol O
2(1.0 mol Cr : 1.5 mol S : 6.0 mol O) = 2 mol Cr : 3 mol S : 12 mol O
→ Cr2S3O12 = Cr2(SO4)3
162. Given: 60.68% C; 3.40% 100.00 compound contain 60.68 g C, 3.40 g H, and 35.92 g O
H; 35.92% O
1 mol C
Unknown: empirical 60.68 g C × = 5.052 mol C
compound 1 mol H
3.40 g H × = 3.37 mol H
1.01 g H
1 mol O
35.92 g O × = 2.245 mol O
16.00 g O
5.052 mol C 3.37 mol H 2.245 mol O

: : = 2.25 mol C: 1.50 mol H : 1.00 mol O
2.245 2.245 2.245
4(2.25 mol C : 1.50 mol H : 1.00 mol O) = 9 mol C : 6 mol H : 4 mol O
→ C9H6O4
163. Given: 208 mg C; 31 mg 1 mol C 1g

208 mg C × × = 0.0173 mol C
H; 146 mg N; 12.01 g C 1000 mg
molar mass
= 111 1 mol H 1g
31 mg H × × = 0.031 mol H
Unknown: molecular 1.01 g H 1000 mg
formula of 1 mol N 1g
compound 146 mg N × × = 0.0104 mol N
14.01 g N 1000 mg
0.0173 mol C 0.031 mol H 0.0104 mol N

: : = 1.66 mol C : 3.00 mol H :
0.0104 0.0104 0.0104
1.00 mol N
3(1.66 mol C : 3.00 mol H : 1.00 mol N) = 5 mol C : 9 mol H : 3 mol N
empirical formula = C5H9N3
12.01 g C 1.01 g H
molar mass C5H9N3 = 5 mol C × + 9 mol H ×
1 mol C 1 mol H
14.01 g N
+ 3 mol N × = 111.17 g
1 mol N
111 g
= 0.998 ≅ 1
111.17 g
molecular formula = C5H9N3

304
165. Given: balanced equa- 2 mol Na
4.0 mol H2 × = 8.0 mol Na
tion; 4.0 mol H2 1 mol H2
Unknown: moles Na
166. Given: balanced equa- 2 mol LiCl

0.046 mol LiBr × = 0.046 mol LiCl
tion; 0.046 mol 2 mol LiBr
LiBr
Unknown: moles LiCl
167. a. Given: balanced 3 mol H2 SO4

18 mol Al × = 27 mol H2SO4
equation; 2 mol Al
18 mol Al
Unknown: moles
H2SO4
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Al2( SO4)3

18 mol Al × = 9 mol Al2(SO4)3
equation; 2 mol Al
18 mol Al
3 mol H
Unknown: moles of 18 mol Al × 2 = 27 mol H2
each 2 mol Al
product
168. a. Given: balanced 3 mol CO2

3.85 mol C3H8 × = 11.6 mol CO2
equation; 1 mol C3H8
3.85 mol C3H8
4 mol H2O
Unknown: moles of 3.85 mol C3H8 × = 15.4 mol H2O
CO2 and 1 mol C3H8
H2O
b. Given: balanced 3 mol CO

0.647 mol O2 × 2 = 0.388 mol CO2
equation; 5 mol O2
0.647 mol O2
4 mol H2O
Unknown: moles of 0.647 mol O2 × = 0.518 mol H2O
CO2, H2O, 5 mol O2
and C3H8 1 mol C3H8
0.647 mol O2 × = 0.129 mol C3H8
5 mol O2
169. a. Given: balanced 4 mol P 30.97 g P

3.25 mol P4O10 × × = 403 g P
equation; 1 mol P4O10 1 mol P
3.25 mol P4O10
Unknown: mass of P
b. Given: balanced 5 mol O 32.00 g O

0.489 mol P × 2 × 2 = 19.6 g O2
equation; 4 mol P 1 mol O2
0.489 mol P
1 mol P4O10 283.88 g P4O10
Unknown: mass of 0.489 mol P × × = 34.7 g P4O10
O2 and 4 mol P 1 mol P4O10
P4O10

305
170. a. Given: balanced 1 mol O2 32.00 g O
1.840 mol H2O2 × × 2 = 29.44 g O2
equation; 2 mol H2O2 1 mol O2
1.840 mol
H2O2
Unknown: mass of
O2
b. Given: balanced 2 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O

5.0 mol O2 × × = 180 g H2O
equation; 1 mol O2 1 mol H2O
5.0 mol O2
Unknown: mass of
water
171. a. Given: balanced 1 mol NaNO3 1 mol Na2CO3

100.0 g NaNO3 × × = 0.5882 mol Na2CO3
equation; 85.01 g NaNO3 2 mol NaNO3
100.0 g
NaNO3
Unknown: moles of
Na2CO3
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Na2CO3 1 mol CO2

7.50 g Na2CO3 × × = 0.0708 mol CO2
equation; 105.99 g Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3
7.50 g Na2CO3
Unknown: moles of
CO2
172. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Fe3 O4 4 mol H2

625 g Fe3O4 × × = 10.8 mol H2
equation; 231.55 g Fe3O4 1 mol Fe3O4
625 g Fe3O4
Unknown: moles of
H2
b. Given: balanced 1 mol H2 3 mol Fe

27 g H2 × × = 10. mol Fe
equation; 2.02 g H2 4 mol H2
27 g H2
Unknown: moles of
Fe
173. a. Given: balanced 1 mol AgNO3 2 mol AgBr 187.77 g AgBr

22.5 g AgNO3 × × ×
equation; 169.88 g AgNO3 2 mol AgNO3 1 mol AgBr
22.5 g AgNO3
= 24.9 g AgBr
Unknown: mass of
AgBr
174. a. Given: balanced 1 mol CaC2 1 mol C2H2 26.04 g C2H2

90. g CaC2 × × × = 37 g C2H2
equation; 64.10 g CaC2 1 mol CaC2 1 mol C2H2
90. g CaC2
Unknown: mass
C2H2
175. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Cl2 1 mol MnO2 86.94 g MnO2

25.0 g Cl2 × × × = 30.7 g MnO2
equation; 70.90 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 1 mol MnO2
25.0 g Cl2
Unknown: mass
MnO2

306
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Cl2 1 mol MnCl2 125.84 g MnCl
equation; 0.091 g Cl2 × × × 2 = 0.16 g MnCl2
70.90 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 1 mol MnCl2
0.091 g Cl2
Unknown: mass
MnCl2
176. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol (NH4)2SO4

30.0 mol NH3 × = 15.0 mol (NH4)2SO4
tion; 30.0 mol 2 mol NH3
NH3
Unknown: moles
(NH4)2SO4
177. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Fe2O3 2 mol Al 26.98 g Al

150 g Fe2O3 × × × = 51 g Al
equation; 159.70 g Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al
150 g Fe2O3
Unknown: mass Al
b. Given: balanced 2 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe

0.905 mol Al2O3 × × = 101 g Fe
equation; 1 mol Al2O3 1 mol Fe
0.905 mol
Al2O3
Unknown: mass Fe
c. Given: balanced 1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

99.0 g Al × × = 1.83 mol Fe2O3
equation; 26.98 g Al 2 mol Al
99.0 g Al
Unknown: moles
Fe2O3
178. Given: 1.40 g N2; bal- 1 mol N2 3 mol H2 2.02 g H2

1.40 g N2 × × × = 0.303 g H2
anced equation 28.02 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol H2
Unknown: mass H2
179. Given: 1.27 g KOH 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O

Unknown: mass of 1 mol KOH 1 mol H2SO4 98.09 g H2SO4
H2SO4 1.27 g KOH × × ×
56.11 g KOH 2 mol KOH 1 mol H2SO4
= 1.11 g H2SO4
180. a. Given: reactants and H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4)2HPO4

products
Unknown: balanced
equation
b. Given: 10.00 g NH3 1 mol NH3 1 mol (NH4)2HPO4

10.00 g NH3 × × = 0.293 mol (NH4)2HPO4
Unknown: moles 17.04 g NH3 2 mol NH3
(NH4)2
HPO4
c. Given: 2800 kg 1 mol H3PO4 2 mol NH3 17.04 g NH

2800 kg H3PO4 × × × 3
H3PO4 98.00 g H3PO4 1 mol H3PO4 1 mol NH3
Unknown: mass NH3 = 970 kg NH3

307
181. a. Given: balanced 3 mol ZnCO3
equation; 30.0 mol Zn3(C6H5O7)2 × = 90.0 mol ZnCO3
1 mol Zn3(C6H5O7)2
30.0 mol Zn3
(C6H5O7)2 2 mol C6H8O7
Unknown: moles 30.0 mol Zn3(C6H5O7)2 × = 60.0 mol C6H8O7
1 mol Zn3(C6H5O7)2
ZnCO3
and
C6H8O7
b. Given: balanced 3 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O 1 kg

500. mol C6H8O7 × × × = 13.5 kg H2O
equation; 2 mol C6H8O7 1 mol H2O 1000 g
500. mol
C6H8O7 3 mol CO2 44.01 g CO 1 kg
500. mol C6H8O7 × ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯2 × = 33.0 kg CO2
Unknown: mass in 2 mol C6H8O7 1 mol CO2 1000 g
kg of H2O
and CO2
182. a. Given: balanced 1 mol C3H7COOH 1 mol C3H7COOCH3

52.5 g C3H7COOH × ⎯⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯⎯
equation; 88.12 g C3H7COOH 1 mol C3H7COOH
52.5 g
C3H7COOH 102.15 g C3H7COOCH3
× = 60.9 g C3H7COOCH3
Unknown: mass 1 mol C3H7COOCH3
C3H7COOCH3
b. Given: balanced 1 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O

5800. g CH3OH × × × = 3261 g H2O
equation; 32.05 g CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O
5800. g
CH3OH
Unknown: mass H2O
183. a. Given: balanced 1 mol NH4NO3 2 mol N2

36.0 g NH4NO3 × ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ = 0.450 mol N2
equation; 80.06 g NH4NO3 2 mol NH4NO3
36.0 g
NH4NO3
Unknown: moles N2
b. Given: balanced 2 mol NH4NO3 80.06 g NH4NO3

7.35 mol H2O × × = 294 g NH4NO3
equation; 4 mol H2O 1 mol NH4NO3
7.35 mol H2O
Unknown: mass
NH4NO3
184. Given: 1.23 mg Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3

Pb(NO3)2
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 2 mol KNO3
Unknown: mass KNO3 1.23 mg Pb(NO3)2 × ×
331.22 g Pb(NO3)2 1 mol Pb(NO3)2
101.11 g KNO
× 3 = 0.751 mg KNO3
1 mol KNO3
185. Given: balanced equa- 1000 g 1 mol Pb 2 mol PbSO

0.34 kg Pb × × × 4 = 3.3 mol PbSO4
tion; 0.34 kg Pb 1 kg 207.2 g Pb 1 mol Pb
Unknown: moles
PbSO4

308
186. Given: 20.0 mol CO2 CO2 + 2LiOH → H2O + Li2CO3
Unknown: mass H2O 1 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O
20.0 mol CO2 × × = 360. g H2O
1 mol CO2 1 mol H2O
187. a. Given: balanced 1 mol P4O10 6 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O

1.00 × 102 g P4O10 × × ×
equation; 1.00 283.88 g P4O10 1 mol P4O10 1 mol H2O
× 102 g P4O10
= 38.1 g H2O
Unknown: mass H2O
b. Given: balanced 4 mol H3PO4 98.00 g H3PO4

0.614 mol H2O × × = 40.1 g H3PO4
equation; 6 mol H2O 1 mol H3PO4
0.614 mol
H2O
Unknown: mass
H3PO4
c. Given: mass of H2O 1 mol H2O

(63.70 g – 56.64 g) H2O × = 0.392 mol H2O
Unknown: moles 18.02 g H2O
H2O
188. Given: 95.0 g H2O C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Unknown: mass
1 mol H2O 1 mol C2H5OH 46.08 g C2H5OH
C2H5OH 95.0 g H2O × × ×
18.02 g H2O 3 mol H2O 1 mol C2H5OH
= 81.0 g C2H5OH
189. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol SO2 2 mol H2SO4 98.09 g H2SO4
50.0 g SO2 × × × = 76.5 g H2SO4
tion; 50.0 g SO2 64.07 g SO2 2 mol SO2 1 mol H2SO4
Unknown: mass H2SO4
1 mol SO2 1 mol O2 32.00 g O
and O2 50.0 g SO2 × × × 2 = 12.5 g O2
64.07 g SO2 2 mol SO2 1 mol O2
190. Given: 5.00 g NaHCO3 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Unknown: mass CO2
1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol CO2 44.01 g CO
5.00 g NaHCO3 × × × 2
84.01 g NaHCO3 2 mol NaHCO3 1 mol CO2
= 1.31 g CO2
3 mol N2
191. c. Given: 20 000 mol 20 000 mol N2H4 × = 30 000 mol N2
N2H4 2 mol N2H4
Unknown: mol N2
1000 g 1 mol N2O4 4 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O

d. Given: 450. kg N2O4 450. kg N2O4 × × × ×
1 kg 92.02 g N2O4 1 mol N2O4 1 mol H2O
Unknown: mass H2O
= 3.52 × 105 g H2O

309
192. Given: 517.84 g HgO 2HgO → 2Hg + O2
Unknown: mol O2
1 mol HgO 1 mol O2
517.84 g HgO × × = 1.1954 mol O2
216.59 g HgO 2 mol HgO
193. Given: 58.0 g Cl2 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

Unknown: mass Fe
1 mol Cl2 2 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
58.0 g Cl2 × × × = 30.5 g Fe
70.90 g Cl2 3 mol Cl 2 1 mol Fe
194. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol Na2S 1 mol CdS 144.48 g CdS
5.00 mg Na2S × × × = 9.26 mg CdS
tion; 5.00 mg 78.05 g Na2 S 1 mol Na2S 1 mol CdS
Na2S
Unknown: mass CdS
in mg
195. a. Given: balanced 5 mol CO2

4.44 mol KMnO4 × = 1.59 mol CO2
equation; 4.44 14 mol KMnO4
mol KMnO4
Unknown: mol CO2
b. Given: 5.21 g H2O 1 mol H2O 4 mol C3H5(OH)3

5.21 g H2O × × = 0.0723 mol C3H5(OH)3
Unknown: mol 18.02 g H2O 16 mol H2O
C3H5(OH)3
c. Given: 3.39 mol 7 mol Mn2O3 157.88 g Mn2O3

3.39 mol K2CO3 × ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ = 535 g Mn2O3
K2CO3 7 mol K2CO3 1 mol Mn2O3
Unknown: mass
Mn2O3 in
grams
d. Given: 50.0 g KMnO4 1 mol KMnO4 4 mol C H5(OH)3

50.0 g KMnO4 × × 3
Unknown: mass 158.04 g KMnO4 14 mol KMnO4
C3H5(OH)3
and CO2 92.11 g C3H5(OH)3
× = 8.33 g C3H5(OH)3
in grams 1 mol C3H5(OH)3
1 mol KMnO4 5 mol CO2 44.01 g CO

50.0 g KMnO4 × × × 2
158.04 g KMnO4 14 mol KMnO4 1 mol CO2
= 4.97 g CO2
196. a. Given: balanced 1 mol CaCl2 2 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl

5.00 × 103 kg CaCl2 × × ×
equation; 110.98 g CaCl2 1 mol CaCl2 1 mol HCl
5.00 × 103 kg
CaCl2 = 3.29 × 103 kg HCl
Unknown: mass HCl

310
b. Given: balanced 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO2 44.01 g CO
equation; 750 g CaCO3 × × × 2 = 330 g CO2
100.09 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO2
750 g CaCO3
Unknown: mass CO2
197. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Al 3 mol NH4 ClO4 117.50 g NH4ClO4

1.50 × 105 g Al × × × ⎯⎯⎯
equation; 26.98 g Al 3 mol Al 1 mol NH4ClO4
1.50 × 105 g Al
Unknown: mass = 6.53 × 105 g NH4ClO4
NH4ClO4
b. Given: balanced 1 mol NH4ClO4 3 mol NO 30.01 g NO

620 kg NH4ClO4 × × ×
equation; 620 117.50 g NH4ClO4 3 mol NH4ClO4 1 mol NO
kg NH4ClO4
Unknown: mass NO = 160 kg NO
198. a. Given: balanced 1000 g 1 mol H2SO4 2 mol H3PO4

2.50 × 105 kg H2SO4 × × ×
equation; 1 kg 98.09 g H2SO4 3 mol H2SO4
2.50 × 105 kg
H2SO4 = 1.70 × 106 mol H3PO4
Unknown: moles
H3PO4
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 3 mol CaSO4 • 2H2O

400 kg Ca(PO4)2 × ×
equation; 400. 310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
kg Ca3(PO4)2
Unknown: mass 172.19 g CaSO4 • 2H2O
× = 666 kg CaSO4 • 2H2O
CaSO4 • 1 mol CaSO4 • 2H2O
2H2O
c. Given: balanced 0.788 g Ca3(PO4)2 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2

68 metric tons rock × ×
equation; 68 1 g rock 310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2
metric tons
rock; 78.8% 2 mol H3PO4 98.00 g H3PO4
× × = 34 metric tons H3PO4
Ca3(PO4)2 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 1 mol H3PO4
Unknown: mass
H3PO4 in
metric
tons
199. Given: balanced equa- 0.0319 × 1650 kg Fe = 52.6 kg Fe

tion; mass Fe =
mol Fe 2 mol Fe2 O3 159.70 g Fe2O3
3.19% × 1650 kg 52.6 kg Fe × ⎯ ⎯ × × = 75.2 kg Fe2O3
55.85 g Fe 4 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2 O3
Unknown: mass of steel
scrap after 1650 kg – 52.6 kg + 75.2 kg = 1670 kg
1 yr
200. Given: balanced equa- 3 mol O

0.048 mol Al × 2 = 0.036 mol O2
tion; 0.048 mol 4 mol Al
Al; 0.030 mol O2
0.036 mol O2 needed; 0.030 mol O2 available
limiting reactant: O2

311
201. Given: balanced equa-
tion; 862 g 1 mol ZrSiO4 2 mol Cl2 70.90 g Cl
862 g ZrSiO4 × × × 2 = 667 g Cl2
ZrSiO4; 183.31 g ZrSiO4 1 mol ZrSiO4 1 mol Cl2
950. g Cl2
Unknown: limiting 667 g Cl2 needed; 950. g Cl2 available; limiting reactant is ZrSiO4
reactant;
1 mol ZrSiO4 1 mol ZrCl4 233.02 g ZrCl4
mass ZrCl4 862 g ZrSiO4 × × ×
183.31 g ZrSiO4 1 mol ZrSiO4 1 mol ZrCl4
= 1.10 × 103 g ZrCl4
202. Given: 1.72 mol ZnS; 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

3.04 mol O2
3 mol O2
Unknown: balanced 1.72 mol ZnS × = 2.58 mol O2
equation; 2 mol ZnS
limiting
2.58 mol O2 needed; 3.04 mol O2 available; limiting reactant is ZnS.
reactant
203. a. Given: balanced 3 mol O

0.32 mol Al × 2 = 0.24 mol O2
equation; 4 mol Al
0.32 mol Al;
0.26 mol O2 0.24 mol O2 needed; 0.26 mol O2 available; limiting reactant is Al
Unknown: limiting
reactant
b. Given: balanced 4 mol Al

6.38 × 10–3 mol O2 × = 8.51 × 10–3 mol Al
equation; 3 mol O 2
6.38 × 10–3
mol O2; 8.51 × 10–3 mol Al needed; 9.15 × 10–3 mol Al available; limiting
9.15 × 10–3 reactant: O2
mol Al
2 mol Al2O3
Unknown: moles 6.38 × 10–3 mol O2 × = 4.25 × 10–3 mol Al2O3
3 mol O2
Al2O3
c. Given: balanced 1 mol Al 3 mol O 32.00 g O

3.17 g Al × × 2 × 2 = 2.82 g O2
equation; 26.98 g Al 4 mol Al 1 mol O2
3.17 g Al;
2.55 g O2 2.82 g O2 needed; 2.55 O2 available; limiting reactant: O2
Unknown: limiting
reactant
204. a. Given: balanced 1 mol CuS 3 mol O2 32.00 g O2

100. g CuS × × × = 50.2 g O2
equation; 95.62 g CuS 2 mol CuS 1 mol O2
100. g CuS;
56 g O2 50.2 g O2 needed; 56 g O2 available; limiting reactant: CuS
Unknown: limiting
reactant
b. Given: balanced 1 mol CuS 3 mol O2 32.00 g O2

18.7 g CuS × × × = 9.39 g O2
equation; 95.62 g CuS 2 mol CuS 1 mol O2
18.7 g CuS;
12.0 g O2 9.39 g O2 needed; 12.0 g O2 available; limiting reactant: CuS
Unknown: mass CuO
1 mol CuS 2 mol CuO 79.55 g CuO
18.7 g CuS × × × ⎯⎯ = 15.6 g CuO
95.62 CuS 2 mol CuS 1 mol CuO

312
205. Given: balanced equa-
tion; 0.092 mol 3 mol CuS O
0.092 mol Fe × 4 = 0.14 mol CuSO4
Fe; 0.158 mol 2 mol Fe
CuSO4
0.14 mol CuSo4 needed; 0.158 mol CuSO4 available; limiting reactant: Fe
Unknown: limiting
reactant; 3 mol Cu
moles Cu 0.092 mol Fe × = 0.14 mol Cu
2 mol Fe
206. Given: balanced 1 mol BaCO3 2 mol HNO3 63.02 g HNO3

55 g BaCO3 × × ×
equation; 197.34 g BaCO3 1 mol BaCO3 1 mol HNO3
55 g BaCO3;
26 g HNO3 = 35 g HNO3
Unknown: mass Ba
(NO3)2 35 g HNO3 needed; 26 HNO3 available; limiting reactant: HNO3
1 mol HNO3 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 261.35 g Ba(NO3)2

26 g HNO3 × × ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯⎯
63.02 g HNO3 2 mol HNO3 1 mol Ba(NO3)2
= 54 g Ba(NO3)2
207. a. Given: balanced 1 mol MgI2 1 mol Br2 159.80 g Br2

560 g MgI2 × × × = 322 g Br2
equation; 278.11 g MgI2 1 mol MgI2 1 mol Br2
560 g MgI2;
360 g Br2 Br2 is in excess; 360 g Br2 – 322 g Br2 = 38 g Br2 excess
Unknown: excess
reactant;
remaining
mass
b. Given: balanced 1 mol MgI2 1 mol I2 253.80 g I

560 g MgI2 × × × 2 = 510 g I2
equation; 278.11 g MgI2 1 mol MgI2 1 mol I2
560 g MgI2
Unknown: mass I2
208. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Ni 2 mol AgNO 169.88 g AgNO

22.9 g Ni × × 3 × 3 = 133 g AgNO3
equation; 58.69 g Ni 1 mo l Ni 1 mol AgNO3
22.9 g Ni;
112 g AgNO3 Ni is in excess
Unknown: excess
reactant
b. Given: balanced 1 mol AgNO3 1 mol Ni(NO3)2 182.71 g Ni(NO3)2

112 g AgNO3 × × ×
equation; 169.88 g AgNO3 2 mol AgNO3 1 mol Ni(NO3)2
112 g AgNO3
Unknown: mass = 60.2 g Ni(NO3)2
Ni(NO3)2
209. Given: 1.60 mol CS2; CS2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + CO2(g)

5.60 mol O2
3 mol O2
Unknown: balanced 1.60 mol CS2 × = 4.80 mol O2
equation; 1 mol CS2
moles of 5.60 mol O2 – 4.80 mol O2 = 0.80 mol O2 excess
excess,
reactant

313
210. a. Given: balanced 1 mol HgCl2 1 mol Hg(NH2)Cl
equation; 0.91 g HgCl2 × ×
271.49 g HgCl2 1 mol HgCl2
0.91 g HgCl2
Unknown: mass Hg 252.07 g Hg(NH2)Cl
(NH2)Cl × = 0.84 g Hg(NH2)Cl
1 mol Hg(NH2)Cl
b. Given: balanced 1 mol HgCl2 2 mol NH3 17.04 g NH3

0.91 g HgCl2 × × × = 0.11 g NH3
equation; 271.49 g HgCl2 1 mol HgCl2 1 mol NH3
0.91 g HgCl2;
0.15 g NH3 0.11 g NH3 needed; 0.15 g NH3 available; limiting reactant: HgCl2
Unknown: mass
1 mol HgCl2 1 mol Hg(NH2)Cl
Hg(NH2) 0.91 g HgCl2 × ×
Cl 271.49 g HgCl2 1 mol HgCl2
252.07 g Hg(NH2)Cl
× = 0.84 g Hg(NH2)Cl
1 mol Hg(NH2)Cl
2 mol Na OH
211. b. Given: balanced 0.57 mol Al × = 0.57 mol NaOH
equation from 2 mol Al
a; 0.57 mol Al; 0.57 mol NaOH needed; 0.37 mol NaOH available; limiting reactant:
0.37 mol NaOH
NaOH; excess
water 3 mol H2
0.37 mol NaOH × = 0.56 mol H2
Unknown: moles H2 2 mol NaOH
212. a. Given: balanced 4 mol HNO

0.0845 mol NO2 × 3 = 0.169 mol HNO3
equation; 2 mol NO2
0.0845 mol
NO2 1 mol Cu
0.0845 mol NO2 × = 0.0422 mol Cu
Unknown: moles of 2 mol NO2
HNO3
and Cu
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Cu 4 mol HNO 63.02 g HNO

5.94 g Cu × × 3 × 3 = 23.6 g HNO3
equation; 63.55 g Cu 1 mol Cu 1 mol HNO3
5.94 g Cu;
23.23 g HNO3 23.6 g HNO3 needed; 23.23 g HNO3 available: Cu is in excess.
Unknown: excess
reactant
213. a. Given: balanced 5 mol O2

2.90 mol NH3 × = 3.62 mol O2; NH3 is limiting.
equation; 4 mol NH3
2.90 mol NH3;
3.75 mol O2 4 mol NO
2.90 mol NH3 × = 2.90 mol NO
Unknown: moles of 4 mol NH3
NO and
H2O 6 mol H2O
2.90 mol NH3 × = 4.35 mol H2O
4 mol NH3

314
b. Given: balanced 1 mol NH3 5 mol O2 32.00 g O
equation; 4.20 × 104 g NH3 × × × 2
17.04 g NH3 4 mol NH3 1 mol O2
4.20 × 104 g
NH3; 1.31 × = 9.86 × 104 g O2
105g O2
Unknown: limiting 9.86 × 104 g O2 needed; 1.31 × 105 g O2 available; limiting reactant: NH3
reactant
c. Given: balanced 1 mol NH3 5 mol O2 32.00 g O

869 kg NH3 × × × 2 = 2040 kg O2
equation; 17.04 g NH3 4 mol NH3 1 mol O2
869 kg NH3;
2480 kg O2 2040 kg O2 needed; 2480 kg O2 available; limiting
Unknown: mass NO reactant: NH3
1 mol NH3 4 mol NO 30.01 g NO
869 kg NH3 × × ×
17.04 g NH3 4 mol NH3 1 mol NO
= 1.53 × 103 kg NO
214. Given: balanced 1 mol C2H5OH 1 mol CuO 79.55 g CuO

620 g C2H5OH × × ×
equation; 46.08 g C2H5OH 1 mol C2H5OH 1 mol CuO
620 g C2H5OH;
1020 g CuO = 1070 g CuO
Unknown: mass
1070 g CuO needed; 1020 g CuO available; limiting reactant: CuO
CH3CHO;
mass excess 1 mol CuO 1 mol CH3CHO 44.06 g CH3CHO
reactant left 1020 g CuO × × ×
79.55 g CuO 1 mol CuO 1 mol CH3CHO
= 565 g CH3CHO
1 mol CuO 1 mol C2H5OH 46.08 g C2H5OH
1020 g CuO × × ⎯⎯ ×
79.55 g CuO 1 mol CuO 1 mol C2H5OH
= 591 g C2H5OH
620 g C2H5OH – 591 g C2H5OH = 29 g C2H5OH excess
215. Given: balanced 1 mol SO2 1 mol Br2 159.80 g Br2

250 g SO2 × ⎯⎯ × × = 624 g Br2
equation; 250 g 64.07 g SO2 1 mol SO2 1 mol Br2
SO2; 650 g Br2;
excess H2O 624 g Br2 needed; 650 Br2 available; limiting reactant: SO2
Unknown: mass HBr
1 mol SO2 2 mol HBr 80.91 g HBr
250 g SO2 × × × = 630 g HBr
64.07 g SO2 1 mol SO2 1 mol HBr
216. Given: balanced 1 mol Na2SO3 2 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl

25.0 g Na2SO3 × ⎯⎯ × × ⎯ ⎯ = 14.5 g
equation; 126.05 g Na2SO3 1 mol Na2SO3 1 mol HCl
HCl
25.0 g Na2SO3;
22.0 g HCl
Unknown: mass SO2 14.5 g HCl needed; 22.0 g HCl available; limiting reactant: Na2SO3
1 mol Na2SO3 1 mol SO2 64.07 g SO

25.0 g Na2SO3 × × × 2
126.05 g Na2SO3 1 mol Na2SO3 1 mol SO2
= 12.7 g SO2

315
217. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Tb F3 3 mol Ca 40.08 g Ca
equation; 27.5 g TbF3 × × × = 7.66 g Ca
215.93 g TbF3 2 mol TbF3 1 mol Ca
27.5 g TbF3;
6.96 g Ca 7.66 g Ca needed; 6.96 g Ca available; limiting reactant: Ca
Unknown: mass Tb
1 mol Ca 2 mol Tb 158.93 g Tb
6.96 g Ca × × × = 18.4 g Tb
40.08 g Ca 3 mol C a 1 mol Tb
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Ca 2 mol TbF 215.93 g TbF
6.96 g Ca × × 3 × 3 = 25.0 g TbF3
equation; 40.08 g Ca 3 mol Ca 1 mol Tb F3
6.96 g Ca;
27.5 g TbF3; 27.5 g TbF3 – 25.0 g TbF3 = 2.5 g TbF3 remaining
Ca is limiting
Unknown: mass
TbF3
remaining
218. a. Given: theoretical 41.9 g

⎯⎯ × 100 = 83.8% yield
yield = 50.0 g; actual 50.0 g
yield = 41.9 g
Unknown: percent
yield
b. Given: theoretical 270 kg

yield = 290 kg; × 100 = 93% yield
290 kg
actual yield
= 270 kg
Unknown: percent
yield
c. Given: theoretical 4.18 × 104 kg
⎯⎯ × 100 = 69.1% yield
yield = 6.05 × 6.05 × 104 kg
104 kg; actual
yield = 4.18 ×
104 kg
Unknown: percent
yield
d. Given: theoretical 0.00089 g

yield = ⎯⎯ × 100 = 46% yield
0.00192 g
0.00192 g;
actual yield
= 0.00089 g
Unknown: percent
yield
219. a. Given: balanced 1 mol As2O3 4 mo l As

theoretical yield = 8.87 g As2O3 × ×
equation; 197.84 g As2O3 2 mol As 2O3
8.87 g As2O3;
actual yield 74.92 g As
× = 6.72 g As
As = 5.33 g 1 mol As
Unknown: percent 5.33 g A s
× 100 = 79.3% yield
yield 6.72 g As
b. Given: balanced 1 mol C 4 mol As 74.92 g As

theoretical yield = 67 g C × × × = 560 g As
equation; 12.01 g C 3 mol C 1 mol As
67 g C,
actual yield 425 g A s
× 100 = 76% yield
As = 425 g 560 g As
Unknown: percent
yield

316
220. a. Given: theoretical 43.9 g
yield = 68.3 g; × 100 = 64.3% yield
68.3 g
actual yield
= 43.9 g
Unknown: percent
yield
b. Given: theoretical 0.0419 mol

yield = × 100 = 58.0% yield
0.0722 mol
0.0722 mol;
actual yield =
0.0419 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
c. Given: 4.29 mol theoretical yield CH3COOC2H5 =

C2H5OH;
actual yield 1 mol CH3COOC2H5
CH3COOC2H5 4.29 mol C2H5OH × = 4.29 mol CH3COOC2H5
1 mol C2H5OH
= 2.98 mol;
balanced 2.98 mol CH3COOC2H5
equation × 100 = 69.5% yield
4.29 mol CH3COOC2H5
Unknown: percent
yield
d. Given: balanced 1 mol CH3COOH

0.58 mol C2H5OH × = 0.58 mol CH3COOH
equation; 0.58 1 mol C2H5OH
mol C2H5OH;
0.82 mol C2H5OH is limiting.
CH3COOH; 1 mol CH3COOC2H5
actual yield 0.58 mol C2H5OH × = 0.58 mol CH3COOC2H5
1 mol C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5
= 0.46 mol 0.46 mol
× 100 = 79% yield
Unknown: percent 0.58 mol
yield
221. a. Given: balanced 4 mol C

theoretical yield C = 0.0251 mol A × = 0.0502 mol C
equation; 2 mol A
0.0251 mol A;
actual yield C 0.0349 mol
× 100 = 69.5% yield
= 0.0349 mol 0.0502 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
b. Given: balanced 3 mol D

theoretical yield D = 1.19 mol A × = 1.785 mol D
equation; 2 mol A
1.19 mol A;
actual yield 1.41 mol
× 100 = 79.0% yield
D = 1.41 mol 1.785 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
c. Given: balanced 3 mol D

theoretical yield D = 189 mol B × = 81.0 mol D
equation; 7 mol B
189 mol B;
actual yield 39 mol
× 100 = 48% yield
D = 39 mol 81.0 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
317
d. Given: balanced 4 mol C
equation; theoretical yield C = 3500 mol B × = 2.0 × 103 mol C
7 mol B
3500 mol B;
actual yield C 1.7 × 103 mol
× 100 = 85% C
= 1700 mol 2.0 × 103 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
222. a. Given: balanced 3 mol CaSiO3

theoretical yield CaSiO3 = 57 mol Ca3(PO4)2 ×
equation; 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
57 mol
= 170 mol CaSiO3
Ca3(PO4)2;
actual yield 101 mol
CaSiO3 = × 100 = 59% yield
101 mol 170 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
b. Given: balanced 3 mol CaSiO3

theoretical yield CaSiO3 = 1280 mol C × = 768 mol CaSiO3
equation; 5 mol C
1280 mol C;
actual yield 622 mol
× 100 = 81.0% yield
CaSiO3 = 768 mol
622 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
c. Given: balanced 2 mol P

1.4 × 105 mol Ca3(PO4)2 × × 0.815 = 2.3 × 105 mol
equation; 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
81.5% yield;
1.4 × 105 mol
Ca3(PO4)2
Unknown: actual
mol P
223. a. Given: balanced 1 mol WO3 1 mol W 183.84 g W

56.9 g WO3 × × × = 45.1 g W
equation; 231.84 g WO3 1 mol WO3 1 mol W
56.9 g WO3;
actual yield 41.4 g
× 100 = 91.8% yield
W = 41.4 g 45.1 g
Unknown: percent
yield
b. Given: balanced 1 mol WO3 1 mol W 92.0%

3.72 g WO3 × × × = 0.0148 mol W
equation; 231.84 g WO3 1 mol WO3 100%
3.72 g WO3;
92.0% yield
Unknown: moles W
c. Given: balanced 11.4 g W 89.4 g

equation; = ; x = 12.8 g W
x 100.0 g
actual yield
W = 11.4 g; 1 mol W 1 mol WO3 231.84 g WO3
12.8 g W × × × ⎯ ⎯ = 16.1 g WO3
89.4% yield 183.84 g W 1 mol W 1 mol WO3
Unknown: mass
WO3

318
224. a. Given: balanced 1 mol CS2 1 mol CCl4
equation; theoretical yield = 410. kg CS2 × ×
76.15 g CS2 1 mol CS2
410. kg CS2;
actual yield 153.81 g CCl4
× = 828 kg CCl4
CCl4 = 719 kg 1 mol CCl4
Unknown: percent
719 kg
yield × 100 = 86.8% yield
828 kg
b. Given: balanced 1 mol Cl2 1 mol S2Cl2

theoretical yield = 67.5 g Cl2 × × ⎯⎯
equation; 70.90 g Cl2 3 mol Cl2
67.5 g Cl2;
actual yield 135.04 g S2Cl2
× ⎯⎯ = 42.8 g S2Cl2
S2Cl2 = 39.5 g 1 mol S2Cl2
Unknown: percent 39.5 g
yield ⎯⎯ × 100 = 92.2% yield
42.8 g
c. Given: balanced 100% 1 mol CCl4 1 mol CS2 76.15 g CS2

5.00 × 104 kg CCl4 × × × ⎯⎯ × =
equation; 83.3% 153.81 g CCl4 1 mol CCl4 1 mol CS2
83.3% yield;
actual yield 2.97 × 104 kg CS2
CCl4 =
5.00 × 104 kg
83.3% 1 mol CCl4 1 mol S2Cl2
Unknown: kg CS2 5.00 × 104 kg CCl4 × × ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯
100% 153.81 g CCl4 1 mol CCl4
and S2Cl2
135.04 g S2Cl2
× ⎯⎯ = 3.66 × 104 kg S2Cl2
1 mol S2Cl2
225. a. Given: balanced 1 mol NO2 1 mol N2O5 108.02 g N2O5

0.38 g NO2 × × × = 0.45 g N2O5
equation; 46.01 g NO2 2 mol NO2 1 mol N2O5
0.38 g NO2;
actual yield 0.36 g
⎯⎯ × 100 = 80.% g yield
N2O5 = 0.36 g 0.45 g
Unknown: percent
yield
b. Given: balanced 1 mol N2O5 108.02 g N2O5

6.0 mol NO2 × × = 320 g N2O5
equation; 2 mol NO2 1 mol N2O5
6.0 mol NO2;
61.1% yield 61.1%
320 g N2O5 × = 2.0 × 102 g N2O5
Unknown: mass 100%
N2O5
226. Given: balanced 1 mol NaCl 1 mol H2SO4

30.0 g NaCl × × = 0.257 mol H2SO4
equation; 30.0 g 58.44 g NaCl 2 mol NaCl
NaCl; 0.250 mol
H2SO4; actual 0.250 mol H2SO4 available, 0.257 mol H2SO4 needed; H2SO4 is limiting.
yield HCl
= 14.6 g 2 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl
0.250 mol H2SO4 × × ⎯⎯ = 18.2 g HCl
Unknown: percent yield 1 mol H2SO4 1 mol HCl
14.6 g
× 100 = 80.2% yield
18.2 g

319
227. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Au 4 mol NaAu(CN)2
equation; theoretical yield = 410 g Au × ×
196.97 g Au 4 mol Au
410 g Au;
actual yield 272.00 g NaAu(CN)2
NaAu(CN)2 × = 570 g NaAu(CN)2
1 mol NaAu(CN)2
= 540 g
540 g
Unknown: percent × 100 = 95% yield
yield 570 g
b. Given: balanced 100% 1 mol NaAu(CN)2

1.00 kg NaAu(CN)2 × ×
equation; 79.6% 272.00 g NaAu(CN)2
79.6% yield;
1.00 kg 4 mol Au 196.97 g Au
× × = 0.910 kg Au = 9.10 × 102 g Au
NaAu(CN)2 4 mol NaAu(CN)2 1 mol Au
Unknown: mass Au
c. Given: 0.910 kg Au; x 100%

ore is 0.001% = ; x = 9 × 104 kg ore
0.910 kg Au 0.001%
Au
Unknown: mass
of ore
228. a. Given: balanced 1 mol CO 1 mol I2 253.80 g I2

theoretical yield = 2.00 g CO × × ×
equation; 28.01 g CO 5 mol CO 1 mol I2
2.00 g CO;
actual yield = 3.63 g I2
I2 = 3.17 g
3.17 g
Unknown: percent × 100 = 87.3% yield
3.63 g
yield
b. Given: 87.6% yield; 100.0% – 87.6% = 12.4% unreacted

2.00 g CO
0.124 × 2.00 g CO = 0.248 g CO
Unknown: mass of
unreacted
CO
229. a. Given: balanced 1 mol Cl2 1 mol NaClO

theoretical yield = 1.2 kg Cl2 × ×
equation; 1.2 70.90 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2
kg Cl2; actual
yield NaClO 74.44 g NaClO
× = 1.3 kg NaClO
= 0.90 kg 1 mol NaClO
Unknown: percent 0.90 kg
yield × 100 = 69%
1.3 kg
b. Given: balanced 100% 1 mol NaClO 1 mol Cl2

25 metric tons NaClO × × ⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯
equation; 91.8% 65.46 g NaClO 1 mol NaClO
91.8% yield;
25 metric 70.90 g Cl2
× = 29 metric tons Cl2
tons actual 1 mol Cl2
yield NaClO
Unknown: metric
tons Cl2

320
c. Given: balanced 1 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl 81.8%
equation; 1.00 mol Cl2 × × × = 47.8 g NaCl
1 mol Cl2 1 mol NaCl 100%
81.8% yield;
1 mol Cl2
Unknown: mass
NaCl
d. Given: balanced 370 kg NaClO 100% 1 mol NaClO 2 mol NaOH

equation; × × ×
1h 79.5% 65.46 g NaClO 1 mol NaClO
79.5% yield;
actual rate 40.00 g NaOH
× = 568 kg NaOH/h
NaClO 1 mol NaOH
370 kg/h
Unknown: rate
NaOH
in kg/h
230. b. Given: theoretical 1.79 g

yield = 2.04 g; × 100 = 87.7% yield
2.04 g
actual yield
= 1.79 g
Unknown: percent
yield
d. Given: balanced 1 mol Mg3N2

theoretical yield = 0.097 mol Mg × = 0.032 mol Mg3N2
equation 3 mol Mg
from c; 0.097
mol Mg; 0.027 0.027 mol
× 100 = 84% yield
mol Mg3N2 0.032 mol
Unknown: percent
yield
231. a. Given: balanced 1 mol C3H7OH

theoretical yield = 0.89 g C3H7OH ×
equation; 0.89 60.11 g C3H7OH
g C3H7OH;
actual yield 3 mol C2H5COOH 74.09 g C2H5COOH
× × = 1.1 g C2H5COOH
C2H5COOH 3 mol C3H7OH 1 mol C2H5COOH
= 0.88 g
0.88 g
Unknown: percent × 100 = 80.% yield
yield 1.1 g
b. Given: balanced 1 mol C3H7OH

theoretical yield = 136 g C3H7OH ×
equation; 60.11 g C3H7OH
actual yield
C2H5COOH 3 mol C2H5COOH
× = 2.26 mol C2H5COOH
= 1.50 mol; 3 mol C3H7OH
136 g
C3H7OH 1.50 mol
× 100 = 66.4% yield
Unknown: percent 2.26 mol
yield
c. Given: balanced 1 mol Na2Cr2O7

theoretical yield = 116 g Na2Cr2O7 ×
equation; 116 g 261.98 g Na2Cr2O7
Na2Cr2O7;
actual yield 3 mol C2H5COOH 74.09 g C2H5COOH
× × = 49.2 g C2H5COOH
C2H5COOH 2 mol Na2Cr2O7 1 mol C2H5COOH
= 28.1 g
28.1 g
Unknown: percent × 100 = 57.1% yield
yield 49.2 g

321
232. Given: unbalanced 2C3H6(g) + 2NH3(g) + 3O2(g) → 2C3H3N(g) + 6H2O(g)
equation; 850. g
C3H6; 300. g 1 mol C3H6 2 mol NH3 17.04 g NH3
850. g C3H6 × × × = 344 g NH3
NH3; excess O2; 42.09 g C3H6 2 mol C3H6 1 mol NH3
actual yield
C3H3N = 850. g 300 g NH3 available, 344 g NH3 needed; NH3 is limiting.
Unknown: balanced
equation; 1 mol NH3 2 mol C3H3N 53.07 g C3H3N
300. g NH3 × × ×
limiting 17.04 g NH3 2 mol NH3 1 mol C3H3N
reactant;
percent yield = 934 g C3H3N
850. g
× 100 = 91.0% yield
934 g
233. a. Given: 430 kg H2; CO + 2H2 → CH3OH

reactants and
product 1 mol H2 1 mol CH3OH 32.05 g CH3OH
430. kg H2 × × ×
Unknown: balanced 2.02 g H2 2 mol H2 1 mol CH3OH
equation;
mass = 3.41 × 103 kg CH3OH
CH3OH
b. Given: balanced 3.12 × 103 kg

× 100 = 91.5% yield
equation and 3.41 × 103 kg
theoretical
yield from a;
actual yield
CH3OH =
3.12 × 103 kg
Unknown: percent
yield
234. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol C6H10O4 1 mol C6H16N2

750. g C6H10O4 × ×
tion; 750. g 146.16 g C6H10O4 1 mol C6H10O4
C6H10O4; actual
yield C6H16N2 116.24 g C6H16N2
× = 596 g C6H16N2
= 578 g 1 mol C6H16N2
Unknown: percent
578 g
yield × 100 = 97.0% yield
596 g
235. Given: unbalanced 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

equation;
1.37 × 104 g CO2; 1 mol CO2 6 mol O2 32.00 g O2
63.4% yield 1.37 × 104 g CO2 × × ×
44.01 g CO2 6 mol CO2 1 mol O2
Unknown: balanced
equation; = 9.96 × 103 g O2
mass O2
63.4%
9.96 × 103 g O2 × = 6.32 × 103 g O2
100%
236. Given: balanced equa- 100% 1 mol CaO 56.08 g CaO

2.67 × 102 mol Ca(OH)2 × × ×
tion; 2.67 × 102 54.3% 1 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol CaO
mol Ca(OH)2;
54.3% yield 1 kg
× = 27.6 kg
Unknown: mass CaO 1000 g
in kg

322
237. a. Given: P1 = 3.0 atm; P V1 25 mL
V2 = 1 = 3.0 atm × = 13 mL
V1 = 25 mL; P2 6.0 atm
P2 = 6.0 atom
Unknown: V2
b. Given: P1 = 99.97 P V1 99.97 kPa × 550. mL

P2 = 1 = = 200. kPa
kPa; V1 = V2 275 mL
550. mL; V2
= 275 mL
Unknown: P2
c. Given: P1 = 0.89 P V2 3.56 atm × 20.0 L

V1 = 2 = = 80. L
atm; P2 = P1 0.89 atm
3.56 atm;
V2 = 20.0 L
Unknown: V1
d. Given: V1 = 800. mL; P V2 500. kPa × 160. mL

P1 = 2 = = 100. kPa
P2 = 500. kPa; V1 800. mL
V2 = 160. mL
Unknown: P1
e. Given: P1 = P V2 250 atm × 1.0 × 10–2 L

V1 = 2 = = 63 L
0.040 atm; P1 0.040 atm
P2 = 250 atm;
V2 = 1.0 ×
10–2 L
Unknown: V1
238. Given: P1 = 1.8 atm; P V1 1.8 atm × 2.8 L

V2 = 1 = = 4.2 L
V1 = 2.8 L; P2 P2 1.2 atm
= 1.2 atm
Unknown: V2
239. Given: P1 = 99.3 kPa; P V1 99.3 kPa × 48.0 L

P2 = 1 = = 298 kPa
V1 = 48.0 L; V2 16.0 L
V2 = 16.0 L
Unknown: P2
240. Given: P1 = 0.989 atm; P V1 0.989 atm × 59.0 mL

V2 = 1 = = 60.3 mL
V1 = 59.0 mL; P2 0.967 atm
P2 = 0.967 atm
Unknown: V2
241. Given: P1 = 6.5 atm; P V1 6.5 atm × 2.2 L

V2 = 1 = = 12 L
V1 = 2.2 L; P2 1.15 atm
P2 = 1.15 atm
Unknown: V2

323
242. a. Given: V1 = 40.0 mL; V T2 40.0 mL × 350 K
V2 = 1 = = 50.0 mL
T1 = 280. K; T1 280. K
T2 = 350. K
Unknown: V2
b. Given: V1 = 0.606 L; V T1 0.404 L × 300. K

T2 = 2 = = 200. K
T1 = 300. K; V1 0.606 L
V2 = 0.404 L
Unknown: T2
c. Given: T1 = 292 K; V T1 250. mL × 292 K

V1 = 2 = = 200. mL
V2 = 250. mL; T2 365 K
T2 = 365 K
Unknown: V1
d. Given: V1 = 100. mL; T V1 305 K × 100. mL

T1 = 2 = = 244 K
V2 = 125 mL; V2 125 mL
T2 = 305 K
Unknown: T1
e. Given: V1 = 0.0024 L; V T2 0.0024 L × (273 – 14) K 0.0024 L × 259 K

V2 = 1 = = = 0.0021 L
T1 = 22°C; T1 (273 + 22) K 259 K
T2 = –14°C;
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V2
243. Given: V1 = 2.75 L; T1 = V T2 2.75 L × (273 + 45) K 2.75 L × 318 K

V2 = 1 = = = 3.01 L
18°C; T2 = 45°C; T1 (273 + 18) K 291 K
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V2
244. Given: V1 = 0.43 mL; T V2 (273 + 24) K × 0.57 mL

T2 = 1 = = 394 K
T1 = 24°C; V2 = V1 0.43 mL
0.57 mL; K = 273
+ °C 394 K – 273 = 121°C
Unknown: T2
245. a. Given: P1 = 1.50 atm; P T2 1.50 atm × 410 K

P2 = 1 = = 2.25 atm
T1 = 273 K; T1 273 K
T2 = 410 K
Unknown: P2
b. Given: P1 = 0.208 atm; T P2 300. K × 0.156 atm

T2 = 1 = = 225 K
T1 = 300. K; P1 0.208 atm
P2 = 0.156 atm
Unknown: T2

324
c. Given: T1 = 52°C; P T1 99.7 kPa × (52 + 273) K 99.7 kPa × 325 K
P2 = 99.7 kPa; P1 = 2 = = = 92.6 kPa
T2 (77 + 273) K 350. K
T2 = 77°C;
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: P1
d. Given: P1 = 5.20 atm; P T2 5.20 atm × (273 – 13) K 5.20 atm × 260. K
T1 = 1 = = = 325 K
P2 = 4.16 atm; P1 4.16 atm 4.16 atm
T2 = –13°C;
K = 273 +°C
325 K – 273 = 52°C
Unknown: T1
e. Given: P1 = 8.33 × T P2 (273 – 84) K × 3.92 × 10–3 atm 189 K × 3.92 × 10–3
T2 = 1 = =
10–4 atm; P1 8.33 × 10–4 atm 8.33 × 10–4
T1 = –84°C;
P2 = 3.92 × = 889 K
10–3 atm;
K = 273 + °C 889 K – 273 = 616°C
Unknown: T2
246. Given: P1 = 4.882 atm; P T2 4.882 atm × (273 + 8) K 4.882 atm × 281 K
T1 = 1 = = = 293 K
P2 = 4.690 atm; P2 4.690 atm 4.690 atm
T2 = 8°C;
K = 273 + °C 293 K – 273 = 20.°C
Unknown: T1
247. Given: P1 = 107 kPa; P T2 107 kPa × (273 + 45) K 107 kPa × 318 K
P2 = 1 = = = 115 kPa
T1 = 22°C; T1 (273 + 22) K 295 K
T2 = 45°C;
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: P2
248. a. Given: P1 = 99.3 kPa; P1V1T2 99.3 kPa × 225 mL × (273 + 24) K
V2 = = = 224 mL
V1 = 225 mL; T1P2 (273 + 15) K × 102.8 kPa
T1 = 15°C;
P2 = 102.8 kPa;
T2 = 24°C
Unknown: V2
b. Given: P1 = 0.959 atm; P1V1T2 0.959 atm × 3.50 L × (273 + 37) K

P2 = = = 0.884 atm
V1 = 3.50 L; T1V2 (273 + 45) K × 3.70 L
T1 = 45°C;
V2 = 3.70 L;
T2 = 37°C
Unknown: P2
c. Given: P1 = T1P2V2 373 K × 0.0029 atm × 64 mL

T2 = = = 310 K
0.0036 atm; P1V1 0.0036 atm × 62 mL
V1 = 62 mL;
T1 = 373 K;
P2 = 0.0029 atm;
V2 = 64 mL
Unknown: T2

325
d. Given: P1 = 100. kPa; P1V1T2 100. kPa × 43.2 mL × (273 + 0) K
V1 = 43.2 mL; V2 = = = 39.9 mL
T1P2 (273 + 19) K × 101.3 kPa
T1 = 19°C;
P2 = 101.3
kPa; T2 = 0°C
Unknown: V2
249. Given: V1 = 450. mL; P1V1T2 100. kPa × 450. mL × (273 + 0) K

V2 = = = 418 mL
P1 = 100. kPa; T1P2 (273 + 17) K × 101.3 kPa
T1 = 17°C;
T2 = 0°C;
P2 = 101.3 kPa
Unknown: V2
250. Given: T = 27°C; H2S Per Table A-8: PH2O = 3.57 kPa
gas: PT = 207.33
PH2S = PT – PH2O = 207.33 kPa – 3.57 kPa = 203.76 kPa
kPa; V = 15 mL
Unknown: PH2O; PH2S
251. Given: T = 10°C; Per Table A-8: PH2O = 1.23 kPa

PT = 105.5 kPa;
PH2 = PT – PH2O = 105.5 kPa – 1.23 kPa = 104.3 kPa
V = 1.93 L;
P1V1 P2V2 P1V1T2 104.3 kPa × 1.93 L × (273 + 0) K
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ V2 = = = 1.92 L
T1 T2 T1P2 (273 + 10) K × 101.3 kPa
Unknown: VH2 at STP
252. Given: V1 = 338 mL P1(H2O) = 2.19 kPa; P2(H2O) = 3.36 kPa

CH4 at T1 =

19°C, P1 = 1 atm
0.9566 atm; P1(CH4) = 0.9566 atm – 2.19 kPa × = 0.935 atm
101.3 kPa
T2 = 26°C,
P2 = 0.989
Unknown: V2 of CH4 1 atm
P2(CH4) = 0.989 atm – 3.36 kPa × = 0.956 atm
101.3 kPa
P1V1T2 0.935 atm × 338 mL × (273 + 26) K
V2 = = = 339 mL
T1P2 (273 + 19) K × 0.956 atm
V2 > V1 ; Student 2 collected more.
253. T is constant; P1V1 = P V1 127.3 kPa × 796 cm3

P2 = 1 = = 105 kPa
P2V2 V2 965 cm3
a. Given: P1 = 127.3 kPa;
V1 = 796 cm3;
V2 = 965 cm3
Unknown: P2

326
b. Given: P1 = 9.6 × 10–1 atm × 3.7 × 103 mL
P V2
7.1 × 102 atm; V1 = 2 = = 5.0 mL
P2 = P1 7.1 × 102 atm
9.6 × 10–1 atm;
V2 =
3.7 × 103 mL
Unknown: V1
c. Given: V1 = 1.77 L; P V2 30.79 kPa × 2.44 L

P = 2 = = 42.4 kPa
P2 = 30.79 kPa; 1 V1 1.77 L
V2 = 2.44 L
Unknown: P1
d. Given: P1 = 114 kPa; P V1 114 kPa × 2.93 dm3

V2 = 1 = = 6.78 × 10–3 dm3
V1 = 2.93 dm3; P2 4.93 × 104 kPa
P2 = 4.93 ×
104 kPa
Unknown: V2
e. Given: P1 = 1.00 atm; P V1 1.00 atm × 120. mL

P2 = 1 = = 1.24 atm
V1 = 120. mL; V2 97.0 mL
V2 = 97.0 mL
Unknown: P2
f. Given: P1 = 0.77 atm; P V1 0.77 atm × 3.6 m3

V2 = 1 = = 1.5 m3
V2 = 3.6 m3; P2 1.90 atm
P2 = 1.90 atm
Unknown: V2
254. Given: V1 = 0.722 m3; P V1 10.6 atm × 0.722 m3

V2 = 1 = = 8.0 m3
P1 = 10.6 atm; P2 0.96 atm
P2 = 0.96 atm;
P1V1 = P2V2
Unknown: V2
255. Given: V1 = 7.50 × 103 P V2 0.993 atm × 195 L

P1 = 2 = = 0.0258 atm
L; V2 = 195 L; V1 7.50 × 103 L
P2 = 0.993 atm;
P1V1 = P2V2
Unknown: P1
256. Given: V1 = P V1 1.05 atm × 5.70 × 10–1 dm3

V2 = 1 = = 8.01 × 10–2 dm3
5.70 × 10–1 dm3; P2 7.47 atm
P1 = 1.05 atm;
P2 = 7.47 atm;
P1V1 = P2V2
Unknown: V2

327
V V2
257. P is constant; ⎯⎯1 = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
T V1 290. K × 26.5 mL
a. Given: V1 = 26.5 mL; T1 = 2 = = 234 K
V2 = 32.9 mL; V2 32.9 mL
T2 = 290. K
Unknown: T1
b. Given: T1 = 100°C; T V2 (273 + 100) K × 0.83 dm3

V1 = 1 = = 1.0 dm3
V2 = 0.83 dm3; T2 (273 + 29) K
T2 = 29°C
Unknown: V1
2 3
c. Given: V1 = 7.44 × T V2 (870. + 273) K × 2.59 × 10 mm
T2 = 1 = = 3.98 K
104 mm3; V1
4
7.44 × 10 mm 3
T1 = 870°C;
V2 = 2.59 × 3.98 K – 273.15 = –269.17°C
102 mm3
Unknown: T2 in °C
d. Given: V1 = 5.63 × V T2 5.63 × 10–2 L × 190. K

V2 = 1 = = 8.10 × 10–2 L
10–2 L; T1 132 K
T1 = 132 K;
T2 = 190. K
Unknown: V2
e. Given: T1 = 243 K; V T1 819 cm3 × 243 K

V1 = 2 = = 487 cm3
V2 = 819 cm3; T2 409 K
T2 = 409 K
Unknown: V1
f. Given: V1 = 679 m3; V T2 679 m3 × (273 – 246) K

V2 = 1 = = 67.9 m3
T1 = –3°C; T1 (273 – 3) K
T2 = –246°C
Unknown: V2
258. Given: V1 = 1.15 cm3; V T2 1.15 cm3 × (273 + 99) K

V2 = 1 = = 1.45 cm3
T1 = 22°C; T1 (273 + 22) K
T2 = 99°C;
V1 V2
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V2
259. Given: V1 = 6.75 dm3; V T1 5.03 dm3 × (273 + 40.) K

T2 = 2 = = 233 K
T1 = 40.°C; V1 6.75 dm3
V2 = 5.03 dm3;
V1 V2 233 K – 273 = –40.°C
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: T2

328
260. V is constant; T P1 (273 + 192) K × 0.777 atm
P P2
⎯⎯1 = ⎯⎯; T1 = 2 = = 64.5 K
P2 5.6 atm
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C 64.5 K – 273 = –208°C
a. Given: P1 = 0.777
atm;
P2 = 5.6 atm;
T2 = 192°C
Unknown: T1 in °C
b. Given: P1 = 152 kPa; P T2 152 kPa × 11 K

P2 = 1 = = 5.5 kPa
T1 = 302 K; T1 302 K
T2 = 11 K
Unknown: P2
c. Given: T1 = –76°C; P T1 3.97 atm × (273 – 76) K

P1 = 2 = = 2.61 atm
P2 = 3.97 atm; T2 (273 + 27) K
T2 = 27°C
Unknown: P1
d. Given: P1 = 395 atm; T P2 (273 + 46) K × 706 atm

T2 = 1 = = 570. K
T1 = 46°C; P1 395 atm
P2 = 706 atm
Unknown: T2 in °C 570. K – 273 = 297°C
e. Given: T1 = –37°C; P T1 350. atm × (273 – 37) K

P1 = 2 = = 35.6 atm
P2 = 350. atm; T2 (273 + 2050) K
T2 = 2050°C
Unknown: P1
f. Given: P1 = 0.39 atm; T P2 263 K × 0.058 atm

T2 = 1 = = 39 K
T1 = 263 K; P1 0.39 atm
P2 = 0.058
atm
Unknown: T2
261. Given: T1 = 22°C; T P1 (273 – 3) K × 0.982 atm

P2 = 2 = = 0.899 atm
P1 = 0.982 atm; T1 (273 + 22) K
T2 = –3°C;
P P2
⎯⎯1 = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: P2
262. Given: P1 = 2.50 atm; P T2 2.50 atm × (273 + 0) K

P2 = 1 = = 2.23 atm
T1 = 33°C; T1 (273 + 33) K
T2 = 0°C;
P P2
⎯⎯1 = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: P2
263. Given: P1 = 127.5 kPa; T P2 290. K × 3.51 kPa

T2 = 1 = = 7.98 K
T1 = 290. K; P1 127.5 kPa
P2 = 3.51 kPa;
P P2
⎯⎯1 = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
Unknown: T2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
329
V P V P2 V1P1T2 1.65 L × 1.03 atm × (273 + 46) K
264. ⎯1⎯1 = ⎯2⎯; V2 = = = 2.02 L
T1 T2 T1P2 (273 + 19) K × 0.920 atm
K = 273 + °C
a. Given: P1 = 1.03 atm;
V1 = 1.65 L;
T1 = 19°C;
P2 = 0.920 atm;
T2 = 46°C
Unknown: V2
b. Given: P1 = 107.0 kPa; V1P1T2 3.79 dm3 × 107.0 kPa × (273 + 217) K
3 P2 = = = 75.8 kPa
V1 = 3.79 dm ; T1V2 (273 + 73) K × 7.58 dm3
T1 = 73°C;
V2 = 7.58 dm3;
T2 = 217°C
Unknown: P2
c. Given: P1 = 0.029 atm; V1P1T2 249 mL × 0.029 atm × 293 K

T1 = = = 110 K
V1 = 249 mL; V2P2 197 mL × 0.098 atm
P2 = 0.098 atm;
V2 = 197 mL;
T2 = 293 K
Unknown: T1
d. Given: P1 = 113 kPa; V2P2T1 3.18 × 103 mm3 × 149 kPa × (273 + 12) K
V1 = =
T1 = 12°C; T2P1 (273 – 18) K × 113 kPa
P2 = 149 kPa;
V2 = 3.18 × = 4.69 × 103 mm3
103 mm3;
T2 = –18°C
Unknown: V1
e. Given: P1 = 1.15 atm; V2P2T1 0.85 m3 × 1.01 atm × (273 –22) K

V1 = 0.93 m3;
T2 = = = 210 K
V1P1 0.93 m3 × 1.15 atm
T1 = –22°C;
P2 = 1.01 atm; 201 K – 273 = –72°C
V2 = 0.85 m3
Unknown: T2
f. Given: V1 = 156 cm3; V2P2T1 468 cm3 × 2.25 atm × 195 K

P1 = = = 2.25 atm
T1 = 195 K; T2V1 585 K × 156 cm3
P2 = 2.25 atm;
V2 = 468 cm3;
T2 = 585 K
Unknown: P1
P V P V2
265. Given: ⎯1⎯1 = ⎯2⎯; V1P1T2 392 cm3 × 0.987 atm × (273 + 13) K
T1 T2 V2 = = = 379 cm3
T1P2 (273 + 21) K × 0.992 atm
K = 273 + °C;
V1 = 392 cm3;
P1 = 0.987 atm;
T1 = 21°C;
T2 = 13°C;
P2 = 0.992 atm
Unknown: V2

330
266. Given: PT = 0.989 atm; 1 atm
T = 17°C from Table A-8: PH2O = 1.94 kPa × ⎯⎯ = 0.0192 atm
101.3 kPa
Unknown: PH2
PH2= PT – PH2O = 0.989 atm – 0.0192 atm = 0.970 atm or 98.3 kPa
267. Given: P1 = 1.77 atm; VT = V1 + V2 = 1.00 L + 1.50 L = 2.50 L

V1 = 1.00 L;
V2 = 1.50 L; P V1 1.77 atm × 1.00 L
1 = = 0.708 atm
P2 = 0.487 atm; VT 2.50 L
P1V1 = P2V2
P V2 0.487 atm × 1.50 L
Unknown: equalized 2 = = 0.292 atm
P in VT VT 2.50 L
PT = 0.708 atm + 0.292 atm = 1.00 atm
268. Given: T1 = 10.°C; 1 atm

From Table A-8: PH2O = 1.23 kPa × ⎯⎯ = 0.0121 atm
PT = 1.02 atm; 101.3 kPa
V1 = 293 mL;
P1V1 P2V2 PO2 = PT – PH2O = 1.02 atm – 0.0121 atm = 1.01 atm = P1
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
P2 = 1.00 atm; P1V1T2 1.01 atm × 293 mL × (273 + 0) K
V2 = = = 285 mL
T2 = 0°C; T1P2 (273 + 10) K × 1.00 atm
K = 273
Unknown: VO2 at STP
(V2)
269. Given: P1 = 101.3 kPa; PA1 = P1 – PH2O(20°C) = 101.3 kPa – 2.34 kPa = 99.0 kPa
T1 = 20°C;
V1 = 325 cm3; In sealed bottle on mountain: PA2 = PA1 + PH2O(10°C)
P2 = 76.24 kPa;
T2 = 10°C;
= 99.0 kPa + 1.23 kPa = 100.2 kPa
gases are air
over water;
K = 273 + °C; PA2V1T2 100.2 kPa × 325 cm3 × (273 + 10) K
V2 = ⎯ = = 413 cm3
PT = Pair + PH2O; T1P2 (273 + 20) K × 76.24 kPa
PH2O(20°C) = 2.34
kPa; PH2O(10°C) = VH2O = 413 cm3 – 325 cm3 = 88 cm3 H2O
1.23 kPa
Unknown: V2; V of
water lost
270. Given: 1°C change in V V + 0.20 cm3

T produces a =
(273 + 20) K (273 + 21) K
change of
0.20 cm3 in V; 294 V = 293 V + 293 × 0.20 cm3
V1 V2
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2 V = 59 cm3
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V at 20.°C
271. Given: V1 = 62.25 mL; PN2 = PT – PH2O = 97.7 kPa – 2.64 kPa = 95.1 kPa
T = 22°C;
PT = 97.7 kPa; PN2V1 95.1 kPa × 62.25 mL
V2 = 50.00 mL; P2 = ⎯ = = 118 kPa
V2 50.00 mL
PH2O = 2.64 kPa
Unknown: P2

331

272. Given: V1 = 844 mL; 1 atm
T1 = 0.00°C; P2 = PNF3 = PT – PH2O = 1.017 atm – 3.17 kPa = 0.9857 atm
101.3 kPa
P1 = 1.000 atm;
PT = 1.017 atm; P1V1T2 1.000 atm × 844 mL × (273 + 25) K
PH2O = 3.17 kPa; V2 = = = 935 mL
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 0.9857 atm
T2 = 25°C;
PT = 1.017 atm;
P1V1 P2V2
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V2; VT at
25°C and
1.017 atm
273. Given: V1 = 2.94 kL; P1V1T2 1.06 atm × 2.94 kL × (273 – 35) K
V2 = = = 26.4 kL
P1 = 1.06 atm; T1P2 (273 + 32) K × 0.092 atm
T1 = 32°C;
P2 = 0.092 atm;
T2 = –35°C;
P1V1 P2V2
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V2
274. Given: P1 = 2.96 atm; P T2 2.96 atm × (273 + 95) K

P2 = 1 = = 3.76 atm
T1 = 17°C; T1 (273 + 17) K
T2 = 95°C;
P P
⎯⎯1 = ⎯⎯2;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: P2
275. Given: T1 = 39°C; V T1 108 mL × (273 + 39) K

V1 = 2 = = 115 mL
V2 = 108 mL; T2 (273 + 21) K
T2 = 21°C;
V1 V2
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯;
T1 T2
K = 273 + °C
Unknown: V1
276. Given: V1 = 624 L; P V1 1.40 atm × 624 L

P2 = 1 = = 10.9 atm
P1 = 1.40 atm; V2 80.0 L
V2 = 80.0 L;
P1V1 = P2V2
Unknown: P2
277. a. Given: P = 1.09 atm; L • atm

0.0881 mol • 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × 302 K
n = 0.0881 mol; nRT mol • K
T = 302 K V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 2.00 L
P 1.09 atm
Unknown: V in L
b. Given: P = 94.9 kPa; PV 94.9 kPa × 0.0350 L

n = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1.22 × 10–3 mol
V = 0.0350 L; RT L • kPa
T = 55°C 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 55) K
mol • K
Unknown: n

332
c. Given: V = 15.7 L; L • kPa
0.815 mol × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 – 20) K
T = –20.°C P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 109 kPa
V 15.7 L
Unknown: P in kPa
d. Given: P = 0.500 atm; PV 0.500 atm × 629 mL × 1 L

T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 114 K
V = 629 mL; nR L • atm
n = 0.0337 mol 0.0337 mol × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × 1000 mL
mol • K
Unknown: T in K
L • atm
e. Given: P = 0.950 atm; 0.0818 mol × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 19) K
V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 2.06 L
T = 19°C P 0.950 atm
Unknown: V in L
f. Given: P = 107 kPa; PV 107 kPa × 39.0 mL × 1 L

n = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1.67 × 10–3 mol
V = 39.0 mL; RT L • kPa
T = 27°C 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 27) K × 1000 mL
mol • K
Unknown: n
278. Given: V = 425 mL; PV 0.899 atm × 425 mL × 1 L

n = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1.57 × 10–2 mol
T = 24°C, RT L • atm
P = 0.899 atm 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 24) K × 1000 mL
mol • K
Unknown: n
L • kPa
279. Given: m = 0.116 g; 0.116 g × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 127) K × 1000 mL
V = 25.0 mL; mRT mol • K
M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 99.4 g/mol
T = 127°C; PV 155.3 kPa × 25.0 mL × 1 L
P = 155.3 kPa;
mRT
PV = ⎯⎯
M
Unknown: M
280. Given: CO2 gas; M = 1 atom C × 12.01 amu/atom + 2 atoms O × 16.00 amu/atom = 44.01
V = 7.10 L; amu; M = 44.01 g/mol
P = 1.11 atm;
T = 31°C;
mRT MPV 44.01 g/mol × 1.11 atm × 7.10 L
PV = ⎯⎯ m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 13.9 g
M RT L • atm
0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 31) K
Unknown: m mol • K
281. Given: T = 72°C; MP 104.09 g/mol × 144.5 kPa

D = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 5.24 g/L
P = 144.5 kPa; RT L • kPa
SiF4 gas; 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 72) K
mol • K
MP
D = ⎯⎯
RT
Unknown: D
282. Given: D = 1.13 g/L; MP 28.02 g/mol × 1.09 atm

T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ = 329 K
P = 1.09 atm; DR L • atm
N2 gas; 1.13 g/L × 0.0821 ⎯⎯
mol • K
MP
D = ⎯⎯
RT
Unknown: T

333
283. a. Given: P = 0.0477 atm; PV 0.0477 atm × 15 200 L
V = 15 200 L; n = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 34.2 mol
RT L • atm
T = –15°C 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 – 15) K
mol • K
Unknown: n
b. Given: V = 0.119 mL; L • kPa

0.000 350 mol × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 0) K × 1000 mL
n= nRT m o l•K
0.000 350 mol; P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
V 0.119 mL × 1 L
T = 0°C
Unknown: P in kPa = 6.68 × 103 kPa
c. Given: P = 500.0 kPa; PV 500.0 kPa × 250. mL × 1 L

T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 125 K
V = 250. mL; nR L • kPa
n = 0.120 mol 0.120 mol × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × 1000 mL
mol • K
Unknown: T in °C
125 K – 273 = –148°C
L • atm
d. Given: P = 19.5 atm; 4.7 × 104 mol × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 300) K
n = 4.7 × nRT mol • K
V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1.1 × 105 L
104 mol; P 19.5 atm
T = 300. °C
Unknown: V
mRT L • atm
284. Given: PV = ⎯⎯ 8.23 g × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 25) K
M mRT mol • K
M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 55.9 g/mol
a. Given: P = 0.955 atm; PV 0.955 atm × 3.77 L
V = 3.77 L;
m = 8.23 g;
T = 25°C
Unknown: M
b. Given: P = 105.0 kPa; PVM 105.0 kPa × 50.0 mL × 48.02 g/mol × 1 L

m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.111 g
V = 50.0 mL; RT L • kPa
M= 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 0) K × 1000 mL
mol • K
48.02 g/mol;
T = 0°C
Unknown: m
c. Given: P = 0.782 atm; L • atm

3.20 × 10–3 g × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 – 5) K
m= mRT mol • K
3.20 × 10–3 g; V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4.46 × 10–2 L
PM 0.782 atm × 2.02 g/mol
M = 2.02 g/mol;
T = –5°C
Unknown: V in L
d. Given: V = 2.00 L; L • atm

7.19 g × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 185) K
m = 7.19 g; mRT mol • K
M= P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.846 atm
MV 159.8 g/mol × 2.00 L
159.8 g/mol;
T = 185°C
Unknown: P in atm

334
e. Given: P = 107.2 kPa; L • kPa
0.414 g × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 45) K × 1000 mL
V = 26.1 mL; mRT mol • K
m = 0.414 g; M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
PV 107.2 kPa × 26.1 mL × 1 L
T = 45°C
Unknown: M = 391 g/mol
285. Given: n = 1.00 mol; L • kPa

1.00 mol × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 25) K
T = 25°C; nRT mol • K
P = 0.915 kPa V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 2.71 × 103 L
P 0.915 kPa
Unknown: V
MP L • atm
286. D = ⎯⎯ 2.40 g/L × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 2) K
RT DRT mol • K
M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 48.4 g/mol
a. Given: P = 1.12 atm; P 1.12 atm
D = 2.40 g/L;
T = 2°C
Unknown: M
b. Given: P = 7.50 atm; 30.07 g/mol × 7.50 atm

D = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 9.38 g/L
M= L • atm
30.07 g/mol; 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 20.) K
mol • K
T = 20.°C
Unknown: D in g/L
c. Given: P = 97.4 kPa; MP 104.09 g/mol × 97.4 kPa

T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ = 279 K
M= DR L • kPa
104.09 g/mol; 4.37 g/L × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯
mol • K
D = 4.37 g/L
Unknown: T in °C 279 K – 273 = 6°C
d. Given: M = L • atm
6.27 g/L × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 66) K
77.95 g/mol; DRT mol • K
D = 6.27 g/L; P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 2.24 atm
M 77.95 g/mol
T = 66°C
Unknown: P in atm
287. Given: m = 1.36 kg; L • atm

1.36 kg × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 59) K × 1000 g
N2O gas; mRT mol • K
V = 25.0 L; P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 33.7 atm
MV 44.02 g/mol × 25.0 L × 1 kg
T = 59°C
Unknown: P in atm
288. Given: AlCl3 vapor; MP 133.33 g/mol × 0.939 atm

D = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 3.06 g/L
T = 225°C; RT L • atm
P = 0.939 atm 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 225) K
mol • K
Unknown: D
289. Given: D = 0.0262 g/mL; L • atm

0.0262 g/mL × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 10) K × 1000 mL
P = 0.918 atm; DRT mol • K
T = 10.°C M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
P 0.918 atm × 1 L
Unknown: M
= 663 g/mol

335
290. Given: m = 11.7g; L • atm
11.9 g × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 – 50) K
He gas; mRT mol • K
P = 0.262 atm; V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 208 L
MP 4.00 g/mol × 0.262 atm
T = –50.°C
Unknown: V
291. Given: T = 15°C; PH2O = PC2H6 = PT – PH2O = 100.0 kPa – 1.5988 kPa = 98.4 kPa
1.5988 kPa; PT =
100.0 kPa; C2H6 PV 98.4 kPa × 245 mL × 1 L
gas; V = 245 mL n = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.0101 mol
RT L • kPa
Unknown: n 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 15) K × 1000 mL
mol • K
292. Given: V = 3.75 L; NO MPV 30.01 g/mol × 1.10 atm × 3.75 L

m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 5.16 g
gas; T = 19°C; RT L • atm
P = 1.10 atm 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 19) K
mol • K
Unknown: m
293. Given: theoretical yield P1V1TSTP 105.3 kPa × 10.24 L × (273 + 0) K

VSTP = ⎯ ⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 8.94 L
NH3 = 8.83 g; T1PSTP (273 + 52) K × 101.3 kPa
actual yield
NH3 10.24 L; 1 mol 17.04 g
8.94 L × × = 6.80 g actual yield
T1 = 52°C; 22.4 L 1 mol
P1 = 105.3 kPa;
1 mole gas at 6.80 g
STP = 22.4 L; × 100 = 77.0% yield
8.83 g
STP = 0°C, 101.3
kPa
Unknown: percent yield
294. Given: D = 0.405 g/L; L • atm

0.405 g/L × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 7) K
P = 0.889 atm; DRT mol • K
T = 7°C M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 10.5 g/mol
P 0.889 atm
Unknown: molar mass
295. Given: V = 90.0 L; m = 50.5 kg – 39.2 kg = 11.3 kg

P = 1780 kPa;
L • kPa
T = 18°C; 11.3 kg × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 18) K × 1000 g
mass empty mRT mol • K
M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 171 g/mol
tank = 39.2 kg ; PV 1780 kPa × 90.0 L × 1 kg
mass tank +
gas = 50.5 kg
Unknown: molar mass
(M) of gas
296. Given: V = 1.20 × 103 L; L • atm

12.0 kg × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 18) K × 1000 g
m = 12.0 kg; HCl mRT mol • K
gas; T = 18°C P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 6.55 atm
MV 36.46 g/mol × 1.20 × 103 L × 1 kg
Unknown: P
297. Given: T = 20.°C; Ne L • kPa

2.70 g/L × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 20) K
gas; D = 2.70 g/L DRT mol • K
P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 326 kPa
Unknown: P in kPa M 20.18 g/mol

336
298. Given: V = 658 mL; MPV 20.18 g/mol × 4.50 × 102 kPa × 658 mL × 1 L
m = 1.50 g; Ne T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 479 K
gas; P = 4.50 × mR L • kPa
1.50 g × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × 1000 mL
102 kPa mol • K
Unknown: T
299. Given: m = 1.00 g; H2 L • kPa

(273 – 75) K × 1.00 g × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯
gas; P = 6.75 TmR mol • K
millibars; 1 bar = V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1210 L at –75°C
MP 2.02 g/mol × 0.675 kPa
100 kPa =
0.9869 atm; L • kPa
T1 = –75°C; (273 – 8) K × 1.00 g × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯
TmR mol • K
T2 = –8°C V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1620 L at –8°C
MP 2.02 g/mol × 0.675 kPa
Unknown : V at T1 and
T2
300. Given: n = 3.95 mol; L • kPa

3.95 mol × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 15) K × 1000 mL
V = 850. mL; nRT mol • K
T = 15°C P = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1.11 × 104
V 850. mL × 1 L kPa
Unknown: P in kPa
301. Given: n = 0.00660 mol; L • atm

0.00660 mol × 0.0821 ⎯⎯ × (273 + 9) K × 1000 mL
P = 0.907 atm; nRT mol • K
T = 9°C V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 168 mL
P 0.907 atm × 1 L
Unknown: V in mL
302. Given: m = 8.47 kg; L • kPa

8.47 kg × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 40) K × 1000 g
SO2 gas; mRT mol • K
P = 89.4 kPa; V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 3.85 × 103 L
MP 64.07 g/mol × 89.4 kPa × 1 kg
T = 40.°C
Unknown: V
303. Given: m = 908 g; L • kPa

908 g × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 2) K
He gas; mRT mol • K
P = 128.3 kPa; V = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4.05 × 103 L
MP 4.00 g/mol × 128.3 kPa
T = 2°C
Unknown: V
304. Given: D = 1.162 g/L; L • kPa

1.162 g/L × 8.314 ⎯ ⎯ × (273 + 27) K
T = 27°C; DRT mol • K
P = 100.0 kPa M = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 29.0 g/mol
P 100.0 kPa
Unknown: M
305. Given: balanced equa- 5 L O2

2800 L NH3 × = 3500 L O2
tion; 2800 L NH3 4 L NH3
Unknown: V of NO;
V of O2 4 L NO
2800 L NH3 × = 2800 L NO
4 L NH3
306. Given: balanced equa- 1 mL O

3.60 × 104 mL F2 × 3 = 1.20 × 104 mL O3
tion; 3.60 × 104 3 mL F2
mL F2
Unknown: V of O3: 6 mL HF
3.60 × 104 mL F2 × = 7.20 × 104 mL HF
V of HF 3 mL F2

337
307. Given: balanced equa- P1V1T2 2.26 atm × 55.8 mL × (273 + 0) K
tion; P1 = V2 (at STP) = = = 110. mL
T1P2 (273 + 40) K × 1.00 atm
2.26 atm;
T1 = 40°C; 2 mol CO
V1 = 55.8 mL 110. mL O2 × 2 = 73.3 mL CO2
3 mol O2
Unknown: VCO2 pro-
duced at STP
308. Given: reactants and 2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2

products: V1 (of
N2O5 at STP) = V1P1T2 5.00 L × 1.00 atm × (273 + 64.5) K
V2 = = = 3.51 L N2O5
5.00 L; T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 1.76 atm
T2 = 64.5°C;
P2 = 1.76 atm 4 L NO2
3.51 L N2O5 × = 7.02 NO2
Unknown: balanced 2 L N2O5
equation;
V2 for N2O5;
V of NO2
309. Given: balanced

equation
1 mol AlCl3 3 mol Cl2 22.4 L Cl
a. Given: excess Al; 7.15 g AlCl3 × × × 2 = 1.80 L Cl2
STP; mass AlCl3 133.33 g AlCl3 2 mol AlCl3 1 mol Cl2
= 7.15 g
Unknown: V of Cl2
b. Given: 19.4 g Al, STP 1 mol Al 3 mol Cl 22.4 L Cl

19.4 g Al × × 2 × 2 = 24.2 L Cl2
Unknown: V of Cl2 26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Cl2
c. Given: 1.559 kg Al; 1 mol Al 1000 g 3 mol Cl 22.4 L Cl

1.559 kg Al × × × 2 × 2 = 1940 L Cl2
T = 20.°C; 26.98 g Al 1 kg 2 mol Al 1 mol Cl2
P = 0.945 atm
Unknown: V of Cl2 P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 1940 L × (273 + 20) K
V2 = = = 2.21 × 103 L Cl2
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 0.945 atm
d. Given: excess Al; 1 mol 2 mol AlCl 133.33 g AlCl

920 L Cl2 × × 3 × 3 = 3.65 × 103 g AlCl3
920. L Cl2; 22.4 L 3 mol Cl2 1 mol AlCl3
STP
Unknown: mass
AlCl3 in g
e. Given: V1 = 1.049 Find V at STP:

mL Cl2; T1 =
37°C; P1 = P1V1T2 5.00 atm × 1.049 mL × (273 + 0) K
V2 = = = 4.62 mL
5.00 atm T1P2 (273 + 37) K × 1.00 atm
Unknown: mass Al
1 mol Cl2 2 mol Al 26.98 g Al
in g 4.62 mL Cl2 × × × = 3.71 × 10–3 g Al
22 400 mL Cl2 3 mol Cl2 1 mol Al
f. Given: 500.00 kg Al; 1 mol Al 3 mol Cl 1000 g 22.4 L 1 m3

500.00 kg Al × × 2 × × × ⎯⎯
T2 = 15°C; P2 26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 kg 1 mol 1000 L
= 83.0 kPa
Unknown: V of Cl2 = 623 m3 Cl2 at STP
in m3 3
P1V1T2 101.3 kPa × 623 m × (273 + 15) K
V2 = = = 802 m3
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 83.0 kPa

338
310. a. Given: balanced 1 mL N
57.0 mL H2 × 2 = 19.0 mL N2
equation; 3 mL H2
STP; 57.0
mL H2
Unknown: V of N2
b. Given: balanced 2 L NH
6.39 × 104 L H2 × 3 = 4.26 × 104 L NH3
equation; 3 L H2
STP; 6.39 ×
104 L H2
Unknown: V of NH3
c. Given: balanced 2 mol NH 22.4 L NH

20.0 mol N2 × 3 × 3 = 896 L NH3
equation; 20.0 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3
mol N2; STP
Unknown: V of NH3
d. Given: balanced V of NH3 at STP =

equation;
V1 = 800. L P1V1T2 0.900 atm × 800. L NH3 × (273 + 0) K
V2 = = = 599 L NH3
NH3; T1 = T1P2 (273 + 55) K × 1.00 atm
55°C; P1 =
0.900 atm 3 L H2
599 L NH3 × = 899 L H2
Unknown: V of H2 2 L NH3
at STP
311. a. Given: balanced 4 L H2O

3.0 L C3H8 × = 12 L H2O at STP
equation; 1 L C3H8
VC3H8 = 3 L
at STP; P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 12 L × (273 + 250) K
V2 = = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 23 L
T2 = 250.°C; T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 1.00 atm
P2 = 1.00 atm
Unknown: V of H2O
b. Given: balanced 5 L O2
640. L CO2 × = 1070 L O2
equation; 3 L CO2
640. L CO2
Unknown: V of O2
c. Given: 465 mL O2 3 mL CO
465 mL O2 × 2 = 279 mL CO2 at STP
at STP; 5 mL O2
balanced
equation; T2 P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 279 mL × (273 + 37) K
V2 = = = 326 mL
= 37°C; P2 = T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 0.973 atm
0.973 atm
Unknown: V2 of CO2
d. Given: 2.50 L of 3 L CO2

2.50 L C3H8 × = 7.50 L CO2 at STP
C3H8 at STP; 1 L C3H8
balanced
equation; T2 4 L H2O
2.50 L C3H8 × = 10.0 L H2O
= 175°C; P2 = 1 L C3H8
1.14 atm
Unknown: V of prod- V1 at STP = 750 L + 10.0 L = 17.5 L
ucts at T2
and P2 P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 17.5 L × (273 + 175) K
(V2) V2 = = = 25.2 L
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 1.14 atm

339
312. Given: balanced equa- P1V1T2 0.953 atm × 3500. L × (273 + 0) K
tion; V1 = 3500. V2 = = = 3110 L CO at STP
T1P2 (273 + 20) K × 1.00 atm
L CO; T1 = 20.°C;
P1 = 0.953 atm 1 L O2
Unknown: V of O2 at V of O2 = 3110 L CO × = 1550 L O2
2 L CO
STP
313. Given: balanced equa- P1V1T2 3.48 atm × 1.00 L × (273 + 15) K
V2 = = = 3.58 L HF
tion; V1 = 1.00 L T1P2 (273 + 25) K × 0.940 atm
HF; P1 = 3.48
atm; T1 = 25°C; 1 L SiF
3.58 L HF × 4 = 0.894 L SiF4
T2 = 15°C; P2 = 4 L HF
0.940 atm
Unknown: V of SiF4 at
V2 and P2

equation
1 mol Fe 4 mol H 22.4 L
a. Given: 6.28 g Fe 6.28 g Fe × × 2 × = 3.36 L H2
55.85 g Fe 3 mol Fe 1 mol
Unknown: V of H2
at STP
b. Given: V1 = 500. L Convert to STP:

H2O; T1 =
250.°C; P1 = P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 500. L × (273 + 0) K
V2 = = = 261 L
1.00 atm T1P2 (273 + 250) K × 1.00 atm
Unknown: mass Fe
1 mol 3 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
261 L H2O × × × = 488 g Fe
22.4 L 4 mol H2 O 1 mol Fe
c. Given: 285 g Fe3O4 1 mol Fe3 O4 4 mol H2 22.4 L

285 g Fe3O4 × × × = 110. L H2 at STP
Unknown: V of H2 at 231.55 g Fe3O4 1 mol Fe3O4 1 mol
20.°C and
1.06 atm P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 110. L × (273 + 20) K
V2 = = = 111 L
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 1.06 atm
315. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol Na 1 mol H 22.4 L

0.027 g Na × × 2 × = 0.013 L H2
tion; 0.027 g Na; 22.99 g Na 2 mol Na 1 mol
excess H2O
Unknown: V of H2 at
STP
316. Given: balanced equa- P1V1T2 1.02 atm × 7.15 L × (273 + 0) K

V2 = = = 5.00 L CO2 at STP
tion; V1 = 7.15 L T1P2 (273 + 125) K × 1.00 atm
CO2; T1 = 125°C;
P1 = 1.02 atm 6 L O2
5.00 L CO2 × = 7.50 L O2
Unknown: V of O2 at 4 L CO2
STP; mass
C4H10O 1 mol 1 mol C4H10O 74.14 g C4H10O
5.00 L CO2 × × × = 4.14 g C4H10O
22.4 L 4 mol CO2 1 mol C4H10O

340
317. Given: balanced 6 mol N2 22.4 L
equation 0.100 mol C3H5N3O9 × × = 3.36 L N2
4 mol C3H5N3O9 1 mol
a. Given: 0.100 mol
C3H5N3O9 12 mol CO2 22.4 L
0.100 mol C3H5N3O9 × × = 6.72 L CO2
Unknown: V of prod- 4 mol C3H5N3O9 1 mol
ucts at
STP 10 mol H2O 22.4 L
0.100 mol C3H5N3O9 × × = 5.60 L H2O
1 mol O2 22.4 L
0.100 mol C3H5N3O9 × × = 0.560 L O2
b. Given: 10.0 g VT from a = 3.36 L + 6.72 L + 5.60 L + 0.560 L = 16.24 L

C3H5N3O9
1 mol C3H5N3O9 16.24 L gases
Unknown: total V 10.0 g C3H5N3O9 × ×
gases 227.11 g C3H5N3O9 0.100 mol C3H5N3O9
produced
= 7.15 L gases at STP
at 300.°C
and
V1P1T2 7.15 L × 1.00 atm × (273 + 300) K
1.00 atm V2 = = = 15.0 L gases
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 1.00 atm
318. Given: balanced equa- 1L 1 mol 1 mol NH4NO3 80.06 g NH4NO3

250. mL N2O × × × ×
tion; 250. mL 1000 mL 22.4 L 1 mol N2O 1 mol NH4NO3
N2O at STP
Unknown: mass = 0.894 g NH4NO3
NH4NO3
319. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol Ca3P2 2 mol PH3 22.4 L

8.46 g Ca3P2 × × × = 2.08 L PH3 at STP
tion; 8.46 g 182.18 g Ca3P2 1 mol C3P2 1 mol
Ca3P2
Unknown: V of PH3 at P1V1T2 101.3 kPa × 2.08 L × (273 + 18) K
V2 = = = 2.19 PH3
18°C and T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 102.4 kPa
102.4 kPa
320. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol AlCl3 2 mol Al 26.98 g Al

6.0 × 103 kg AlCl3 × × ×
tion; 6.0 × 103 kg 133.33 g AlCl3 2 mol Al Cl3 1 mol Al
AlCl3
Unknown: mass Al; V of = 1.2 × 103 kg Al
HCl at 4.71
1 mol AlCl3 6 mol HCl 22.4 L 1000 g
atm + 43°C 6.0 × 103 kg AlCl3 × × × ×
133.33 g AlCl3 2 mol AlCl3 1 mol 1 kg
= 3.0 × 106 L HCl at STP
6
P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 3.0 × 10 L × (273 + 43) K
V2 = = = 7.4 × 105 L HCl
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 4.71 atm
321. Given: balanced 100%

theoretical yield (NH2)2CO = 8.50 × 104 kg (NH2)2CO ×
equation; 89.5%
actual yield =
8.50 × 104 kg = 9.50 × 104 kg (NH2)2CO
(NH2)2CO;
1000 g 1 mol (NH2)2CO 2 mol NH3
89.5% yield 9.50 × 104 kg (NH2)2CO × × ×
1 kg 60.07 g (NH2)2CO 1 mol (NH2)2CO
Unknown: V of NH3
22.4 L
× = 7.08 × 107 L NH3
1 mol

341
322. Given: V1 = 265 mL O2; 1 atm
PO2 = PT – PH2O = 0.975 atm – 1.23 kPa × = 0.963 atm
T1 = 10.°C; P1 = 101.3 kPa
0.975 atm; bal-
anced equation P1V1T2 0.963 atm × 265 mL × (273 + 0) K
V2 = = = 246 mL O2 at STP
Unknown: mass of T1P2 (273 + 10) K × 1.00 atm
BaO2
1L 1 mol 2 mol BaO 169.33 g BaO
246 mL O2 × × × 2 × 2
1000 mL 22.4 L 1 mol O2 1 mol BaO2
= 3.72 g BaO2
323. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol KMnO4 5 mol Cl2 22.4 L

15.0 g KMnO4 × × ×
tion; 15.0 g 158.04 g KMnO4 2 mol KMnO4 1 mol
KMnO4
Unknown: V of Cl2 at = 5.32 L Cl2 at STP
15°C and
P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 5.32 L × (273 + 15) K
0.959 atm V2 = = = 5.85 L Cl2
T1P2 (273 +0) K × 0.959 atm
324. Given: balanced equa- 4 L NH

35.0 kL O2 × 3 = 28.0 kL NH3
tions; 35.0 kL O2 5 L O2
at STP
Unknown: V of NH3 at 4 L NO 2 L NO
28.0 kL NH3 × × 2 = 28.0 kL NO2
STP; V of 4 L NH3 2 L NO
NO2 at STP
325. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol O2 2 mol KClO3 122.55 g KClO3

5.00 L O2 × × × = 18.2 g KClO3
tion; 5.00 L O2 22.4 L O2 3 mol O2 1 mol KClO3
at STP
Unknown: mass of
KClO3

equation
1 L NH
a. Given: 38 000 L CO2 38 000 L CO2 × 3 = 38 000 L NH3
1 L CO2
Unknown: V of NH3
under the
same con-
ditions
b. Given: 38 000 L CO2 P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 38 000 L × (273 + 0) K

V2 = ⎯ ⎯ =
at 25°C and T1P2 (273 + 25) K × 1.00 atm
1.00 atm
Unknown: mass of = 34 800 L CO2 at STP
NaHCO3
1 mol 1 mol NaHCO 84.01 g NaHCO
34 800 L CO2 × × 3 × 3
22.4 L 1 mol CO2 1 mol NaHCO3
= 1.30 × 105 g NaHCO3
c. Given: 46.0 kg 1000 g 1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol NH3 22.4 L

46.0 kg NaHCO3 × × × ×
NaHCO3 1 kg 84.01 g NaHCO3 1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol
Unknown: V of NH3
at STP = 1.23 × 104 L NH3

342
d. Given: 100.00 kg 1000 g 1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol CO2 22.4 L
NaHCO3 100.00 kg NaHCO3 × × × ×
1 kg 84.01 g NaHCO3 1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol
Unknown: V of CO2
at 5.50 = 2.67 × 104 L CO2 at STP
atm and
42°C 4
P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 2.67 × 10 L × (273 + 42) K
V2 = = = 5.60 × 103 L CO2
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 5.50 atm

equation
1 mol C4H10 8 mol CO2 22.4 L
a. Given: 4.74 g C4H10; 4.74 g C4H10 × × × = 7.30 L CO2 at STP
excess O2 58.14 g C4H10 2 mol C4H10 1 mol
Unknown: V of CO2 P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 7.30 L × (273 + 150) K
at 150.°C V2 = = = 9.92 L CO2
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 1.14 atm
and 1.14
atm
b. Given: 0.500 g C4H10 1 mol C4H10 13 mol O2 22.4 L

0.500 g C4H10 × × ⎯⎯ × = 1.25 L O2 at STP
Unknown: V of O2 at 58.14 g C4H10 2 mol C4H10 1 mol
0.980 atm
and 75°C P1V1T2 1.00 atm × 1.25 L × (273 + 75) K
V2 = = = 1.63 L O2
T1P2 (273 + 0) K × 0.980 atm
c. Given: mass1 (torch mass butane reacted = 876.2 g – 859.3 g = 16.9 g

+ fuel) =
876.2 g; 1 mol C4H10 8 mol CO2 22.4 L
16.9 g C4H10 × × × = 26.0 L CO2
mass2 (torch 58.14 g C4H10 2 mol C4H10 1 mol
+ fuel) =
859.3 g
Unknown: V of CO2
at STP
d. Given: 3720 L of CO2 V1P1T2 3720 L × 0.993 atm × (273 + 0) K

V2 = = = 3270 L CO2 at STP
at 35°C and T1P2 (273 + 35) K × 1.00 atm
0.993 atm
Unknown: mass H2O 1 mol 10 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O
3270 L CO2 × × × = 3290 g H2O
22.4 L 8 mol CO2 1 mol H2O
328. Given: 75.0 g ethanol; 75.0 g ethanol

× 100 = 13.0% ethanol
500.0 g H2O (500.0 + 75.0) g
Unknown: percentage
concentra-
tion
329. Given: 3.50 g KIO3; 3.50 g KIO3

× 100 = 0.430% KIO3
6.23 g KOH; (3.50 + 6.23 + 805.05) g
805.05 g H2O
Unknown: percentage 6.23 g KOH
× 100 = 0.765% KOH
concentra- (3.50 + 6.23 + 805.05) g
tion of KIO3
and KOH

343
330. Given: 0.377 g RbCl to 100 g solution
0.377 g RbCl × = 7.54 g solution
make a 5.00% 5 g RbCl
solution
Unknown: mass of H2O 7.54 g solution – 0.377 g RbCl = 7.16 g H2O
331. Given: 30.0 g H2O; x

18.0% LiNO3 ⎯⎯ = 0.18 ; x = 6.59 g LiNO3
30.0 g + x
solution
Unknown: mass of
LiNO3
332. Given: 141.6 g C3H5O 1 mol C3H5O(COOH)3

141.6 g C3H5O(COOH)3 × ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.7370 mol
(COOH)3; 192.14 g C3H5O(COOH)3
C3H5O(COOH)3
V of solution =
3500.0 mL
Unknown: molarity 0.7370 mol 1000 mL
× = 0.2106 M
3500.0 mL 1L
333. Given: 280.0 mg NaCl; 1g 1 mol NaCl

280.0 mg NaCl × × = 0.00479 mol NaCl
2.00 mL H2O 1000 mg 58.44 g NaCl
Unknown: molarity
0.00479 mol NaCl 1000 mL
× = 2.40 M
2.00 mL solution 1L
334. Given: 390.0 g 1 mol CH3COOH

390.0 g CH3COOH × = 6.494 mol CH3COOH
CH3COOH; 60.06 g CH3COOH
1000.0 mL
solution 6.494 mol CH3COOH 1000 mL
× = 6.494 M
Unknown: molarity 1000.0 mL solution 1L
335. Given: 5.000 × 103 L; 180.18 g C6H12O6

0.215 mol/L × (5.00 × 103 L) × = 1.94 × 105 g C6H12O6
0.215 M 1 mol C6H12O6
Unknown: mass of
C6H12O6
336. Given: 720. mL solu- 0.0939 mol 1L 184.10 g MgBr2

tion; 0.0939 M × 720. mL × × = 12.4 g MgBr2
L 1000 mL 1 mol MgBr2
Unknown: mass of
MgBr2
337. Given: 300. mL solu- 0.875 mol 1L 53.50 g NH4Cl

tion; 0.875 M × 300. mL × × = 14.0 g NH4Cl
L 1000 mL 1 mol NH4Cl
Unknown: mass of
NH4Cl
338. Given: 560 g 1 mol CH3COCH3

560 g CH3COCH3 × = 9.64 mol CH3COCH3
CH3COCH3 58.09 g CH3COCH3
solute; 620 g
H2O solvent 9.64 mol CH3COCH3
= 16 m
Unknown: molality 0.620 kg solvent

344
339. Given: 12.9 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6
solute; 31.0 g 12.9 g C6H12O6 × = 0.0716 mol C6H12O6
180.18 g C6H12O6
H2O solvent
Unknown: molality 0.0716 mol C6H12O6 1000 g
× = 2.31 m
31.0 g solvent 1 kg
340. Given: 125 g solvent; 12.0 mol solute 1 kg

125 g solvent × × = 1.50 mol solute
12.0 m solution 1 kg solvent 1000 g
Unknown: moles of
solute 74.14 g CH3CHOHCH2CH3
1.50 mol CH3CHOHCH2CH3 ×
(CH3CHOH 1 mol CH3CHOHCH2CH3
CH2CH3);
mass of = 111 g CH3CHOHCH2CH3
solute
341. a. Given: 12.0% 500.0 g × 0.120 = 60.0 g KMnO4

KMnO4;
500.0 g 500.0 g – 60.0 g = 440.0 g H2O
solution
Unknown: mass
solute;
mass
solvent
(H2O)
b. Given: 0.60 M BaCl2; 0.60 mol BaCl2

1.750 L solu- × 1.750 L solution = 1.1 mol BaCl2
1.00 L solution
tion
Unknown: mass 208.23 g BaCl2
1.1 mol BaCl2 × = 230 g BaCl2
solute 1 mol BaCl2
c. Given: 6.20 m 6.20 mol glycerol 1 kg

glycerol × 800.0 g solvent × = 4.96 mol glyercol
1 kg solvent 1000 g
(HOCH2CHO
HCH2OH); 92.11 glycerol
4.96 mol glycerol × = 457 g glycerol
800.0 g H2O 1 mol glycerol
solvent
Unknown: mass
glycerol
in g
d. Given: 12.27 g solute 12.27 g K2Cr2O7 1000 mL 1 mol K2Cr2O7

× × = 0.0642 M K2Cr2O7
(K2Cr2O7); 650. mL solution 1L 294.20 g K2Cr2O7
650. mL
solution
Unknown: molarity
e. Given: 288 g CaCl2 288 g CaCl2 1 mol CaCl2

× = 1.27 m
solute: 2.04 kg H2O 110.98 g CaCl2
2.04 kg H2O
solvent
Unknown: molality

345
f. Given: 0.160 M NaCl 0.160 mol NaCl 1L
solution; 25.0 × × 25.0 mL solution = 0.00400 mol NaCl
1.00 L solution 1000 mL
mL solution
Unknown: mass 58.44 g NaCl
solute 0.00400 mol NaCl × = 0.234 g NaCl
1 mol NaCl
in g
g. Given: 2.00 m 2.00 mol C6H12O6

× 1.50 kg H2O = 3.00 mol C6H12O6
C6H12O6; 1.00 kg H2O
1.50 kg H2O
solvent 180.18 g C6H12O6
3.00 mol C6H12O6 × = 541 g C6H12O6
Unknown: mass of 1 mol C6H12O6
solute
and total 1000 g
1.50 kg × + 541 g = 2040 g total
mass of 1 kg
solution
342. Given: 2.50 L of 4.25 M 4.25 mol H2SO4

2.50 L solution × = 10.6 mol H2SO4
solution of 1.00 L solution
H2SO4
Unknown: moles of
H2SO4
343. Given: 71.5 g C18H32O2 1 mol C18H32O2

71.5 g C18H32O2 × = 0.255 mol C18H32O2
solute; 525 g 280.50 g C18H32O2
solvent
Unknown: molality 0.255 mol C18H32O2 1000 g
× = 0.486 m
525 g solvent 1 kg
344. Given: 16.2% Na2S2O3

solution by mass
16.2%
a. Unknown: mass 80.0 g × = 13.0 g Na2S2O3
Na2S2O3 100%
in 80.0 g
solution
b. Unknown: moles 16.2% 1 mol Na2S2O3

80.0 g × Na2S2O3 ×
Na2S2O3 100% 158.12 g Na2S2O3
in 80.0 g
solution = 0.0820 mol Na2S2O3
c. Given: 80.0 g of 0.0820 mol Na2S2O3 1000 mL

× = 0.328 M
16.2% 250.0 mL solution 1L
Na2S2O3
solution (see
b) diluted to
250.0 mL
with H2O
Unknown: molarity
of final
solution

346
345. Given: CoCl2 solute; 4.00 mol CoCl2 1L
650.00 mL of × 650.00 mL solution × = 2.60 mol CoCl2
1.00 L solution 1000 mL
4.00 M solution
Unknown: mass of 129.83 g CoCl2
CoCl2 2.60 mol CoCl2 × = 338 g CoCl2
1.00 mol CoCl2
346. Given: 11.27 g AgNO3; 1 mol AgNO3

11.27 g AgNO3 × = 0.0663 mol AgNO3
0.150 M solution 169.88 g AgNO3
Unknown: volume of
solution 1 L solution
0.0663 mol AgNO3 × = 0.442 L solution
0.150 mol AgNO3
347. Given: 2250 g H2O 1.50 mol NH2CONH2 1 kg

× 2250 g solvent × = 3.38 mol NH2CONH2
solvent; 1.50 m 1.00 kg solvent 1000 g
solution
Unknown: mass of 60.07 g NH2CONH2
3.38 mol NH2CONH2 × = 203 g NH2CONH2
NH2CONH2 1 mol NH2CONH2
348. Given: 21.29 mL of a 1L 3.38 mol Ba(NO3)2

21.29 mL × × = 0.0720 mol Ba(NO3)2
3.38 M Ba(NO3)2 1000 mL 1L
solution
Unknown: mass of 261.35 g Ba(NO3)2
0.0720 mol Ba(NO3)2 × = 18.8 g Ba(NO3)2
Ba(NO3)2 1 mol Ba(NO3)2
349. Given: 100.0 g of a 3.5%

100.0 g × (NH4)2SO4 = 3.5 g (NH4)2SO4
3.5% (NH4)2SO4 100%
solution
Unknown: description 100.0 g solution – 3.5 g solute = 96.5 g solvent
of prepara-
Add 3.5 g (NH4)2SO4 to 96.5 g H2O
tion
350. Given: 590.0 g water 0.82 mol CaCl2 1 kg

× 590.0 g H2O × = 0.48 mol CaCl2
solvent; 0.82 m 1.00 kg H2O 1000 g
solution
Unknown: mass CaCl2 110.98 g CaCl2
0.48 mol CaCl2 × = 53 g CaCl2
solute 1 mol CaCl2
351. Given: 0.250 L of 5.00 5.00 mol NH

0.250 L × 3 = 1.25 mol NH3
M NH3 diluted 1L
to 1.000 L
Unknown: moles NH3; 1.25 mol NH3
= 1.25 M
final 1.000 L
molarity
352. Given: 62.0 g solute; 5.3 mol solute 1 kg

× 125 g H2O × = 0.662 mol solute
125 g H2O; 5.3 m 1.00 kg H2O 1000 g
solution
Unknown: molar mass 62.0 g solute
M = = 93.7 g/mol
of solute 0.662 mol solute
353. Given: 0.9% NaCl 1000 mL 1.000 g

50. L × × = 50 000 g = 50 kg
Unknown: masses of 1L 1 mL
NaCl and
H2O to pre- 0.9%
× 50 kg = 0.45 kg NaCl; 50 kg – 0.45 = 49.6 kg H2O
pare 50. L 100%

347
354. Given: mass beaker = mass H2O = 115.12 g – 68.60 g = 46.52 g
68.60 g; mass
beaker + H2O = total mass of solution = 46.52 g + 4.08 g = 50.60 g
115.12 g; 4.08 g
4.08 g glucose
glucose solute × 100 = 8.06% glucose
50.60 g solution
Unknown: percentage
concentra-
tion glucose
355. Given: D = 0.902 g/mL 25 g

at 20°C for ethyl = 0.020
x + 25 g
acetate solvent;
cellulose nitrate 25 g
x = ⎯⎯ – 25 g = 1200 g solvent
solute 0.020
Unknown: V of solvent
to prepare a 1 mL
1200 g solvent × = 1400 mL or 1.4 L solvent
2.0% solu- 0.902 g
tion using
25 g of solute
356. Given: reactants and CdCl2 + Na2S → CdS + 2NaCl

products
Unknown: balanced
equation
a. Given: 50.00 mL of 3.91 mol CdCl2 1L

× 50.00 mL × = 0.196 mol CdCl2
a 3.91 M 1L 1000 mL
solution
Unknown: moles
CdCl2
b. Given: 0.196 mol 1 mol CdS

0.196 mol CdCl2 × ⎯⎯ = 0.196 mol CdS
CdCl2 from a; 1 mol CdCl2
balanced
equation;
excess Na2S
Unknown: moles
CdS
c. Given: 0.196 mol 144.48 g CdS

0.196 mol CdS × = 28.3 g CdS
CdS from b 1 mol CdS
Unknown: mass CdS
357. Given: 60.00 mL of 5.85 mol H2SO4 1L

5.85 M H2SO4 × 60.00 mL × = 0.351 mol H2SO4
1.00 L 1000 mL
solution
Unknown: mass H2SO4 98.09 g H2SO4
0.351 mol H2SO4 × = 34.4 g H2SO4
1 mol H2SO4
358. Given: 22.5 kL of 6.83 6.83 mol HCl 1000 L

M HCl × 22.5 kL × = 1.54 × 105 mol HCl
1.00 L 1 kL
Unknown: moles HCl

348
359. Given: balanced equa- 1 mol BaSO4
tion; excess 12.00 g BaSO4 × = 0.05141 mol BaSO4
233.40 g BaSO4
H2SO4; 0.600 M
BaCl2 solution 1 mol BaCl2
Unknown: V BaCl2 0.05141 mol BaSO4 × = 0.05141 mol BaCl2
1 mol BaSO4
solution to
produce 1.00 L
12.00 g 0.05141 mol BaCl2 × = 0.0857 L BaCl2 = 85.7 mL BaCl2
0.600 mol BaCl2
BaSO4
6.00%
360. Given: CuSO4 • 5H2O 100. g × CuSO4 = 6.00 g CuSO4
solute 100%
a. Given: 100. g of a 1 mol CuSO4 1 mol CuSO4 • 5H2O
6.00% CuSO4 6.00 g CuSO4 × ×
159.62 g CuSO4 1 mol CuSO4
solution
Unknown: prepara- 249.72 g CuSO4 • 5H2O
× = 9.39 g CuSO4 • 5H2O in 100. g – 9.39 g
tion of 1 mol CuSO4 • 5H2O
solution
= 90.61 g H2O
b. Given: 1.00 L of a 0.800 mol CuSO4 1 mol CuSO4 • 5H2O

1.00 L × ×
0.800 M 1.00 L 1 mol CuSO4
CuSO4
solution 249.72 g CuSO4 • 5H2O
× ⎯⎯⎯ = 200. g CuSO4 • 5H2O in water to make 1.00 L
Unknown: prepara- 1 mol CuSO4 • 5H2O
tion of of solution
solution
c. Given: 3.5 m solution 3.5 mol CuSO4 1 mol CuSO4 • 5H2O 249.72 g CuSO4 • 5H2O
× 1.0 kg H2O × ⎯⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯⎯
of CuSO4 in 1.0 kg H2O 1 mol CuSO4 1 mol CuSO4 • 5H2O
1.0 kg H2O
Unknown: prepara- = 870 g CuSO4 • 5H2O
tion of
solution 159.62 g CuSO4
3.5 mol CuSO4 × = 560 g CuSO4
1 mol CuSO4
870 g CuSO4 • 5H2O – 560 g CuSO4 = 310 g H2O
1000 g
1.0 kg × – 310 g = 690 g added water
1 kg
361. Given: 700.0 mL of 2.50 1L 2.50 mol CaCl 1 mol CaCl2 • 6H2O
700.0 mL × × 2 ×
M CaCl2 solution 1000 mL 1L 1 mol CaCl2
Unknown: mass CaCl2 • 219.10 g CaCl2 • 6H2O
6H2O × = 383 g CaCl2 • 6H2O
1 mol CaCl2 • 6H2O
362. Given: 1.250 L of 0.00205 mol C6H14N4O2

1.250 L × = 0.00256 mol C6H14N4O2
0.00205 M 1L
C6H14N4O2
Unknown: mass of 174.24 g C6H14N4O2
0.00256 mol C6H14N4O2 × = 0.446 g C6H14N4O2
C6H14N4O2 1 mol C6H14N4O2

349
363. Given: 2.402 kg 1000 g 1 mol NiSO4 • 6H2O
NiSO4 • 6H2O; 2.402 kg NiSO4 • 6H2O × ×
1 kg 262.88 g NiSO4 • 6H2O
25% solution
Unknown: mass of 1 mol NiSO4 154.76 g NiSO4
× × = 1414 g NiSO4
water 1 mol NiSO4 • 6H2O 1 mol NiSO4
1414 g 1414 g
= 0.25; x = ⎯⎯ – 1414 g = 4242 g H2O in solution
x + 1414 g 0.25
4242 g H2O – (2402 g – 1414 g) = 3254 g H2O added
364. Given: KAl(SO4)2 • 35.0 g × 0.15 KAl(SO4)2 = 5.25 g KAl(SO4)2

12H2O solute;
35.0 g of a 15% 1 mol KAl(SO4)2 1 mol KAl(SO4)2 • 12H2O
5.25 g KAl(SO4)2 × ×
KAl(SO4)2 258.22 g KAl(SO4)2 1 mol KAl(SO4)2
solution
474.46 g KAl(SO4)2 • 12H2O
Unknown: mass of × ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 9.646 g KAl(SO4)2 • 12H2O
solute; 1 mol KAl(SO4)2 • 12H2O
mass of H2O
35.0 g solution – 9.646 g solute = 25.35 g water added
added
365. a. Given: MS = M VS 0.500 M KBr × 20.00 mL

MD = ⎯S⎯ = = 0.100 M KBr
0.500 M KBr; VD 100.00 mL
VS = 20.00 mL;
VD =
100.00 mL;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: MD
b. Given: MS = 1.00 M M VD 0.075 M LiOH × 500.00 mL

VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 38 mL
LiOH; MS 1.00 M LiOH
MD = 0.075 M
LiOH;
VD =
500.00 mL;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: VS
c. Given: VS = 5.00 mL; M VD 0.0493 M HI × 100.00 mL

MS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.986 M HI
MD = 0.0493 M VS 5.00 mL
HI; VD =
100.00 mL;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: MS
d. Given: MS = 12.0 M M VS 12.0 M HCl × 0.250 L

VD = ⎯S⎯ = = 1.7 L
HCl; VS = MD 1.8 M HCl
0.250 L; MD =
1.8 M HCl;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: VD

350
e. Given: MS = 7.44 M M VD 0.093 M NH3 × 4.00 L
NH3; MD = VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.050 L = 50. mL
MS 7.44 M NH3
0.093 M NH3;
VD = 4.00 L;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: VS
366. Given: MS = 0.0813 M; M VS 0.0813 M × 16.5 mL

VD = ⎯S⎯ = = 67.1 mL
VS = 16.5 mL; MD 0.0200 M
MD = 0.0200 M;
MSVS = MDVD 67.1 mL – 16.5 mL = 50.6 mL H2O added
Unknown: VD; V of
water added
367. Given: MS = 3.79 M M VS 3.79 M NH4Cl × 50.00 mL

MD = ⎯S⎯ = = 0.0948 M NH4Cl
NH4Cl; VS = VD 2000 mL
50.00 mL; VD =
2.00 L; MSVS =
MDVD
Unknown: MD
368. Given: 100.00 mL H2O VD = VS + 100.00 mL

added; MD =
0.046 M KOH; MSVS = MDVD
MS = 2.09 M
2.09 M KOH × VS = 0.046 M KOH (VS + 100.00 mL)
KOH; MSVS =
MDVD VS = 2.3 mL
Unknown: VS
369. a. Given: VS = M VD 0.50 M × (100.00 mL + 20.00 mL)

MS = ⎯D⎯ = = 3.0 M
20.00 mL; VS 20.00 mL
MD = 0.50 M;
100.00 mL
H2O added;
MSVS =
MDVD
Unknown: MS
b. Given: VD = 5.00 L; M VD 3.0 M × 5.00 L

VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.83 L
MD = 3.0 M; MS 18.0 M
MS = 18.0 M;
MSVS =
MDVD
Unknown: VS
c. Given: V = 0.83 L, g 1000 mL

m = VD = 0.83 L × 1.84 × = 1.5 × 103 g
from b; D = mL 1L
1.84 g/mL
Unknown: mass
H2SO4
370. Given: VS = 1.19 mL; M VS 8.00 M × 1.19 mL

VD = ⎯S⎯ = = 6.35 mL
MS = 8.00 M; MD MD 1.50 M
= 1.50 M; MSVS
= MDVD
Unknown: VD

351
371. Given: MS = 5.75 M; VD M VD 1.00 M × 2.00 L
= 2.00 L; MD = VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.348 L or 348 mL
MS 5.75 M
1.00 M; MSVS =
MDVD
Unknown: VS
372. a. Given: VS = 25.00 mL; M VD 0.186 M × (25.00 mL + 50.00 mL)

MS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.558 M
MD = 0.186 M; VS 25.00 mL
50.00 mL H2O
added; MSVS =
MDVD
Unknown: MS
373. a. Given: 36% HCl m 1 mL 1000 g

V1 = = 1.0 kg × × = 850 mL
solution; D = D 1.18 g 1 kg
1.18 g/mL
Unknown: V1 of 1.0 100% × 1 g 1 mL
V2 = × = 2.4 mL
kg of HCl 36% 1.18 g
solution;
V2 that 100% 1 mL
V3 = 36.46 g × × = 86 mL
contains 36% 1.18 g
1.0 g HCl;
V3 that
contains
1.0 mol
HCl
b. Given: D = 1.42 g/mL; 71 g HNO3 1.42 g 1 mol HNO3 1000 mL mol HNO
71% HNO3 so- × × × = 16 3
100 g 1 mL 63.02 g HNO3 1L L
lution; MSVS =
MDVD = 16 M HNO3
Unknown: V of HNO3 M VD 2.00 M × 10.0 L
to prepare VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 1.2 L
10.0 L of MS 16 M
2.00 M
HNO3
(VS)
c. Given: 86 mL con- 1 mol 1000 mL

MS = × ⎯⎯ = 12 M
tains 1.0 mol 86 mL 1L
(from a);
MSVS = M VD 3.0 M × 4.50 L
VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 1.1 L
MDVD; MS 12 M
MD = 3.0 M;
VD = 4.50 L
Unknown: VS
374. Given: MS = 3.8 M; M VS 3.8 M × VS

MD = ⎯S⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 0.48 M
VD = 8 VS; VD 8 VS
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: MD

352
375. Given: MD = 2.50 M; M VD 2.50 M × 480. mL
VD = 480. mL; MS = ⎯D⎯ = = 2.72 M
VS (480. – 39) mL
39 mL H2O
evaporated;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: MS
376. Given: MD = 1.22 M; M VD 1.22 M × 25.00 mL

VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 4.73 mL
VD = 25.00 mL; MS 6.45 M
MS = 6.45 M;
MSVS = MDVD Dilute the 6.45 M acid by adding 4.73 mL of it to enough distilled water
Unknown: VS; to make 25.00 mL of solution.
procedure
377. Given: 100.0 mL of a 2.41 mol 1L

100.0 mL × × = 0.241 mol solute
2.41 M solution; 1L 1000 mL
9.56 g solute
Unknown: molar mass 9.56 g
molar mass = = 39.7 g/mol
of solute 0.241 mol
378. Given: 34 g I2; VS = 34 g I 1 mol I2 1000 mL

MS = 2 × × = 5.36 M
25 mL; VD = 25 mL 253.8 g I2 1L
500 mL; MSVS =
MDVD M VS 5.36 M × 25 mL
MD = ⎯S⎯ = = 0.27 M
Unknown: MD VD 500 mL
379. Given: 85% H3PO4 2.80 mol 1L

600.0 mL × × = 1.68 mol H3PO4
solution; 1L 1000 mL
V = 600.0 mL;
2.80 M 98.00 g H3PO4
1.68 mol H3PO4 × = 165 g H3PO4
Unknown: mass of 1 mol H3PO4
solution
165 g H3PO4 × 100. g solution
mass of solution = = 190 g solution
85 g H3PO4
380. Given: MS = 18.0 M; M VD 4.0 M × 3.00 L

VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.67 L
MD = 4.0 M; MS 18.0 M
VD = 3.00 L;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: VS
381. Given: VD = 1.00 L; MD M VD 0.495 M × 1.00 L

VS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.161 L = 161 mL
= 0.495 M; MS 3.07 M
MS = 3.07 M;
MSVS = MDVD Dilute 161 mL stock urea solution to 1.00 L.
Unknown: VS
382. a. Given: 76.2% 76.2 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 1000 g

× × = 17.8 m
C6H12O6 (100. – 76.2) g H2O 180.18 g C6H12O6 1 kg
Unknown: molality

353
b. Given: 76.2% 1.42 g 1000 mL 76.2%
C6H12O6; × 1.00 L × × = 1080 g
1 mL 1L 100%
D=
1.42 g/mL; 1080 g 1 mol C6H12O6
V = 1.00 L × = 5.99 M
1L 180.18 g C6H12O6
Unknown: mass of
C6H12O6;
molarity
383. Given: MD = 0.0890 M; M VD 0.0890 M × 50.00 mL

MS = ⎯D⎯ = = 0.445 M
VS = 10.00 mL; VS 10.00 mL
VD = 50.00 mL;
MSVS = MDVD; 0.445 mol 105.99 g
molar mass × 1.000 L × = 47.17 g Na2CO3
1L 1 mol
Na2CO3 =
105.99 g 47.17 g Na2CO3
× 100 = 94.34% Na2CO3
Unknown: MS; percent- 50.00 g sample
age Na2CO3
in 50.00 g of
a material
used to make
1.000 L stock
solution
384. Given: VT of CuCl2 M VD 0.250 M × 150.0 mL

MS = ⎯D⎯ = = 1.88 M
stock solution VS 20.0 mL
= 0.600 L;
VS = 20.0 mL; 1.88 mol CuCl2 134.45 g CuCl
× 0.600 L × 2 = 152 g CuCl2
VD = 150.0 mL; 1L 1 mol CuCl2
MD = 0.250 M;
MSVS = MDVD
Unknown: mass CuCl2
to make
stock
solution
385. Given: MS = 2.15 M; 2.15 M × V = 0.65 × kV; k = 3.3; VD = 3.3 VS

MD = 0.65 M;
MSVS = MDVD VD – VS = 3.3 VS – 1.0 VS = 2.3 VS; Add 2.3 volumes of H2O per volume of
stock solution.
Unknown: dilution
factor
386. a. Given: 18.2% 1.02 g 18.2 g Sr(NO3)2

80.00 mL × ⎯⎯ × = 14.9 g Sr(NO3)2
Sr(NO3)2 1 mL 100 g solution
solution;
D = 1.02 g/ml
V = 80.00 mL
Unknown: mass of
Sr(NO3)2
b. Given: 14.9 g 1 mol Sr(NO3)2

14.9 g Sr(NO3)2 × = 7.04 × 10–2 mol Sr(NO3)2
Sr(NO3)2 211.64 g Sr(NO3)2
from a
Unknown: moles Sr
(NO3)2

354
c. Given: 7.04 × 10–2 7.04 × 10–2 mol 1000 mL
mol Sr(NO3)2 MS = × = 0.880 M
80.0 mL 1L
from b;
420.0 mL MSVS 0.880 M × 80.0 mL
H2O added MD = ⎯ = = 0.141 M
VD (80.0 + 420.0) mL
Unknown: molarity
(MD)
1 mol C6H12O6
387. Given: 60.0 g C6H12O6 60.0 g C6H12O6 × = 0.333 mol C6H12O6
in 80.0 g H2O; 180.18 g C6H12O6
Kf for water = 0.333 mol C6H12O6 1000 g
–1.86°C/m; × = 4.16 m
∆tf = Kf m 80.0 g H2O 1 kg
Unknown: freezing –1.86°C

∆tf = Kf m = ⎯⎯ × 4.16 m = –7.74°C
point m
fp (solution) = fp (solvent) + ∆tf = 0.00°C – 7.74°C = 7.74°C
1 mol H2NCONH2
388. Given: 645 g 645 g H2NCONH2 × = 10.7 mol H2NCONH2
H2NCONH2; 60.07 g H2NCONH2
980. g H2O 10.7 mol H2NCONH2 1000 g
× = 10.9 m
Unknown: freezing 980. g H2O 1 kg
point
1.86°C
∆tf = Kf m = – ⎯⎯ × 10.9 m = –20.3 °C
m
fp = 0.0°C – 20.3°C = –20.3°C
1 mol KBr
389. Given: 30.00 g KBr; 30.00 g KBr × = 0.252 mol KBr
100.00 g H2O 119.00 g KBr
Unknown: boiling point 0.252 mol KBr 1000 g 2 mol ions 0.51°C
∆tb = × × × = 2.6 C
100.00 g H2O 1 kg 1 mol KBr mol
bp = 100.0°C + 2.6°C = 102.6°C
1 mol CaCl2
390. Given: 385 g CaCl2; 385 g CaCl2 × = 3.47 mol CaCl2
1.230 × 103 g 110.97 g CaCl2
H2O 3.47 mol CaCl2 103 g 3 mol ions 0.51°C
∆tb = 3 × × × ⎯⎯ = 4.3°C
Unknown: boiling point 1.230 × 10 g H2O 1 kg 1 mol CaCl2 m
bp = 100.0°C + 4.3°C = 104.3°C
∆t –10.18°C
391. Given: 0.827 g nonelec- m = ⎯⎯f = ⎯⎯ = 5.47 m
trolyte; 2.500 g Kf –1.86°C/m
H2O; fp =
5.47 mol 1 kg
–10.18°C × 2.500 g H2O × = 0.0137 mol
1.00 kg H2O 1000 g
Unknown: molar mass
0.827 g
⎯⎯ = 60.4 g/mol
0.0137 mol

355
392. Given: 0.171 g nonelec- mass of ether solvent = 2.470 g – 0.171 g = 2.299 g
trolyte; ether
solvent; mass of ∆tb = bp – normal bp = 36.43°C – 34.6°C = 1.83°C
solution = ∆t 1.83°C
2.470 g; bp = m = ⎯⎯b = ⎯⎯ = 0.906 m
36.43°C Kb 2.02°C/m
Unknown: molar mass 0.906 mol 1 kg

× 2.299 g ether × = 0.00208 mol
1.00 kg ether 1000 g
0.171 g
= 82.2 g/mol
0.00208 mol
1 mol C6H12O6
393. Given: 383 g glucose; 383 g C6H12O6 × = 2.13 mol C6H12O6
400. g H2O 180.18 g C6H12O6
Unknown: freezing 2.13 mol 1000 g

× = 5.32 m
point; 400. g H2O 1 kg
boiling point

–1.86°C
fp = normal fp + (Kf m) = 0.00°C + ⎯⎯ × 5.32 m = –9.90°C
m

0.51°C
bp = normal bp + (Kbm) = 100.00°C + ⎯⎯ × 5.32 m = 102.7°C
m
1 mol glycerol
394. Given: 72.4 g glycerol; 72.4 g glycerol × = 0.786 mol glycerol
122.5 g H2O 92.08 g glycerol
Unknown: boiling point 0.786 mol 1000 g

× = 6.42 m
122.5 g H2O 1 kg

0.51°C
m
1 mol HOCH2CH2OH
395. Given: 30.20 g 30.20 g HOCH2CH2OH ×
HOCH2CH2OH 62.08 g HOCH2CH2OH
solute; 88.40 g = 0.4865 mol HOCH2CH2OH
phenol
× = 5.503 m
88.04 g 1 kg

3.60°C
m
fp –4.5°C
396. Given: 450. g H2O; m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 2.4 m
fp = –4.5°C Kf –1.86°C/m
Unknown: mass of 2.4 mol 1 kg

⎯⎯ × 450. g × = 1.1 mol
ethanol 1 kg 1000 g
solute
46.08 g ethanol
1.1 mol ethanol × = 51 g ethanol
1 mol ethanol

356
fp –3.9°C
397. Given: fp = –3.9°C 25.00 m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 2.1 m
g H2O; 4.27 g Kf –1.86°C/m
solute
2.1 mol 1 kg
⎯⎯ × 25.00 g H2O × = 0.052 mol
Unknown: molar mass 1 kg H2O 1000 g
of solute
4.27 g
⎯⎯ = 82 g/mol
0.052 mol
0.8769
398. Given: 1.17 g C10H8O; mass benzene = 2.00 mL × = 1.75 g
2.00 mL ben- 1 mL
zene; T = 20°C; 1 mol C10H8O
D of benzene = mol C10H8O = 1.17 g C10H8O × = 0.00811 mol C10H8O
0.876 g/mL; Kf 144.18 g C10H8O
for benzene = 0.00811 mol C10H8O 1000 g
–5.12°C/m; nor- × = 4.63 m
mal fp of ben- 1.75 g benzene 1 kg
zene = 5.53°C

–5.12°C
fp = normal fp + (Kf m) = 5.53°C + ⎯⎯ × 4.63 m = –18.2°C
Unknown: freezing m
point
bp – normal bp 159.2°C – 117.9°C

399. Given: 10.44 g solute; m = = = 13.5 m
50.00 g Kb 3.07°C/m
CH3COOH 13.5 mol 1 kg
solvent; ⎯⎯ × 50.00 g solvent × = 0.675 mol
bp = 159.2°C 1 kg solvent 1000 g

= 15.5 g/mol
0.675 mol
fp – normal fp 157.7°C – 178.8°C

400. Given: 0.0355 g solute; m = = = 0.531 m
1.000 g camphor Kf –39.7°C/m
solvent; 0.531 mol 1 kg
T = 200.0°C; × 1.000 g solvent × = 5.31 × 10–4 mol
fp = 157.7°C 1 kg solvent 1000 g

= 66.8 g/mol
5.31 × 10–4 mol
1 mol C6H12O6
401. Given: 22.5 g C6H12O6; 22.5 g C6H12O6 × = 0.125 mol C6H12O6
294 g phenol 180.18 g C6H12O6

× = 0.425 m
294 g 1 kg
bp = 181.8°C + (3.60°C/m × 0.425 m) = 183.3°C
50.0 g ethylene glycol 1000 g 1 mol ethylene glycol

402. Given: 50.0% solution of × × = 16.1 m
ethylene glycol 50.0 g H2O 1 kg 62.08 g ethylene glycol
in H2O
a. Unknown: freezing fp = normal fp + (Kf m) = 0.00°C + (–1.86°C/m × 16.1 m) = –29.9°C

point
b. Unknown: boiling bp = normal bp + (Kbm) = 100.00°C + (0.51°C/m × 16.1 m) = 108.2°C

point

357
fp – normal fp –4.4°C – 6.6°C
403. Given: Kf = –20.0°C/m; m = = = 0.550 m
normal fp = Kf –20.0°C/m
6.6°C; cyclo- 0.550 mol 1 kg
hexane solvent; × 10.000 g solvent × = 0.00550 mol
1.604 g solute; 1.00 kg solvent 1000 g
10.000 g cyclo-
1.604 g
hexane; fp = = 292 g/mol
–4.4°C 0.00550 mol
Unknown: molar mass
404. Given: 2.62 kg HNO3; mass H2O = 5.91 kg – 2.62 kg = 3.29 kg

H2O solvent;
mass of solution 1 mol HNO3 1000 g
2.62 kg HNO3 × × = 41.6 mol HNO3 = 83.2 mol ions
= 5.91 kg 63.02 g HNO3 1 kg
Unknown: freezing 83.2 mol ions
point = 25.3 m
3.29 kg H2O
fp = normal fp + (Kf m) = 0.00°C + (–1.86°C/m × 25.3 m) = –47.1°C
405. Given: 0.5190 g naph- mass solute = 0.5959 g – 0.5190 g = 0.0769 g

thalene solvent;
mass solution = fp – normal fp 74.8°C – 80.2°C
m = ⎯⎯ = = 0.778 m
0.5959 g; fp = Kf –6.94°C/m
74.8°C
0.778 mol 1 kg
Unknown: molar mass × 0.5190 g solvent × = 4.04 × 10–4 mol
1.00 kg solvent 1000 g
0.0769 g
= 190. g/mol
4.04 × 10–4 mol
1 mol NaCH3COO 2 mol ions

406. Given: 8.69 g 8.69 g NaCH3COO × ×
NaCH3COO; 82.04 g NaCH3COO 1 mol NaCH3COO
15.00 g H2O = 0.212 mol ions
Unknown: boiling point
0.212 mol 1000 g
× = 14.1 m
15.00 g H2O 1 kg
bp = normal bp + (Kbm) = 100.00°C + (0.51°C/m × 14.1 m) = 107.2°C
1 mol H2SO4 3 mol ions

407. Given: 110.5 g H2SO4; 110.5 g H2SO4 × × = 3.38 mol ions
225 g H2O 98.09 g H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
Unknown: freezing 3.38 mol 1000 g

× = 15.0 m
point 225 g H2O 1 kg
fp = normal fp + (Kf m) = 0.00°C + (–1.86°C/m × 15.0 m) = –27.9°C

358
bp – normal bp 85.1°C – 80.1°C
408. Given: empirical for- m = = = 1.98 m
mula is C8H5; Kb 2.53°C/m
4.04 g pyrene; 1.98 mol 1 kg
10.00 g benzene ⎯⎯ × 10.00 g solvent × = 0.0198 mol
solvent; bp = 1 Kg solvent 1000 g
85.1°C; Kb = 4.04 g
2.53°C/m; nor- ⎯⎯ = 204 g/mol
mal bp = 80.1°C 0.0198 mol
Unknown: molar mass; molar mass C8H5 = 101.13 g/mol

molecular
formula 204 g 1 mol
× = 2.02 2
1 mol 101.13 g
molecular formula = C8 × 2H5 × 2 = C16H10

409. Given: CaCl2 solute; m = = ⎯⎯ = 2.7 m (ions)
100.00 g H2O; Kf –1.86°C/m
fp = –5.0°C
2.7 mol ions 1 mol CaCl2
× = 0.90 m CaCl2
Unknown: mass CaCl2; 1.0 kg 3 mol ions
mass
C6H12O6 0.90 mol CaCl2 1 kg
× 100.00 g H2O × = 0.090 mol CaCl2
for same fp 1.0 kg H2O 1000 g
110.98 g CaCl2
0.090 mol CaCl2 × = 10. g CaCl2
1 mol CaCl2
Because glucose is a nonelectrolyte, m of glucose = 2.7 m
2.7 mol glucose 1 kg

× 100.00 g H2O × = 0.27 mol glucose
1.0 kg H2O 1000 g
180.18 g C6H12O6
0.27 mol C6H12O6 × = 49 g glucose
1 mol C6H12O6
bp – normal bp 36.5°C – 34.6°C

410. Given: empirical for- m = ⎯⎯ = = 0.941 m
mula is CH2O; Kb 2.02°C/m
0.0866 g solute; 0.941 mol 1 kg
1.000 g ether; × 1.000 g solvent × = 9.41 × 10–4 mol
bp = 36.5°C 1.00 kg solvent 1000 g

= 92.0 g/mol for the molecule
formula 9.41 × 10–4 mol
molar mass CH2O = 30.03 g/mol
92.0 g/mol
⎯⎯ = 3.06
30.03 g.mol
molecular formula = C1 × 3H2 × 3O1 × 3 = C3H6O3
28.6 g HCl 1 mol HCl 2 mol ions 1000 g

411. Given: 28.6% HCl by × × × = 22.0 m ions
mass (100.0 g –28.6 g) H2O 36.46 g HCl 1 mol HCl 1 kg
Unknown: freezing fp = normal fp + (Kf m) = 0.00°C + (–1.86°C/m × 22.0 m) = –40.9°C

point

359
412. Given: 4.510 kg H2O; fp – normal fp –18.0°C – 0.0°C
m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 9.68 m
fp = –18.0°C; Kf –1.86°C/m
HOCH2CH2OH
solute 9.68 mol
× 4.510 kg solvent = 43.7 mol
1.00 kg solvent
Unknown: mass of
solute; boil- 62.08 g HOCH2CH2OH
ing point 43.7 mol HOCH2CH2OH ×
1 mol HOCH2CH2OH
= 2710 g HOCH2CH2OH = 2.71 kg HOCH2CH2OH
bp = normal bp × (Kbm) = 100.00°C × (0.51°C/m × 9.68 m) = 104.9°C

413. a. Given: 2.00 g solute; ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 2.2 m
10.00 g H2O; Kf –1.86°C/m
fp = –4.0°C
Unknown: molality
bp – normal bp 58.9°C – 56.00°C

b. Given: 2.00 g solute; ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 1.7 m
acetone sol- Kb 1.71°C/m
vent; bp =
58.9°C; nor-
mal bp =
56.00°C; Kb =
1.71°C/m
Unknown: molality

414. Given: fp = −22.0°C; m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 11.8 m
100.00 g glycerol Kf –1.86°C/m
solute 1 mol C3H5(OH)3
100.00 g C3H5(OH)3 × = 1.086 mol C3H5(OH)3
Unknown: mass of H2O 92.11 g C3H5(OH)3
1 kg H2O 1000 g
1.110 mol C3H5(OH)3 × × = 92.0 g H2O
11.8 mol C3H5(OH)3 1 kg
415. Given: empirical for- fp – normal fp 8.8°C – 16.6°C

m = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 2.0 m
mula is CH2O; Kf –3.90°C/m
0.515 g solute;
1.717 g acetic 2.0 mol 1 kg
× 1.717 g acetic acid × = 0.0034 mol
acid; fp = 8.8°C 1.00 kg acetic acid 1000 g
Unknown: molar mass;
0.515 g
molecular = 150 g/mol
formula 0.0034 mol
molar mass CH2O = 30.03 g/mol
150 g/mol
⎯⎯ = 5.0
30.03 g/mol

360
fp – normal fp –4.72°C – 0.00°C
416. Given: empirical for- m = = = 2.54 m
mula is C2H2O; Kf –1.86°C/m
3.775 g solute;
2.54 mol 1 kg
12.00 g H2O; × 12.00 g H2O × = 0.0305 mol
fp = –4.72°C 1.00 kg H2O 1000 g
Unknown: molar mass; 3.775 g

= 124 g/mol
molecular 0.0305 mol
formula
molar mass C2H2O = 42.04 g/mol
124 g/mol
= 2.95 3
42.04 g/mol
417. Given: [OH–] = 6.4 × [H3O+][OH–] = 1.0 × 10–4 M2

10–5 M
1.0 × 10–4 M2
Unknown: [H3O+] = 1.6 × 10–10 M
6.4 × 10–5 M
1 M H3O+
418. Given: 7.50 × 10–4 M [H3O+] = 7.50 × 10–4 M HNO3 × ⎯⎯ = 7.50 × 10–4 M
HNO3 1 M HNO3
Unknown: [H3O+]; [H3O+][OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 M2

[OH–]
1.00 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = = 1.33 × 10–11 M
7.50 × 10–4 M
419. Given: 0.00118 M HBr pH = – log[H3O+] = – log (1.18 × 10–3) = 2.928

Unknown: pH
420. a. Given: [H3O+] pH = – log (1.0) = 0.0

= 1.0 M
Unknown: pH
b. Given: 2.0 M HCl pH = – log (2.0) = –0.30

solution
Unknown: pH
c. Given: 10. M HCl pH = – log (10.) = –1.00

solution
Unknown: pH
421. a. Given: [OH–] = [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2

1 × 10–5 M –14
1 × 10–14 M2 1. × 10 M2
Unknown: pH [H3O+] = = –5 = 1 × 10–9 M
[OH–] 1 × 10 M
pH = – log [H3O+] = – log (1 × 10–9) = 9.0

361
b. Given: [OH–] = [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
5 × 10–8 M
1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
Unknown: pH [H3O+] = = = 2 × 10–7 M
[OH–] 5 × 10–8 M
pH = – log [H3O+] = – log (2 × 10–7) = 7 – 0.3 = 6.7
c. Given: [OH–] = 2.90 [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2

× 10–11 M
1 × 10–14 M2 1.00 × 10–14 M2
Unknown: pH [H3O+] = ⎯⎯ = = 3.45 × 10–4 M
[OH– ] 2.90 × 10–11 M
pH = – log [H3O+] = – log (3.45 × 10–4) = 3.462
422. Given: pH = 8.92 pH + pOH = 14

–
Unknown: pOH; (OH ] pOH = 14.00 – pH = 14.00 – 8.92 = 5.08
[OH–] = antilog (–pOH) = 1 × 10–5.08 = 8.3 × 10–6 M
423. a. Given: [H3O+] = 1.00 × 10–14 M2 1.00 × 1.0–14 M2

[OH–] = = = 3.98 × 10–2 M
2.51 × 10–13 M [H3O+] 2.51 × 10–13 M
Unknown: pOH pOH = – log [OH–] = – log (3.98 × 10–2) = 1.400
b. Given: [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10–14 M2 1.0 × 10–14 M2

[OH–] = = = 2.3 × 10–12 M
4.3 × 10–3 M [H3O+] 4.3 × 10–3 M
c. Given: [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10–14 M2 1.0 × 10–14 M2

[OH–] = = = 1.1 × 10–9 M
9.1 × 10–6 M [H3O+] 9.1 × 10–6 M
d. Given: [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10–14 M2 1.0 × 10–14 M2

[OH–] = = = 1.4 × 10–13 M
0.070 M [H3O+] 7.0 × 10–2 M
1 mol NaOH
424. Given: 3.50 g NaOH 3.50 g NaOH × = 0.0875 mol NaOH
solute; V = 40.00 g NaOH
2.50 L
0.0875 mol
[OH–] = = 0.0350 M
Unknown: [OH–]; 2.50 L
[H3O+]
1.00 × 10–14 M2 1.00 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = = 2.86 × 10–13 M
[OH–] 3.50 × 10–2 M
425. Given: V1 = 1.00 L ; [H3O+] = antilog (–pH) = 1 × 10–12.90 = 1.3 × 10_13 M

pH1 = 12.90;
V2 = 2.00 L M V 1.3 × 10–13 M × 1.00 L
M2 = ⎯1⎯1 = ⎯⎯⎯ = 6.5 × 10–14 M
Unknown: pH2 V2 2.00 L
pH2 = – log [H3O+] = – log (6.5 × 10–14) = 13.19

362
426. Unknown: [H3O+]; [OH–] = 5 × 10–2 M
[OH–]
1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
a. Given: 0.05 M NaOH [H3O+] = = = 2 × 10–13 M
[OH–] 5 × 10–2 M
b. Given: 0.0025 M 2 M H3O+

[H3O+] = 0.0025 M H2SO × = 0.0050 M = 5.0 × 10–3 M
H2SO4 1 M H2SO4
1.0 × 10–14 M2 1.0 × 10–14 M2

[OH–] = = = 2.0 × 10–12 M
[H3O+] 5.0 × 10–13 M
c. Given: 0.013 M [OH–] = 1.3 × 10–2 M

LiOH
1.0 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = 7.7 × 10–13 M
1.3 × 10–2 M
d. Given: 0.150 M [H3O+] = 1.50 × 10–1 M

HNO3
1.00 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = = 6.67 × 10–14 M
1.50 × 10–1 M
e. Given: 0.0200 M Ca [OH–] = 2[Ca(OH)2] = 4.00 × 10–2 M

(OH)2
1.00 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = 2.50 × 10–13 M
4.00 × 10–2 M
f. Given: 0.390 M [H3O+] = 3.90 × 10–1 M

HClO4
1.00 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = ⎯⎯ = 2.56 × 10–14 M
3.90 × 10–1 M
427. Unknown: pH
a. Given: [H3O+] = pH = – log (2 × 10–13) = 12.7
2 × 10–13 M
b. Given: [H3O+] = pH = – log (5.0 × 10–3) = 2.30

5.0 × 10–3 M
c. Given: [H3O+] = pH = – log (7.7 × 10–13) = 12.11

7.7 × 10–13 M
d. Given: [H3O+] = pH = – log (1.50 × 10–1) = 0.824

1.50 × 10–1 M
e. Given: [H3O+] = pH = – log (2.50 × 10–13) = 12.602

2.50 × 10–13 M
f. Given: [H3O+] = pH = – log (3.90 × 10–1) = 0.409

3.90 × 10–1 M
428. Given: 0.160 M KOH [OH–] = [KOH] = 1.60 × 10–1 M

Unknown: [H3O+]; 1.00 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] [H3O+] = = 6.25 × 10–14 M
1.60 × 10–1 M

363
429. Given: pH = 12.9; pOH = 14.0 – 12.9 = 1.1
NaOH solution
[NaOH] = [OH–] = antilog (– pOH) = 1.0 × 10–1.1 = 0.08 M
Unknown: molarity
M V 0.001 25 M × 175 mL 1L
430. Given: 0.001 25 M HBr; M2 = ⎯1⎯1 = × = 7.29 × 10–5 M
V1 = 175 mL; V2 3.00 L 1000 mL
V2 = 3.00 L; [HBr] = [H3O+]
M1V1 = M2V2
Unknown: pH before pH1 = – log [H3O+] = – log (1.25 × 10–3) = 2.903
and after pH2 = – log [H3O+] = – log (7.29 × 10–5) = 4.137
dilution
431. Given: NaOH solutions

[NaOH] = [OH–] = 1 × 10–4 M; pOH = – log (1 × 10–4) = 4.0
of 0.0001 M and
0.0005 M pH = 14.0 – 4.0 = 10.0
Unknown: pH for both
[NaOH] = [OH–] = 5 × 10–4 M; pOH = – log (5 × 10–4) = 3.3
solutions
pH = 14.0 – 3.3 = 10.7
1.0 mol 1L 0.50 mol

432. Given: V1 = 15.0 mL; Before dilution: 15.0 mL × × + 20.0 mL ×
M1 = 1.0 M HCl; 1L 1000 mL 1L
V2 = 20.0 mL; 1L
× = 0.0150 mol + 0.0100 mol = 0.0250 mol
M2 = 0.50 M 1000 mL
HNO3; VF =
1.25 L 0.0250 mol 1000 mL
[H3O+] = × = 0.714 M
(15.0 + 20.0) mL 1L
a. Unknown: [H3O+]
and [OH–] 0.714 M × 0.035 L
After dilution: [H3O+] = MF = ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.020 M
of final 1.25 L
solution
1.0 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = = 5.0 × 10–13 M
2.0 × 10–2 M
b. Unknown: pH of pH = – log [H3O+] = – log (2.0 × 10–2) = 1.70

final
solution
433. a. Given: 0.001 57 M [H3O+] = [HNO3] = 1.57 × 10–3 M

HNO3
pH = – log [H3O+] = – log (1.57 × 10–3) = 2.804
Unknown: pH
M V 1.57 × 10–3 M × 500.0 mL

b. Given: V1 = 500.0 M2 = ⎯1⎯1 = = 1.76 × 10–3 M
mL; M1 = V2 447.0 mL
0.001 57 M;
pH = – log [H3O+] = – log (1.76 × 10–3) = 2.754
V2 = 447.0 mL
Unknown: pH at V2
1.0 × 10–14 M2
434. Given: [H3O+] = [OH–] = = 2.9 × 10–11 M
0.00035 M 3.5 × 10–4 M
Unknown: [OH–]

364
435. Given: NaOH solute; pOH1 = 14.00 – pH = 14.00 – 12.14 = 1.86
pH1 = 12.14;
V1 = 50.00 mL; [OH–]1 = antilog (–pOH) = 1.0 × 10–1.86 = 1.4 × 10–2 M
V2 = 2.000 L
[OH–]1V1 1.4 × 10–2 M × 50.00 mL 1L
Unknown: pH2 [OH–]2 = ⎯⎯ = × = 3.5 × 10–4 M
V2 2.000 L 1000 mL
pOH2 = – log (3.5 × 10–4) = 3.46
pH2 = 14.00 – 3.46 = 10.54
436. Given: pH = 4.0 [H3O+] = antilog (–pH) = antilog (–4.0) = 1 × 10–4 M

Unknown: [H3O+]; 1 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] [OH– ] = = 1 × 10–10 M
1 × 10–4 M
2 M OH–
437. Given: 0.000 460 M [OH–] = 4.60 × 10–4 M Ca(OH)2 × = 9.20 × 10–4 M
Ca(OH)2 solution 1 M Ca(OH)2
Unknown: pH 1.00 × 10–14 M2

[H3O+] = ⎯⎯ = 1.09 × 10–11 M
9.20 × 10–4 M
pH = – log (1.09 × 10–11) = 10.963
438. Given: Sr(OH)2 solute; pOH = 14.0 – 11.4 = 2.6

pH = 11.4; 1.00 L
[OH–] = antilog (–pOH) = antilog (–2.6) = 10–2.6 = 3 × 10–3 M
Unknown: mass
Sr(OH)2 1 M Sr(OH)2
[Sr(OH)2] = 3 × 10–3 M OH– × ⎯⎯ = 2 × 10–3 M
2 M OH–
2 × 10–3 mol
× 1.00 L = 2 × 10–3 mol
1L
121.64 g Sr(OH)2
2 × 10–3 mol Sr(OH)2 × = 0.2 g Sr(OH)2
1 mol Sr(OH)2
439. Given: NH3 solute; [H3O+] = antilog (–11.00) = 1.0 × 10–11 M

pH = 11.00
1.0 × 10–14 M2
Unknown: [H3O+]; [OH–] = = 1.0 × 10–3 M
[OH–] 1.0 × 10–11 M
440. a. Given: 1.0 M [H3O+] = antilog (–2.40) = 1.00 × 10–2.40 = 3.98 × 10–3 M
CH3COOH;
pH = 2.40 3.98 × 10–3 M
× 100 = 0.40% ionized
Unknown: percent 1.0 M
ionization
b. Given: 0.10 M [H3O+] = antilog (–2.90) = 1.00 × 10–2.90 = 1.26 × 10–3 M

CH3COOH;
pH = 2.90 1.26 × 10–3 M
× 100 = 1.3% ionized
Unknown: percent 0.10 M
ionization
c. Given: 0.010 M [H3O+] = antilog (–3.40) = 1.00 × 10–3.40 = 3.98 × 10–4 M

CH3COOH;
pH = 3.40 3.98 × 10–4 M
× 100 = 4.0%
Unknown: percent 1.0 × 10–2 M
ionization

365
1 mol HNO3
441. Given: 5.00 g HNO3; 5.00 g HNO3 × = 0.0793 mol HNO3
2.00 L 63.02 g HNO3
Unknown: pH 0.0793 mol

[H3O+] = [HNO3] = = 0.0396 M
2.00 L
pH = – log (0.0396) = 1.402
442. Given: stock pH = 1.50; MS = [H3O+] = [HCl] = antilog (–1.50) = 1.0 × 10–1.50 M = 3.16 × 10–2 M
HCl solute
M VS 3.16 × 10–2 M × 1.00 mL
Unknown: pH of diluted MD = ⎯S⎯ = = 3.16 × 10–5 M
solution VD 1000. mL
a. Given: VS = 1.00 mL; pH = – log (3.16 × 10–5) = 4.50
VD = 1000.
mL
M VS 3.16 × 10–2 M × 25.00 mL

b. Given: VS = 25.00 MD = ⎯S⎯ = = 3.95 × 10–3 M
mL; VD = VD 200. mL
200. mL pH = – log (3.95 × 10–3) = 2.40
M VS 3.16 × 10–2 M × 18.83 mL 1L

c. Given: VS = 18.83 MD = ⎯S⎯ = × = 1.49 × 10–4 M
mL; VD = VD 4.000 L 1000 mL
4.000 L pH = – log (1.49 × 10–4) = 3.83
M VS 3.16 × 10–2 M × 1.50 L 1 kL

d. Given: VS = 1.50 L; MD = ⎯S⎯ = × = 2.37 × 10–6 M
VD = 20.0 kL VD 20.0 kL 1000 L
pH = – log (2.37 × 10–6) = 5.63
443. Given: [H3O+] = 10 000 [H3O+][OH–] = 10 000 [OH–][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2

[OH–]; aqueous
solution 1 × 10–14 M2
[OH–]2 = = 1 × 10–18 M2
Unknown: [H3O+]; 104
[OH–]
[OH–] = 1 × 10–9 M
[H3O+] = 104 [OH–] = 104 × 1 × 10–9 M = 1 × 10–5
444. Given: KOH solute; pH pOH = 14.00 – pH = 14.00 – 12.90 = 1.10

= 12.90; acid
reacts with half [OH–] = antilog (–1.10) = 1.0 × 10–1.10 = 0.079 M
of OH–
after reaction:
Unknown: resulting pH
0.079 M
[OH–] = = 0.040 M
2
1.0 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = 2.5 × 10–13 M
4.0 × 102 M
pH = – log (2.5 × 10–13) = 12.60
445. Given: HCl solute; [H3O+] = antilog (–1.70) = 1.0 × 10–1.70 = 0.020 M
pH = 1.70
[HCl] = [H3O+] = 0.020 M
Unknown: [H3O+];
[HCl]

366
446. Given: Ca(OH)2 solute: pOH = 14.00 – pH = 14.00 – 10.80 = 3.20
pH = 10.80
[OH–] = antilog (–3.20) = 1.0 × 10–3.20 = 6.3 × 10–4 M
Unknown: molarity
1 M Ca(OH)2
[Ca(OH)2] = 6.3 × 10–4 M OH– × ⎯⎯ = 3.2 × 10–4 M
2 M OH–
447. Given: 1.00 M stock HCl pH = – log (1.00 × 100) = 0.000

Unknown: pH
Given: pH = 4.00; 1.00 L [H3O+] = antilog (–4.00) = 1.0 × 10–4.00 = 1.0 × 10–4 M
stock HCl
M VS 1.00 M × 1.00 L
Unknown: VD VD = ⎯S⎯ = = 1.0 × 104. L = 10. kL
MD 1.0 × 10–4 M
Given: 1.00 L of pH 4.00 [H3O+] at pH 4.00 = 1.0 × 10–4 M

Unknown: V at pH 6.00 [H3O+] at pH 6.00 = antilog (–6.00) = 1.0 × 10–6.00 = 1.0 × 10–6 M
1.0 × 10–4 M × 1.00 L

V = ⎯⎯⎯ = 1.0 × 102 L
1.0 × 10–6 M
Given: 1.00 L of pH 4.00 [H3O+] at pH 4.00 = 1.00 × 10–4 M

Unknown: V at pH 8.00 [H3O+] at pH 8.00 = antilog (–8.00) = 1.0 × 10–8.00 = 1.0 × 10–8 M
1.0 × 10–4 M × 1.00 L

V = ⎯⎯⎯ = 1.0 × 104 L = 10. kL
1.0 × 10–8 M
448. Given: pH = 1.28; 1.00 L HClO3 + NaOH → NaClO3 + H2O

HClO3
[H3O+] = antilog (–1.28) = 1.0 × 10–1.28 = 5.2 × 10–2 M
Unknown: moles NaOH
to react; 5.2 × 10–2 mol
mass NaOH × 1.00 L HClO3 = 5.2 × 10–2 mol HClO3
1.0 L
= 5.2 × 10–2 mol NaOH
40.00 g NaOH
0.052 mol NaOH × = 2.1 g NaOH
1.0 mol NaOH
449. Given: NH3 solute; pH = pOH = 14.00 – 11.90 = 2.10

11.90; 1.00 L
NH3 solution [OH–] = antilog (–2.10) = 1.0 × 10–2.10 = 7.9 × 10–3 M
Unknown: moles HCl to 7.9 × 10–3 mol

react × 1.00 L = 7.9 × 10–3 mol OH– = 7.9 × 10–3 mol HCl
1.0 L
450. Given: pH = 3.15 [H3O+] = antilog (–3.15) = 1.0 × 10–3.15 = 7.1 × 10–4 M
Unknown: [H3O+]; 1.0 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] [OH–] = ⎯⎯ = 1.4 × 10–11 M
7.1 × 10–4 M

367
451. Given: 20.00 mL HBr; HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O
20.05 mL of
0.1819 M NaOH 0.1819 mol NaOH 1L
× 20.05 mL × ⎯⎯ = 3.647 × 10–3 mol NaOH
L 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity
HBr 1 mol HBr
3.647 × 10–3 mol NaOH × = 3.647 × 10–3 mol HBr
1 mol NaOH
3.647 × 10–3 mol HBr 1000 mL
× = 0.1824 M HBr
20.00 mL 1L
452. Given: 15.00 mL CH3COOH + NaOH → NaCH3COO + H2O

CH3COOH;
22.70 mL of 0.550 mol NaOH 1L
× 22.70 mL × = 1.25 × 10–2 mol NaOH
0.550 M NaOH L 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity of 1 mol CH3COOH
CH3COOH 1.25 × 10–2 mol NaOH × = 1.25 × 10–2 mol CH3COOH
1 mol NaOH
1.25 × 10–2 mol CH3COOH 1000 mL
× = 0.833 M CH3COOH
15.00 mL 1L
453. Given: 20.00 mL Sr(OH)2 + 2HCl → SrCl2 + 2H2O

Sr(OH)2;
43.03 mL of 0.1159 mol HCl 1L
× 43.03 mL × = 4.987 × 10–3 mol HCl
0.1159 M HCl L 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity of 1 mol Sr(OH)
Sr(OH)2 4.987 × 10–3 mol HCl × 2 = 2.494 × 10–3 mol Sr(OH)2
solution 2 mol HCl
2.494 × 10–3 mol Sr(OH)2 1000 mL
× = 0.1247 M Sr(OH)2
20.00 mL 1L
454. Given: 35.00 mL NH3 2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

solution;
54.95 mL of 0.400 mol H2SO4 1L
× 54.95 mL × = 2.20 × 10–2 mol H2SO4
0.400 M H2SO4 L 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity of 2 mol NH3
NH3 solution 2.20 × 10–2 mol H2SO4 × = 4.40 × 10–2 mol NH3
1 mol H2SO4
4.40 × 10–2 mol NH3 1000 mL
× = 1.26 M NH3
35.00 mL 1L

368
455. Given: 28.25 mL of CH3COOH + NaOH → NaCH3COO + H2O
0.218 M NaOH;
2.000 g acetic 0.218 mol NaOH 1L
× 28.25 mL × = 6.16 × 10–3 mol NaOH
acid diluted to L 1000 mL
100.00 mL;
20.00 mL acetic 1 mol CH3COOH
6.16 × 10–3 mol NaOH × = 6.16 × 10–3 mol CH3COOH
acid 1 mol NaOH
Unknown: % acetic acid 6.16 × 10–3 mol CH3COOH 1000 mL
in stock × = 0.308 M CH3COOH
20.00 mL 1L
solution
2.000 g CH3COOH 1000 mL 1 mol CH3COOH
× ×
100.00 mL 1L 60.06 g CH3COOH
= 0.3333 M CH3COOH
0.308 M
× 100 = 92.5% CH3COOH
0.3333 M
456. Given: 9.709 g Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

diluted to
1.0000 L; 0.1022 mol HCl 1L
× 16.90 mL × = 1.727 × 10–3 mol HCl
10.00 mL L 1000 mL
Na2CO3 solu-
tion; 16.90 mL of 1 mol Na2CO3
1.727 × 10–3 mol HCl × = 8.635 × 10–4 mol Na2CO3
0.1022 M HCl 2 mol HCl
Unknown: percentage of 8.635 × 10–4 mol Na2CO3 1000 mL
Na2CO3 × ⎯⎯ = 8.635 × 10–2 M Na2CO3
10.00 mL 1L
9.709 g Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3
× = 9.160 × 10–2 M Na2CO3
1.0000 L 105.99 g Na2CO3
8.635 × 10–2 M Na2CO3

× 100 = 94.27% Na2CO3
9.160 × 10–2 M Na2CO3
457. Given: 50.00 mL KOH; KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O

27.87 mL of
0.8186 M HCl 0.8186 mol HCl 1L
× 27.87 mL × = 2.281 × 10–2 mol HCl
Unknown: molarity of L 1000 mL
KOH 1 mol KOH
2.281 × 10–2 mol HCl × = 2.281 × 10–2 mol KOH
1 mol HCl
2.281 × 10–2 mol KOH 1000 mL
× = 0.4562 M KOH
50.00 mL 1L
458. Given: 15.00 mL CH3COOH + NaOH → NaCH3COO + H2O

CH3COOH;
34.13 mL of 0.9940 mol NaOH 1L
× 34.13 mL × = 3.393 × 10–2 mol NaOH
0.9940 M NaOH L 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity of 1 mol CH3COOH
CH3COOH 3.393 × 10–2 mol NaOH ×
1 mol NaOH
= 3.393 × 10–2 mol CH3COOH
3.393 × 10–2 mol CH3COOH 1000 mL

× = 2.262 M CH3COOH
15.00 mL 1L

369
459. Given: 12.00 mL NH3 NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3
solution;
19.48 mL of 1.499 mol HNO3 1L
× 19.48 mL × = 2.920 × 10–2 mol HNO3
1.499 M HNO3 L 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity of 1 mol NH3
NH3 solution 2.920 × 10–2 mol HNO3 × = 2.920 × 10–2 mol NH3
1 mol HNO3
2.920 × 10–2 mol NH3 1000 mL
× = 2.433 M NH3
12.00 mL 1L
460. a. Given: 1 mol acid : 20.00 mL base because M × V provides number of moles, which are in a
1 mol base; 1 : 1 ratio
MA = MB;
20.00 mL
base
Unknown: V of acid
b. Given: MA = 2MB; MA × VA = MB × 20.00 mL

20.00 mL
base 2MB × VA = MB × 20.00 mL
Unknown: V of acid MB × 20.00 mL base

VA = = 10.00 mL
2MB
c. Given: MB = 4MA; MA × VA = MB × 20.00 mL

20.00 mL
base MA × VA = 4MA × 20.00 mL
Unknown: V of acid
4MA × 20.00 mL
VA = = 80.00 mL
MA
461. Given: 10.00 mL stock HF + NaOH → NaF + H2O

HF diluted to
500.00 mL; 0.1500 mol NaOH 1L
20.00 mL HF; × 13.51 mL × = 2.026 × 10–3 mol NaOH
L 1000 mL
13.51 mL of
0.1500 M NaOH 1 mol HF
2.026 × 10–3 mol NaOH × = 2.026 × 10–3 mol HF
Unknown: molarity of 1 mol NaOH
stock HF
2.026 × 10–3 mol HF 1000 mL
× = 0.1013 M HF
20.00 mL 1L
0.1013 mol HF 1L
× 500.00 mL × = 0.05065 mol HF
L 1000 mL
0.05065 mol HF 1000 mL

× = 5.065 M HF
10.00 mL L
0.5030 mol KOH 1L

462. Given: 16.22 mL of × 16.22 mL × = 8.159 × 10–3 mol KOH
0.5030 M KOH; L 1000 mL
18.41 mL
1 mol acid
diprotic acid 8.159 × 10–3 mol KOH × = 4.080 × 10–3 mol acid
2 mol KOH
Unknown: molarity of
acid 4.080 × 10–3 mol acid 1000 mL
× = 0.2216 M acid
18.41 mL 1L

370
463. Given: 42.27 mL of H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1.209 M NaOH;
25.00 mL H2SO4 1.209 mol NaOH 1L
× 42.27 mL × = 5.110 × 10–2 mol NaOH
Unknown: molarity of L 1000 mL
the H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
5.110 × 10–2 mol NaOH × ⎯⎯ = 2.555 × 10–2 mol H2SO4
2 mol NaOH
2.555 × 10–2 mol H2SO4 1000 mL
× = 1.022 M H2SO4
25.00 mL 1L
1 mol KHC8H4O4
464. Given: 1 mol acid: 1 mol 0.7025 g KHC8H4O4 ×
base; 0.7025 g 204.23 g KHC8H4O4
KHC8H4O4; = 3.440 × 10–3 mol KHC8H4O4
20.18 mL KOH
Unknown: molarity of 1 mol KOH
3.440 × 10–3 mol KHC8H4O4 × = 3.440 × 10–3 mol KOH
KOH 1 mol KHC8H4O4
3.440 × 10–3 mol KOH 1000 mL

× = 0.1705 M KOH
20.18 mL 1L
2.025 mol NaOH 1L

465. Given: 20.00 mL × 17.03 mL × = 3.449 × 10–2 mol NaOH
triprotic acid; L 1000 mL
17.03 mL of
1 mol acid
2.025 M NaOH 3.449 × 10–2 mol NaOH × = 1.150 × 10–2 mol acid
3 mol NaOH
acid 1.150 × 10–2 mol acid 1000 mL
× = 0.5750 M acid
20.00 mL 1L
466. Given: 41.04 mL KOH; KOH + HNO3 → KNO3 + H2O

21.65 mL of
0.6515 M HNO3 0.6515 mol HNO3 1L
× 21.65 mL × = 1.410 × 10–2 mol HNO3
L 1000 mL
KOH 1 mol KOH
1.410 × 10–2 mol HNO3 × = 1.410 × 10–2 mol KOH
1 mol HNO3
1.410 × 10–2 mol KOH 1000 mL
× = 0.3436 M KOH
41.04 mL 1L
467. Given: 20.00 mL of H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2.00 M H2SO4;
1.85 M NaOH 2.00 mol H2SO4 1L
× 20.00 mL × = 4.00 × 10–2 mol H2SO4
Unknown: V of NaOH L 1000 mL
2 mol NaOH
4.00 × 10–2 mol H2SO4 × = 8.00 × 10–2 mol NaOH
1 mol H2SO4
8.00 × 10–2 mol NaOH
= 0.0432 L NaOH = 43.2 mL NaOH
1.85 mol/L

371
468. Given: 0.5200 M H2SO4; H2SO4 + Sr(OH)2 → SrSO4 + 2H2O
100.00 mL of
0.1225 M 0.1225 mol Sr(OH)2 1L
× 100.00 mL × = 1.225 × 10–2 mol Sr(OH)2
Sr(OH)2 L 1000 mL
Unknown: V of H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
1.225 × 10–2 mol Sr(OH)2 × = 1.225 × 10–2 mol H2SO4
1 mol Sr(OH)2
1.225 × 10–2 mol H2SO4
= 0.02356 L H2SO4 = 23.56 mL H2SO4
0.5200 mol/L
469. Given: 4.005 g KOH in KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O

200.00 mL solu-
tion; 25.00 mL 0.4388 mol HCl 1L
× 19.93 mL × = 8.745 × 10–3 mol HCl
KOH; 19.93 mL L 1000 mL
of 0.4388 M HCl
1 mol KOH
Unknown: moles KOH 8.745 × 10–3 mol HCl × = 8.745 × 10–3 mol KOH in 25.00 mL
in 4.005 g; 1 mol HCl
mass KOH; 200.00 mL
percent KOH 8.745 × 10–3 mol KOH × = 6.996 × 10–2 mol KOH
25.00 mL
in 4.005 g KOH
56.11 g KOH
6.996 × 10–2 mol KOH × = 3.925 g KOH
1 mol KOH
3.925 g
× 100 = 98.00% KOH
4.005 g
470. Given: 558 mL of Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O

3.18 M HCl
3.18 mol HCl 1L
Unknown: mass of × 558 mL × = 1.77 mol HCl
Mg(OH)2 L 1000 mL
to react 1 mol Mg(OH)
1.77 mol HCl × 2 = 0.885 mol Mg(OH)2
2 mol HCl
58.32 g Mg(OH)2
0.885 mol Mg(OH)2 × = 51.6 g Mg(OH)2
1 mol Mg(OH)2
1.25 mol HCl 1L

471. Given: 12.61 mL NH3 × 5.19 mL × = 6.49 × 10–3 mol HCl
solution; L 1000 mL
5.19 mL of
1 mol NH
1.25 M HCl 6.49 × 10–3 mol HCl × 3 = 6.49 × 10–3 mol NH3
1 mol HCl
NH3 solution 6.49 × 10–3 mol NH3 1000 mL
⎯⎯⎯ × = 0.515 M NH3
12.61 mL 1L
472. Given: 5.090 g sample 5.090 g NaOH × 0.9210 = 4.688 g NaOH

of 92.10% NaOH;
2.811 M diprotic 1 mol NaOH 1 mol acid
4.688 g NaOH × × = 0.05860 mol acid
acid 40.00 g NaOH 2 mol NaOH
Unknown: V of acid 0.05860 mol acid
= 0.02085 L acid = 20.85 mL acid
2.811 mol/L

372
473. Given: 43.09 mL of Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + 2H2O
0.1529 M
Ba(OH)2; 0.1529 mol Ba(OH)2 1L
× 43.09 mL × = 6.588 × 10–3 mol Ba(OH)2
26.06 mL HCl L 1000 mL
for Ba(OH)2;
27.05 mL HCl 2 mol HCl
6.588 × 10–3 mol Ba(OH)2 × = 1.318 × 10–2 mol HCl
for 15.00 mL 1 mol Ba(OH)2
RbOH
1.318 × 10–2 mol HCl 1000 mL
a. Unknown: molarity × = 0.5058 M HCl
26.06 mL 1L
of HCl
b. Unknown: molarity HCl + RbOH → RbCl + H2O

of RbOH
0.5058 mol HCl 1L
× 27.05 mL × = 1.368 × 10–2 mol HCl
L 1000 mL
1 mol RbOH
1.368 × 10–2 mol HCl × = 1.368 × 10–2 mol RbOH
1 mol HCl
1.368 × 10–2 mol RbOH 1000 mL
× = 0.9120 M RbOH
15.00 mL 1L
474. Given: 2800 kg of 6.0 M Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O

HCl; DHCl =
1.10 g/mL 1 mL 1000 g 1L
2800 kg HCl × × × = 2500 L HCl
Unknown: mass 1.10 g 1 kg 1000 mL
Ca(OH)2 6.0 mol HCl
× 2500 L = 1.5 × 104 mol HCl
L
1 mol Ca(OH)
1.5 × 104 mol HCl × 2 = 7.5 × 103 mol Ca(OH)2
2 mol HCl
74.10 g Ca(OH)2
7.5 × 103 mol Ca(OH)2 × = 5.6 × 105 g Ca(OH)2
1 mol Ca(OH)2
= 560 kg Ca(OH)2
475. Given: 1.00 mL HNO3 Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

diluted to
200.00 mL; 0.0177 mol Ba(OH)2 1L
× 23.94 mL × = 4.24 × 10–4 mol Ba(OH)2
10.00 mL of L 1000 mL
diluted HNO3;
23.94 mL of 2 mol HNO3
4.24 × 10–4 mol Ba(OH)2 × = 8.48 × 10–4 mol HNO3
0.0177 M 1 mol Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
8.48 × 10–4 mol HNO3 1000 mL
Unknown: molarity of × = 8.48 × 10–2 M HNO3
original 10.00 mL 1L
HNO3
8.48 × 10–2 mol HNO3 1L
× 200.00 mL × = 1.70 × 10–2 mol HNO3
1L 1000 mL
1.70 × 10–2 mol HNO3 1000 mL

× = 17.0 M HNO3
1.00 mL L

373
476. Given: 4.494 M H2SO4; H2SO4 + 2LiOH → Li2SO4 + 2H2O
7.2280 g LiOH
1 mol LiOH
Unknown: V of H2SO4 7.2280 g LiOH × = 0.3018 mol LiOH
23.95 g LiOH
1 mol H2SO4
0.3018 mol LiOH × = 0.1509 mol H2SO4
2 mol LiOH
0.1509 mol H2SO4
= 0.03358 L H2SO4 = 33.58 mL H2SO4
4.494 mol/L
477. Given: 5CO2(g) + (1) CO(g) + SiO2(s) → SiO(g) + CO2(g)

Si3N4(s) →
3SiO(s) + (2) 8CO2(g) + Si3N4(s) → 3SiO2(s) + 2N2O(g) + 8CO(g)
2N2O(g) + 5CO(g) ∆Hreaction 1 = +520.9 kJ
∆Hreaction 2 = +461.05 kJ
Unknown: reaction 3[CO(g) + SiO2(s) → SiO(g) + CO2(g)] ∆H = 3(+520.9) = +1562.7 kJ
enthalpy for
the given 8CO2(g) + Si3N4(s) → 3SiO2(g) + 2N2O(g) + 8CO(g) ∆H = +461.05 kJ
reaction
5CO2(g) + Si3N4(s) → 3SiO(s) + 2N2O(g) + 5CO(g)
∆H = 2024 kJ
478. Given: CaCO3(s) → 3

CaCO3(s) → Ca(s) + C(s) + O2(g) ∆H = 1207.6 kJ/mol
CaO(s) + CO2(g) 2
Unknown: ∆H 1
Ca(s) + O2(g) → CaO(s) ∆H = –634.9 kJ/mol
2
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ/mol
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = 179.2 kJ/mol
479. Given: 2FeO(s) + O2(g) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) ∆H = –1118.4 kJ/mol

→ Fe2O3(s)
2[2FeO(s) → 2Fe(s) + O2(g)] ∆H = 2(+825.5) = +1651.0
Unknown: ∆H
4FeO(s) + O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) ∆H = 533 kJ/mol
480. Given: NH3(g) + HF(g) 3

NH3(g) → N(g) + H2(g) ∆H = 45.9 kJ/mol
→ NH4F(s) 2
Unknown: ∆H 1
HF(g) → H2(g) + F(s) ∆H = 273.3 kJ/mol
2
N(g) + 2 H2(g) + F(s) → NH4F(s) ∆H = –125 kJ/mol
NH3(g) + HF(g) → NH4F(s) ∆H = 194 kJ/mol
481. Given: H2S(g) + O2(g) → ∆G = ∆H – T∆S

H2O(l) + SO2(g)
∆Hreaction = = –562.1 kJ/mol – [(298 K)(–0.092 78 kJ/mol • K)]
–562.1 kJ/mol
= –534.5 kJ/mol
∆Sreaction
= –0.092 78
kJ/mol • K
T = 25°C = 298 K
Unknown: ∆G

374
482. Given: NaClO3(s) → ∆G = ∆H – T∆S
NaCl(s) + O2(g)
∆Hreaction = = –19.1 kJ/mol – [(298 K)(0.1768 kJ/mol • K)]
–19.1 kJ/mol
= –71.8 kJ/mol
∆Sreaction =
0.1768 kJ/mol • K
T = 25°C = 298 K
Unknown: ∆G
483. Given: C2H6(g) + O2(g) ∆G = ∆H – T∆S

→ 2CO2(g) +
3 H2O(l) = –1561 kJ/mol – [(298 K)(–0.4084 kJ/mol • K)]
∆Hreaction =
= –1683 kJ/mol
–1561 kJ/mol
∆Sreaction =
–1.4084 kJ/mol • K
T = 25°C = 298 K
Unknown: ∆G for com-
bustion of 1
mole of C2H6
484. Given: F2(g) + H2O(l) →

2[H2 + F2 → 2 HF] ∆H = 2(–273.3) = –546.6 kJ/mol
2HF(g) + O2(g)
Unknown: ∆H 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 ∆H = +285.8
2F2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4HF(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –260.8 kJ/mol
485. Given: CaO(s) + SO3(g) 1

CaO(s) → Ca(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) ∆H = +634.9 kJ/mol
→ CaSO4(s)
H2O(l) + SO3(g)
→ H2SO4(l) H2O(l) + SO3(g) → H2SO4(l) ∆H = –132.5 kJ/mol
∆H = –132.5
H2SO4(l) + Ca(s) → CaSO4(s) + H2(g) ∆H = –602.5 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
H2SO4(l) + Ca(g) 1
→ CaSO4(s) + H2 + ⎯2⎯O2 → H2O(l) ∆H = –285.8 kJ/mol
H2(g) ∆H =
–602.5 kJ/mol CaO(s) + SO3(g) → CaSO4(s) ∆H = –385.9 kJ/mol
Ca(s) + O2(g) →
CaO(s) ∆H =
–634.9 kJ/mol
H2(g) + O2(g) →
H2O(l) ∆H =
–285.8 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H for reac-
tion of CaO
+ SO3
1
486. Given: Na2O(s) + SO2(g) Na2O(s) → 2Na(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) ∆H = +414.2 kJ/mol
→ Na2SO3(s)
Unknown: ∆H SO2(g) → S(s) + O2(g) ∆H = +296.8 kJ/mol
3
2Na(s) + S(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → Na2SO3(s) ∆H = –1101 kJ/mol
Na2O(s) + SO2(g) → Na2SO3(s) ∆H = –390. kJ/mol

375
487. Given: C4H9OH(l) C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l) ∆Hc = –2675.9 kJ/mol
+ O2(g) →
C3H7COOH(l) 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) → C3H7COOH(l) + 5O2 (g) ∆Hc = 2183.6 kJ/mol
+ H2O(l);
C4H9OH(l) + C4H9OH(l) + O2(g) → C3H7COOH(l) + H2O(l) ∆H = –492.3 kJ/mol
6O2(g) → 4CO2(g)
+ 5H2O(l) ∆Hc =
–2675.9 kJ/mol;
C3H7COOH(l)
+ 5O2(g) →
4CO2(g)
+ 4H2O(l) ∆Hc =
–2183.6 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H for oxida-
tion of
C4H9OH to
make
C3H7COOH
488. Given: CuO(s) + H2(g) ∆G = ∆H – T∆S

→ Cu(s) + H2O(l)

kJ
∆H = ∆S = (–70.1 J/mol • K) = –0.0701 kJ/mol • K
–128.5 kJ/mol 1000 J
∆S = –70.1 ∆G = –128.5 kJ/mol – [(298 K)(–0.0701 kJ/mol • K)]
J/mol • K
T = 25°C = 298 K = –107.6 kJ/mol
Unknown ∆G
489. Given: NaI(s) + Cl2(g)

∆G = ∆H – T∆S
→ NaCl(s) + I2(l)
∆S = –79.9 ∆H + ∆G + T∆S
J/mol • K

kJ
∆G = ∆S = (–79.9 J/mol • K) = –0.0799 kJ/mol • K
–98.0 kJ/mol 1000 J
T = 25°C = 298 K
∆H = –98.0 kJ/mol + [(298 K)(–0.0799 kJ/mol • K)] = –121.8 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H
490. Given: 4HBr(g) +

Net ∆H = [Sum of ∆Hf of products] – [Sum of ∆Hf of reactants]
MnO2(s) →
MnBr2(s) +
2H2O(l) + Br2(l)
–291.3 = ∆Hf MnBr + 2 ∆Hf H
2 2O
+ ∆Hf Br
–
2
∆H = –291.3
kJ/mol;
T = 25°C = 298 K
4 ∆H f HBr + ∆Hf MnO

2
∆Hof = –36.29 –291.3 = [x + (2)(–258.8) + (0)] – [(4)(–36.29) + (–520)]

HBr
kJ/mol –291.3 = x + 93.56
∆Hof MnO =
2
–520.0 kJ/mol –291.3 – 93.56 = x = –384.9 kJ/mol
o
∆Hf H O = –285.8
2
kJ/mol
o
∆Hf Br2 = 0.00
kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆Hof of
MnBr2(s) = x

376
491. Given: CaC2(s) + ∆G = ∆H – T∆S
2H2O(l) →
C2H2(g) + ∆S = (∆H – ∆G)/T
Ca(OH)2(s) = [–125.6 kJ/mol – (–147.7 kJ/mol)]/298 K
∆G = = 0.0742 kJ/mol
–147.7 kJ/mol
∆H =
–125.6 kJ/mol
T = 25°C = 298 K
Unknown: ∆S
492. Given: NH4NO3(s) → 1

2N(g) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → N2O(g) ∆H = 82.1 kJ/mol
N2O(g) +
2H2O(g)
∆S = 446.4 1
2[H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g)] ∆H = (2)(–241.82) = –483.64 kJ/mol
J/mol • K 2
T = 25°C = 298 K
1
Unknown: ∆G 2[H2O(l) → H2(g) + ⎯2⎯O2(g)] ∆H = (2)(285.8) = 571.6 kJ/mol
1
NH4NO3(s) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + ⎯2⎯O2 ∆H = 365.56 kJ/mol
NH4NO3(s) → N2O(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = –35.98 kJ/mol
∆S = (446.4 J/mol • K)(kJ/1000 J) = 0.4464 kJ/mol • K
∆G = ∆H –T∆S
= –35.98 kJ/mol – [(298 K)(0.4464 kJ/mol • K)] = –169.0 kJ/mol
493. a. Unknown: Chemical 1. methane: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

equations for com- 2. propane: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
bustion of (1) 1 mol
of methane (CH4)
and (2) 1 mol of
propane (C3H8)
b. Unknown: Enthalpy 1. methane: CH4(g) → C(s) + 2H2(g) ∆H = 74.9 kJ/mol

change (∆H) for each
reaction C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ/mol
1
2[H2(g) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → H2O(g)] ∆H = (2)(–241.82) = –483.64 kJ/mol
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = –802.2 kJ/mol
2. propane: 3[C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)] ∆H = (3)(–393.5) = –1180.5 kJ/mol

1
4[H2(g) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → H2O(g)] ∆H = (4)(–241.82) = –967.28 kJ/mol
C3H8(g) → 3C(s) + 4H2(g) ∆H = 104.7 kJ/mol
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) ∆H = –2043 kJ/mol

c. Unknown: Heat out- mol CH4
1. methane: (1000 g CH4) = 62.3 mol CH4
put per kilogram of 16.05 g CH4
each fuel
(62.3 mol CH4)(–802.2 kJ/mol) = –4.998 × 10–4 kJ/kg

mol C3H8
2. propane: (1000 g/C3H8) ⎯⎯ = 22.67 mol C3H8
44.11 g C3H8
(22.67 mol C3H8)(–2043 kJ/mol) = –4.632 × 104 kJ/kg

377
494. Given: C2H2(g) + H2O(l) C2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(l) ∆H = –1299.6 kJ/mol
→ CH3CHO(l);
C2H2(g) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CH3CHO(l) + 2O2(g) ∆H = 1166.9 kJ/mol
2O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
C2H2(g) + H2O(l) → CH3CHO(l) ∆H = –132.7 kJ/mol
+ H2O(l) ∆H =
–1299.6 kJ/mol;
CH3CHO(l) +
2O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
+ 2H2O(l) ∆H =
–1166.9 kJ/mol
Unknown: Enthalpy
(∆H) for
reaction of
acetylene
with water
495. Given: C10H22(l) + 10[C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)] ∆H = (10)(–393.5) = –3935 kJ/mol

15O2(g) →
1
10CO2(g) + 11[H2(g) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → H2O(l)] ∆H = (11)(–285.8) = –3143.8 kJ/mol
11H2O(l)
∆H of for liquid C10H22(l) → 10C(s) + 11H2(g) ∆H = 300.9 kJ/mol
decane (C10H22)
31
= –300.9 kJ/mol C10H22(l) + ⎯⎯ O (g)
2 2
→ 10CO2(g) + 11H2O(l) ∆H = –6777.9 kJ/mol
Unknown: Enthalpy
(∆H) for com-
bustion of
decane
496. Given: MgO(s) + Mg(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + H2(g) ∆H = –456.9 kJ/mol

2HCl(g) →
1
MgCl2(s) + MgO(s) → Mg(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) ∆H = 601.6 kJ/mol
H2O(l);
Mg(s) + 2HCl(g) 1
H2(g) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = –285.8 kJ/mol
→ MgCl2(s) +
H2(g) ∆H = MgO(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l) ∆H = –141.1 kJ/mol
–456.9 kJ/mol;
Mg(s) + O2(g) →
MgO(s) ∆H =
–601.6 kJ/mol;
H2O(l) → H2(g)
+ O2(g) ∆H =
+285.8 kJ/mol
Unknown: Enthalpy
(∆H) of reac-
tion of MgO
with HCl
1
497. Given: 2NaOH(s) + 2[2Na(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → Na2O(s)] ∆H = (2)(–414.2) = –828.4 kJ/mol
2Na(s) →∆
2Na2O(s) + H2(g) 2[NaOH(s) → 2Na(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)] ∆H = (2)(425.9 = 851.8 kJ/mol
∆S = 10.6
2NaOH(s) + 2Na(s) → 2Na2O(s) + H2(g) ∆H = 23.4 kJ/mol
J/mol • K
∆HofNaOH = ∆S = (10.6 J/mol • K)(kJ/1000 J) = 0.0106 kJ/mol
–425.9 kJ/mol
∆G = ∆H – T∆S
T = 25oC = 298 K
= 23.4 kJ/mol – [(298 K)(0.0106 kJ/mol • K)]
Unknown: ∆G
= 20.2 kJ/mol

378
498. Given: NH3(g) + HCl(g) 1 1
⎯⎯N (g)
2 2
+ 2H2(g) + ⎯2⎯Cl2(g) → NH4Cl(s) ∆H = –314.4 kJ/mol
→ NH4Cl(s)
T = 25°C = 298 K 1 3
∆G = NH3(g) → ⎯2⎯N2(g) + ⎯2⎯H2(g) ∆H = 45.9 kJ/mol
–91.2 kJ/mol
1 1
Unknown: Entropy HCl(s) → ⎯2⎯H2(g) + ⎯2⎯Cl2(g) ∆H = 92.3 kJ/mol
change (∆S)
in J/mol • K NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) ∆H = –176.2 kJ/mol
∆G = ∆H – T∆S
∆S = ∆H – ∆G/T
= (–176.2 kJ/mol) – (–91.2 kJ/mol)/298 K

1000 J
= (–0.285 kJ/mol • K) = –285 J/mol • K
kJ
499. a. Given: 3C(s) + 3

3C(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → 3CO(g) ∆H = (3)(–110.53) = –331.59 kJ/mol
Fe2O3(s) →
3CO(g) + Fe(s) 3
Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) ∆H = +1118.4 kJ/mol
∆HofCO(g) =
–110.53
kJ/mol 3C(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 3CO(g) + 2Fe(s) ∆H = 786.8 kJ/mol
Unknown: Enthalpy
(∆H)
b. Given: 3Mn(s) + 1
3[Mn(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) → MnO(s)] ∆H = (3)(–384.9) = –1154.7 kJ/mol
Fe2O3(s) →
3MnO(s) + 3
Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g) ∆H = +1118.4 kJ/mol
2Fe(s)
∆H of MnO(s) =
3Mn(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 3MnO(s) + 2Fe(s) ∆H = –36 kJ/mol
–384.9 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H
c. Given: 12P(s) + 3[4P(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)] ∆H = (3)(–3009.9) = –9029.7 kJ/mol

10Fe2O3(s) →
3
3P4O10(s) F10[Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g)] ∆H = (10)(1118.4) = 11 184. kJ/mol
+ 20Fe(s)
∆H of P O (s) = 12P(s) + 10Fe2O3(s) → 3P4O10(s) + 20Fe(s) ∆H = +2154 kJ/mol
4 10
–3009.9
kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H
d. Given: 3Si(s) + 3[Si(s) + O2(g) → SiO2(s)] ∆H = (3)(–910.9) = 2732.7 kJ/mol
2Fe2O3(s) →
3
3 SiO2(s) + 2[Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g)] ∆H = (2)(1118.4) = 2236.8 kJ/mol
4Fe(s)
∆Hof SiO (s) =
2 3Si(s) + 2Fe2O3(s) → 3SiO2(s) + 4Fe(s) ∆H = –496 kJ/mol
–910.9 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H
e. Given: 3S(s) + 3[S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)] ∆H = (3)(–296.8) = –890.4 kJ/mol
2 Fe2O3(s) →
3
3 SO2(g) + 2[Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + ⎯2⎯O2(g)] ∆H = (2)(1118.4) = 2236.8 kJ/mol
4 Fe(s)
Unknown: ∆H 3S(s) + 2Fe2O3(s) → 3SO2(g) + 4Fe(s) ∆H +1346.4 kJ/mol

379
–3 2
500. a. Given: A T C+ D [C][D] (6.41 × 10 M)
K = = = 1.83 × 10–3
[A] = 2.24 × [A]
–2
2.24 × 10 M
10–2 M
[C] = 6.41 ×
10–3 M
[D] = 6.41 ×
10–3 M
Unknown: K
–2 2
b. Given: A + B T C [C][D] (1.27 × 10 M) 5
K = = –5 2 = 1.55 × 10
+D [A][B] (3.23 × 10 M)
[A] = 3.23 ×
10–5 M = [B]
[C] = 1.27 ×
10–2 M = [D]
Unknown: K
c. Given: A + B T 2 C [C]2 (2.16 × 10–2 M)2

K = = 2 = 9.47
[A] = 7.02 × –3
[A][B] (7.02 × 10 M)
10–3 M = [B]
[C] = 2.16 ×
10–2 M
Unknown: K
d. Given: 2A T 2C [C]2[D] (4.06 × 10–3 M)2(2.03 × 10–3 M)

K = ⎯⎯ = = 7.71 × 10–2
+D [A]2 (6.59 × 10–4 M)2
[A] = 6.59 ×
10–4 M
[C] = 4.06 ×
10–3 M
[D] = 2.03 ×
10–3 M
Unknown: K
–4 3
e. Given: A + B T C [C][D][E] (9.35 × 10 M)
K = = ⎯⎯ = 5.88 × 10–3
+D+E [A][B] (3.73 × 10 M)2
–4
[A] = 3.73 ×
10–4 M = [B]
[C] = 9.35 ×
10–4 M = [D]
= [E]
Unknown: K
f. Given: 2A + B T 2C [C]2 (1.02 × 10–2 M)2

K = 2 = = 1.53 × 103
[A] = 5.50 × –3 2 –3
[A] [B] (5.50 × 10 M) (2.25 × 10 M)
10–3 M
[B] = 2.25 ×
10–3 M
[C] = 1.02 ×
10–2 M
Unknown: K

380
501. Given: 2A(g) T 2C(g) [C]2[D]
K = ⎯⎯
+ D(g) [A]2
[A] = 1.88 × 10–1
M [D] = (K) [A]2/[C]2
[C] = 6.56 M
K = 2.403 × 102 = (2.403 × 102) (1.88 × 10–1 M)2/(6.56 M)2
Unknown: [D] = 0.197 M
502. Given: T = 700 K [C H6]

K = 2
K = 3.164 × 103 [C2H4][H2]
C2H4(g) + H2(g)
T C2H6(g) [C H6] 1.055 M –3
[C2H4] = 2 = 3 = 5.39 × 10 M
Unknown: [C2H4] if [H2] (K) (0.0619 M)(3.164 × 10 )
[H2] = 0.0619
M and
[C2H6] =
1.055 M
2
503. Given: A + 2B T C [C][D]2 (0.000 3378 M)(0.000 6756 M)
K = 2 = 2 = 1.98 × 10–7
+ 2D [A][B] (0.0567 M)(0.1171 M)
[A] = 0.0567 M
[B] = 0.1171 M
[C] = 0.000 3378
M
[D] = 0.000 6756
M
Unknown: K
504. Given: 2A T 2C + 2D [C]2[D]2 (0.000 4104 M)2(0.000 4104 M)2

K = ⎯⎯ = = 2.446 × 10–12
[A] = 0.1077 M [A]2 0.1077 M2
[C] = 0.000 4104
M
[D] = 0.000 4104
M
Unknown: K
506. a. Given: COCl2(g) T [CO][Cl2]

K =
CO(g) [COCl2]
+ Cl2(g)
–3 2
T = 25°C [CO][Cl2] (5.90 × 10 M)
[COCl2] = = –2 = 8.13 × 10–4 M
K = 4.282 K 4.282 × 10
× 10–2
[CO] = 5.90 ×
10–3 M = [Cl2]
Unknown: [COCl2]
b. Given: COCl2(g) T [CO][Cl2]

K =
CO(g) [COCl2]
+ Cl2(g)
K = 4.282 x2
K =
× 10–2 [COCl2]
[COCl2] =
0.003 70 M
x2 = (K) [COCl2]
[CO] = [Cl2]
Unknown: [CO] and
[Cl2] x = OCl2] = (4.282
(K) [C × 10–2
)(0.00
3 70 M) = 0.0126 M

381
507. Given: A(g) + B(s) T B and D are solids; therefore their concentrations = 1.
C(g) + D(s) [C][1]
K=1 K =
[A][1]
T = 500 K
a. Unknown: [A] and If K = 1 [C][D] = [A][B]
[C]
[C][1] [C]
K = 1 = =
[A][1] [A]
Therefore, [A] = [C]
508. Given: C(s) + H2O(g) T C is a solid; [C] = 1

CO(g) + H2(g)
K = 4.251 × 10–2 [CO][H2]
K =
T = 800 K [1][H2O]
[H2O] = 0.1990
M [CO][H2] = (K) [H2O]
Unknown: [CO] and x2 = (4.251 × 10–2)(0.1990 M)
[H2]
x = 8.459
× 10–
3
M
= 0.0918 M
509. a. Given: 2NO(g) + O2(g) [NO2]2

K = ⎯2⎯
T 2NO2(g) [NO] [O2]
T = 500 K
K = 1.671 × 104 [NO2]2 = K[NO]2[O2]
[NO] = 6.200 ×
10–2 M [NO2] =
K[NO
]2[O2]
[O2] = 8.305 ×
10–3 M = (1.671

× 104)(6.20 0 × 10
–2
M)2
(8.30
5 × 10–3 M)
Unknown: [NO2]
= 0.7304 M
b. Given: T = 1000 K
K = 1.315 ×
[NO2]
K[NO
]2[O2]
10–2
[NO] = 6.200 = (1.315
× 10–2
)(6.20
0 × 10–2 M)2
(8.30
5 × 10–3 M)
× 10–2 M
[O2] = 8.305 × = 6.479 × 10–4 M
10–3 M
Unknown: [NO2]
511. b. Given: H2(g) + Br2(g) [HBr]2

K =
T 2HBr(g) [H2][Br2]
K = 5.628 ×
1018 [H2]initial [H2] = [Br2] = x
= [Br2]initial
[HBr] = 0.500 [HBr]2
[H2] =
M (K)(x)
Unknown: [H2]
(0.500 M)2
x2 = ⎯⎯
(5.628 × 1018)
x=

(0.500 M)2
(5.628 × 1018)
= 2.11 × 10–10 M

382
512. Given: N2F4(g) T 2 [NF2]2 (1.131 × 10–3 M)2
K = = = 1.281 × 10–6
NF2(g) [N2F4] 0.9989 M
T = 25°C
[N2F4] = 0.9989
M
[NF2] = 1.131 ×
10–3 M
Unknown: K
513. Given: N2O4(g) T [NO2]2 (5.24 × 10–2 M)2

K = = = 4.61 × 10–3
2NO2(g) [N2O4] (5.95 × 10–1 M)
T = 25°C
[N2O4] = 5.95 ×
10–1 M
[NO2] = 5.24 ×
10–2 M
Unknown: K
514. a. Given: NaCN(s) + [HCN][NaCl]

K =
HCl(g) T [NaCN][HCl]
HCN(g) +
NaCl(s) NaCN and NaCl are solids; therefore their concentrations equal 1.
Unknown: Expres- [HCN]
sion for K =
equilib- [HCl]
rium con-
stant (K)
b. Given: K = 2.405 [HCN]

K =
× 106 [HCl]
[HCN] =
0.8959 M [HCN] 0.8959 M
[HCl] = = = 3.725 × 10–7 M
Unknown: [HCl] K 2.405 × 106
515. a. Given: CH4(g) + [CO][H2]3

H2O(g) T K =
[CH4][H2O]
CO(g) +
3 H2(g) × 102) (3.70 × 10–2 M)(8.27 × 10–1 M)
[CH4][H2O] (3.112
At 1100 K, K [CO] = (K) =
= 3.112 × 102 [H2] (1.56 M)3
b. Temperature = 110 = 2.51 M
K, K = 3.112 × 102
[H2] = 1.56 M
[CH4] = 3.70 × 10–2 M
[H2O] = 8.27 × 10–1 M
Unknown: [CO]

383
516. Given: N2O4 T NO2 N2O4 T 2NO2
T = 20°C = 293 K
[N2O4] = 2.55 [NO2]2 (10.4 × 10–3 M)2
K = = = 0.0424
× 10–3 M [N2O4] (2.55 × 10–3 M)
[NO2] = 10.4
× 10–3 M
Unknown: K
517. Given: N2O4 T NO2 N2O4 T 2NO2

T = 20°C = 293 K
[N2O4] = 2.67 [NO2]2 (10.2 × 10–3 M)2
K = = = 0.0390
× 10–3 M [N2O4] 2.67 × 10–3 M
[NO2] = 10.2
× 10–3 M
Unknown: K
518. Given: T = 25°C HCOOH + H2O T H3O+ + HCOO–

[HCOOH] =
0.025 M [H3O+][HCOO–]
Ka = ⎯ ⎯
[H3O+] = 2.03 [HCOOH]
× 10–3 M
[H3O+] = [HCOO–] = 2.03 × 10–3 M
Unknown: Ka
[HCOOH] = 0.025 – 2.03 × 10–3 = 0.022 97 M
(2.03 × 10–3)2
Ka = = 1.8 × 10–4
0.022 97
519. Given: [HIO3] = 0.400 M pH = –log [H3O+]

pH = 0.726
T = 25°C log [H3O+] = –pH
Unknown: Ka
[H3O+] = antilog (–pH)
[H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH
= 1 × 10–0.726
= 0.1879 M
HIO3 + H2O o H3O+ + IO3–
[H3O+] = [IO3–] = 0.1879 M
[HIO3] = 0.400 – 0.1879 = 0.212 M
[H3O+][IO3–] (0.1879)2
Ka = ⎯ ⎯ = = 0.167
[HIO3] 0.212

384
520. Given: [HClO] = 0.150 [H3O+] = antilog (–pH)
M
pH = 4.55 [H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–4.55 = 2.8 × 10–5
T = 25°C
HClO + H2O T H3O+ + ClO–
Unknown: Ka
[H3O+] = [ClO–] = 2.8 × 10–5 M
[HClO] = 0.150 – 2.8 × 10–5 = 0.15 M
[H3O+][ClO–] (2.8 × 10–5)2

Ka = = = 5.2 × 10–9
[HClO] 0.15
521. Given: [CH3CH2CH2 a. pH = –log [H3O+]

NH2] = 0.039 M [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = 3.74
× 10–3 M 1.0 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = 2.67 × 10–12 M
Unknown: (a) pH of 3.74 × 10–3 M
solution;
(b) Kb for pH = –log (2.67 × 10–12) = 11.573
propylamine
b. CH3CH2CH2NH2 + H2O T CH3CH2CH2NH3+ + OH–
[CH3CH2CH2NH3+][OH–]
Kb = ⎯⎯⎯
[CH3CH2CH2NH2]
[OH–] = [CH3CH2CH2NH3+] = 3.74 × 10–3 M
[CH3CH2CH2NH2] = 0.039 – 3.74 × 10–3 M = 0.03526
(3.74 × 10–3)2
Kb = = 4.0 × 10–4
0.03526
522. Given: Ka of HNO2 = HNO2 + H2O T H3O+ + NO–2

4.6 × 10–4
T = 25°C [H3O+][NO2–]
[HNO2] = 0.0450 Ka =
[HNO2]
M
Unknown: [H3O+] [H3O+] = [NO2–] = x
x2 = (Ka)[HNO2] = (4.6 × 10–4)(0.0450 M) = 2.07 × 10–5 M
x =
2.07 × = 4.5 × 10–3 M
10–5 M

385
523. Given: [HN3] = 0.102 M a. pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (1.39 × 10–3) = 2.857
[H3O+] = 1.39
× 10–3 M b. HN3 + H2O T H3O+ + N–3
T = 25°C
Unknown: a. pH [H3O+][N–3]
Ka = ⎯ ⎯
b. Ka [HN3]
[H3O+] = [N–3] = 1.39 × 10–3 M
[HN3] = 0.102 M – 1.39 × 10–3 M = 0.10061 M
(1.39 × 10–3)2
Ka = = 1.92 × 10–5
0.10061
524. Given: [BrCH2COOH] a. pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (0.0192) = 1.717

= 0.200 M
[H3O+] = b. BrCH2COOH + H2O T H3O+ + BrCH2COO–
0.0192 M
T = 25°C [H3O+][BrCH2COO–]
Ka =
Unknown: a. pH [BrCH2COOH]
b. Ka
[H3O+] = [BrCH2COO–] = 0.0192 M
[BrCH2COOH] = 0.200 M – 0.0192 M = 0.1808 M
(0.0192)2
Ka = = 2.04 × 10–3
0.1808
525. a. Given: B + H2O T (1) [H3O+][OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 M2

BH+ + OH–
[B]initial = 1.00 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = 3.70 × 10–11 M
0.400 M 2.70 × 10–4 M
[OH–] = 2.70
× 10–4 M (2) pH = –log (3.70 × 10–11) = 10.431
Unknown: (1) [H3O+] (3) B + H2O T BH+ + OH–
(2) pH
(3) Kb [BH+][OH–]
Kb =
[B]
[OH–] = [BH+] = 2.70 × 10–4 M
[B] = 0.400 M – 2.70 × 10–4 M = 0.399 73 M
(2.70 × 10–4)2
Kb = = 1.82 × 10–7
0.399 73

386
b. Given: Binitial = (1) [B] at equilibrium = 0.005 50 M – 8.45 × 10–4 M = 4.66 × 10–3 M
0.005 50 M
[OH–] = 8.45 (2) B + H2O T BH+ + OH–
× 10–4 M
Unknown: (1) [B] at [BH+][OH–]
Kb =
equilib- [B]
rium
(2) Kb [OH–] = [BH+] = 8.45 × 10–4 M
(3) pH
(8.45 × 10–4 M)2
Kb = = 1.53 × 10–4
4.66 × 10–3 M
(3) pH = –log [H3O+]
[H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
1 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = 1.18 × 10–11 M
8.45 × 10–4 M
pH = –log (1.18 × 10–11) = 10.93
c. Given: [B]initial = (1) [H3O+] = antilog (–pH) = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–11.29 = 5.13 × 10–12 M
0.0350 M
pH = 11.29 (2) [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
Unknown: (1) [H3O+] 1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
(2) [OH–] [OH–] = = = 1.9 × 10–3 M
(3) [B] at [H3O+] 5.13 × 10–12 M
equilib- (3) [B] at equilibrium = 0.0350 M – 1.9 × 10–3 M = 0.0331 M
rium
(4) Kb [BH+][OH–]
(4) Kb =
[B]
[OH–] = [BH+] = 1.9 × 10–3 M
(1.9 × 10–3)2
Kb = = 1.1 × 10–4
0.0331
d. Given: [B] at equilib- (1) [B]eq = [B]initial – [OH–]

rium =
0.006 28 M [B]initial = [B]eq + [OH–] = 0.006 28 M + 0.000 92 M = 7.2 × 10–3 M
[OH–] =
0.000 92 M [BH+][OH–]
(2) Kb =
Unknown: (1) [B]initial [B]
(2) Kb [OH–] = [BH+] = 0.000 92 M
(3) pH
(0.000 92 M)2
Kb = = 1.35 × 10–4
0.006 28 M
(3) pH = –log [H3O+]
[H3O+] [OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
1 × 1014 M2
[H3O+] = = 1.1 × 10–11
0.000 92 M
pH = –log (1.1 × 10–11) = 10.96

387
526. Given: Solubility of C6H5COOH + H2O T H3O+ + C6H5COO–
C6H5COOH in
water = 2.9 g/L pH = –log [H3O+]
pH = 2.92
T = 25°C log [H3O+] = –pH
Unknown: Ka [H3O+] = antilog (–pH)
[H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–2.92 = 1.2 × 10–3 M
[H3O+] = [C6H5COO–] = 1.2 × 10–3 M
2.9 g C6H5COOH 1 mol C6H5COOH

L 122.11 g C H COOH
= 0.02375 M
6 5
= [C6H5COOH]initial
[C6H5COOH] = 0.02375 – 1.2 × 10–3 = 0.02255
[H3O+] [C6H5COO–] (1.2 × 10–2 M)2

Ka = = = 6.4 × 10–5
[C6H5COOH] 0.022 55 M
527. Given: [H2NCH2CH2 a. H2NCH2CH2OH + H2O T H3NCH2CH2OH+ + OH–

OH]initial =
0.006 50 M pH = –log [H3O+]
pH = 10.64
log [H3O+] = –pH
T = 25°C
Unknown: a. [H2NCH2 [H3O+] = antilog (–pH)
CH2OH] at
equilibrium [H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–10.64 = 2.3 × 10–11 M
b. Kb
[H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = = = 4.35 × 10–4 M
[H3O+] 2.3 × 10–11 M
[H2NCH2CH2OH] = 0.006 50 M – 4.35 × 10–4 M = 6.06 × 10–3 M
[H3NCH2CH2OH+] = [OH–] = 4.35 × 10–4 M
[H3NCH2CH2OH+] [OH–] (4.35 × 10–4 M)2

b. Kb = = = 3.1 × 10–5
[H2NCH2CH2OH] 6.06 × 10–3 M
528. Given: [H2Se] = 0.060 M H2Se + H2O T H3O+ + HSe–

[H3O+] = 2.72 ×
10–3 M [H3O+][HSe–]
Ka = ⎯ ⎯
T = 25°C H2Se
Unknown: Ka
[HSe–] = [H3O+] = 2.72 × 10–3 M
H2Se = 0.060 M – 2.72 × 10–3 M = 0.05728 M
(2.72 × 10–3 M)2

Ka = = 1.3 × 10–4
0.05728 M

388
529. Given: Kb of C5H5N a. C5H5N + H2O T C5H5NH+ + OH–
= 1.78 × 10–9
[C5H5N] = [C5H5NH+] [OH–]
0.140 M Kb =
C5H5N
Unknown: a. [OH–]
b. pH [C5H5NH+] = [OH–] = x
x2 = Kb[C5H5N] = (1.78 × 10–9) (0.140 M) = 2.5 × 10–10
x =
2.5 × 1
0–10 = 1.58 × 10–5 M = [OH–]
b. pH = –log [H3O+]
[H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
1 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] =
[OH–]
1 × 10–14 M2
= = 6.329 × 10–10 M
1.58 × 10–5 M
pH = –log [6.329 × 10–10 M] = 9.20
530. Given: [HA] = 0.0208 M a. [HA] + [H2O] T H3O+ + A–

pH = 2.17
pH = –log [H3O+]
Unknown: a. [HA]initial
b. Ka log [H3O+] = –pH
[H3O+] = antilog (–pH) = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–2.17 = 6.76 × 10–3 M
[HA] = [HA]initial – [H3O+]
[HA]initial = [HA] + [H3O+]
= 0.0208 M + 6.76 × 10–3 M = 0.02756 M
[H3O+][A–]
b. Ka = ⎯ ⎯
[HA]
[H3O+] = [A–] = 6.76 × 10–3 M
(6.76 × 10–3 M)2

Ka = = 2.2 × 10–3
0.0208 M

389
531. Given: Mass of solute CH3COCOOH + H2O T H3O+ + CH3COCOO–
(CH3COCOOH)
= 438 mg pH = –log [H3O+]
volume of
solvent (H2O) log [H3O+] = –pH
= 10.00 mL
pH = 1.34
Unknown: Ka [H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–1.34 = 0.0457 M
[H3O+] = [CH3COCOO–] = 0.0457 M

1000 mg 88.04 g CH COCOOH
438 mg CH3COCOOH g 1000 mL 1 mol CH3COCOOH

10.00 mL L 3
= 0.4975 M = [CH3COCOOH]initial
[CH3COCOOH] = 0.4975 – .0457 = 0.4518 M
[H3O+][CH3COCOO–] (0.0457 M)2

Ka = = = 4.63 × 10–3
[CH3COCOOH] 0.4518 M
532. Given: [H3O+] of CH3COCH2COOH + H2O T H3O+ CH3COCH2COO–

solution of
acetoacetic acid [H3O+][CH3COCH2COO–]
Ka =
(CH3COCH2CO [CH3COCH2COOH]
OH) = 4.38
× 10–3 M [CH3COCH2COO–] = [H3O+] = 4.38 × 10–3 M
[CH3COCH2CO
OH] (nonionized) [CH3COCH2COOH] = 0.0731 M – 4.38 × 10–3 M = 0.068 72 M
= 0.0731 M
(4.38 × 10–3 M)2
Unknown: Ka Ka = ⎯⎯ = 2.62 × 10–4
0.0731 M
533. Given: Ka of a. CH3CHClCOOH + H2O T H3O+ + CH3CHClCOO–

CH3CHClCOOH
= 1.48 × 10–3 [H3O+] [CH3CHClCOO–]
Ka =
[CH3CHClCOO [CH3CHClCOOH]
H]initial =
0.116 M [H3O+] = x = [CH3CHClCOO–]
Unknown: a. [H3O+] [CH3CHClCOOH] = 0.116 – x
b. pH
(x)(x) x2
Ka = ⎯⎯ – x =
0.116 0.116 – x
Ka = 1.48 × 10–3
x2
1.48 × 10–3 =
0.116 – x
By the quadratic equation, x = 0.0124 M.
b. pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (0.0124) = 1.907

390
534. Given: First ionization: [H3O+][SO2–
4 ]
H2SO4 + H2O → a. Ka2 = 1.3 × 10–2 = –
HSO4
H3O+ + HSO–4
Ionization [H3O+] = 0.0788 + x
= 100%
Second ioniza- [SO2–
4 ]=x
tion: HSO–4 +
[HSO–4] = 0.0788 – x
H2O T H3O+ +
SO2–
4 (0.0788 + x)(x)
Ka2 = 1.3 × 10–2 1.3 × 10–2 =
[H2SO4] = (0.0788 – x)
0.0788 M (1.3 × 10–2)(0.0788 – x) = (0.0788 + x)(x)
Unknown: a. total
[H3O+] (1.0244 × 10–3) – (1.3 × 10–2) x = (7.88 × 10–2) x + x2
b. pH of
H2SO4 x2 + (9.18 × 10–2) x – (1.0244 × 10–3) = 0
solution By the quadratic formula, x = 0.010 024.
[H3O+] = 0.0788 + 0.01 = 0.0888
b. pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (0.0888) = 1.05
535. Given: [HOCN] = a. HOCN + H2O T H3O+ + OCN–

0.100 M
[H3O+] = 5.74 [H3O+][OCN–]
Ka = ⎯ ⎯
× 10–3 M [HOCN]
Unknown: a. Ka
[H3O+] = [OCN–] = 5.74 × 10–3 M
b. pH
[HOCN] = 0.100 M – 5.74 × 10–3 M = 0.094 M
(5.74 × 10–3)2
Ka = = 3.5 × 10–4
0.094
b. pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (5.74 × 10–3) = 2.241
536. Given: [HCN] = 0.025 M HCN + H2O ] T H3O+ + CN–

[CN–] =
3.16 × 10–6 M
a. Unknown: [H3O+] [CN–] = [H3O+] = 3.16 × 10–6 M
b. Unknown: pH pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (3.16 × 10–6) = 5.500
d. Unknown: Ka [H3O+] [CN–]

Ka =
[HCN]
[HCN] = 0.025 M – 3.16 × 10–6 M = 0.0249 M
(3.16 × 10–6 M)2

Ka = = 4.0 × 10–10
0.0249 M
f. Given: [HCN] = x2
Ka =
0.085 M 0.085
Unknown: [H3O+]
x2 = (Ka)(0.085)
x = (K
=
a)(0.085) (4.0 × 5)
10–10)(0.08 =
3.4 × 1
0–11 = 5.8 × 10–6

391
537. Given: [CCl2HCOOH] =
1.20 M
[H3O+] = 0.182
M
a. Unknown: pH pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (0.182) = 0.740
b. Unknown: Ka CCl2HCOOH + H2O ] T H3O+ + CCl2HCOO–
[H3O+] [CCl2HCOO–]
Ka =
[CCl2HCOOH]
[H3O+] = [CCl2HCOO–] = 0.182 M
[CCl2HCOOH] = 1.20 M – 0.182 M = 1.018 M
(0.182)2
Ka = = 0.0325
1.018
538. Given: [C6H5OH] = C6H5OH + H2O ] = H3O+ + C6H5O–

0.215 M
pH = 5.61 [H3O+][C6H5O–]
Ka = ⎯ ⎯
Unknown: Ka [C6H5OH]
pH = –log [H3O+]
log [H3O+] = –pH
[H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–5.61 = 2.45 × 10–6 M
[H3O+] = [C6H5O–] = 2.45 × 10–6 M
[C6H5OH] = 0.215 – 2.45 × 10–6 = 0.215 M
(2.45 × 10–6)2
Ka = = 2.80 × 10–11
0.215
539. Given: Solution of

NH2CH2COOH
is 3.75 g in
250.0 mL H2O
pH = 0.890
a. Unknown: molarity
of
NH2CH2
250 mL
2
L 75.06
3.75 g NH CH COOH 1000 mL
2

g NH CH COOH
1 mol NH CH COOH 2
2
2
2
= 0.200 M NH2CH2COOH
COOH

392
b. Unknown: Ka NH2CH2COOH + H2O T H3O+ + NH2CH2COO–
[H3O+] [NH2CH2COO–]
Ka =
[NH2CH2COOH]
pH = –log [H3O+]
log [H3O+] = –pH
[H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–0.890 = 0.1288 M
[H3O+] = [NH2CH2COO–] = 0.1288 M
[NH2CH2COOH] = 0.200 M – 0.1288 M = 0.0712 M
(0.1288)2
Ka = = 0.233
0.0712
540. Given: (CH3)3N + H2O ] a. [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2

T CH3NH+
+ OH– 1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = = 4.31 × 10–12 M
[(CH3)3N] [OH–] 2.32 × 10–3 M
= 0.0750 M
[OH–] = 2.32 pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (4.31 × 10–12) = 11.37
× 10–3 M
[CH3NH+][OH–]
Unknown: a. pH b. Kb = ⎯ ⎯
b. Kb [(CH3)3N]
[OH–] = [CH3NH+] = 2.32 × 10–3 M
[CH3)3N] = 0.0750 M – 2.32 × 10–3 M = 0.07268 M
(2.32 × 10–3)2
Kb = = 7.41 × 10–5
0.07268
541. Given: [(CH3)2NH] a. (CH3)2NH + H2O ] T (CH3)2NH2+ + OH–

= 5.00 × 10–3 M
pH = 11.20 [(CH3)2NH2+][OH–]
Kb =
Unknown: a. Kb [(CH3)2NH]
b. Which
pH = –log [H3O+]
base is
stronger: log [H3O+] = –pH
(CH3)2NH or
(CH3)3N? [H3O+] = antilog (–pH) = 1 × 10–pH = 1 × 10–11.20 = 6.31 × 10–12 M
[H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = = = 1.585 × 10–3 M
+
[H3O ] 6.31 × 10–12 M
[OH–] = [(CH3)2NH+2] = 1.585 × 10–3 M
[(CH3)2NH] = 5.00 × 10–3 M – 1.585 × 10–3 M = 3.415 × 10–3 M
(1.585 × 10–3)2
Kb = = 7.36 × 10–4
3.415 × 10–3
b. Kb of (CH3)3N = 7.41 × 10–5
Kb of (CH3)2NH = 7.36 × 10–4
7.36 × 10–4 > 7.41 × 10–5
Therefore (CH3)2NH (dimethylamine) is the stronger base.

393
542. Given: H2NNH2 + [H2NNH+3 ][OH–]
H2O(l) T Kb1 =
H2NNH+3 (aq) [H2NNH2]
+ OH – (aq)
H2NNH+3 (aq)
+ H2O(l) T [H3O+] = 1 × 10–pH
H3NNH2+ 3 (aq)
+ OH – (aq) = 1 × 10–10.50
Kb2 = 8.9 × 10–16
= 3.16 × 10–11 M
a. [H2NNH2] = 0.120 M
pH = 10.50 [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
Unknown: Kb1
(Assume 1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
[OH–] = =
+
that [H3O ] 3.16 × 10–11 M
[H2NNH2]
initial does
= 3.16 × 10–4 M
not
change.) [OH–] = 3.16 × 10–4 M = [H2NNH+3 ]
(3.16 × 10–4)2
Kb1 = = 8.3 × 10–7
0.120 M
b. Given: [H2NNH2] = [H2NNH+3 ] [OH–]

Kb1 =
0.020 M [H2NNH2]
Unknown: [OH–]
x2
8.3 × 10–7 =
0.020
x =
(8.3 × ) = 1.3 × 10–4 M = [OH–]
10–7)(0.020
c. Unknown: pH of [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2

0.020 M
[H2NNH2] 1 × 10–14 M2 1 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = = = 7.7 × 10–11 M
solution [OH–] 1.3 × 10–4 M
pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (7.7 × 10–11) = 10.11
543. Given: Saturated solu-

tion: 0.276 g
AgBrO3 in

solubility = ⎯⎯3 ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯
150.0 mL H2O L
0.276 g AgBrO 1000 mL 1 mol AgBrO3
235.74 g AgBrO3
150.0 mL H2O = 7.80 × 10–3 M AgBrO3
Unknown: Ksp AgBrO3(s) T Ag+(aq) + BrO–3(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][BrO3–]
[Ag+] = 7.80 × 10–3 M
[BrO–3] = 7.80 × 10–3 M
Ksp = (7.80 × 10–3)2 = 6.08 × 10–5

394
544. Given: solubility of CaF2
= 0.0427 g/2.50 L 0.0427 g CaF
78.06 g CaF
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ = 2.19 × 10
2.50 L
1 mol CaF
2 2
2
–4
M CaF2
Unknown: Ksp
CaF2(s) T Ca2+(aq) + 2F–(aq)
Ksp = [Ca2+][F–]2
[Ca2+] = 2.19 × 10–4 M
[F–] = (2)(2.19 × 10–4) = 4.38 × 10–4 M
Ksp = (2.19 × 10–4)(4.38 × 10–4)2
= 4.20 × 10–11
545. Given: Ksp of CaSO4 CaSO4(s) T Ca2+(aq) + SO2–

4 (aq)
= 9.1 × 10–6
Ksp = [Ca2+][SO2–
4 ]
Unknown: [CaSO4] in a
saturated [Ca2+] = [SO2–
4 ]=x
solution
Ksp = x2 = 9.1 × 10–6
x =
9.1 × 1
0–6
= 3.0 × 10–3 M = [CaSO4]
546. Given: A salt = X2Y a. X2Y(s) T 2X(aq) + Y(aq)

Ksp = 4.25 × 10–7 Ksp = [X]2[Y]
Unknown: a. molarity
of a saturated [X] = 2x
solution of [Y] = x
the salt
b. molarity Ksp = 4.25 × 10–7 = (2x)2(x) = 4x3
of a solution
of AZ with x = 4.74 × 10–3 M = [X2Y]
the same Ksp
b. AZ(s) T A(aq) + Z(aq)
Ksp = [A][Z] = x2
x =
4.25 ×
10–7 = 6.52 × 10–4 M

395
547. Given: V NaOH = 0.320 L 2NaOH + CaCl2 → 2NaCl + Ca(OH)2
[NaOH] = 0.046 M
V CaCl2 = 0.400 L Ca(OH)2(s) T Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
[CaCl2] = 0.085 M Ksp = [Ca2+][OH–]2 = 5.5 × 10–6
Ksp Ca(OH)2
= 5.5 × 10–6 0.085 mol Ca2+
Unknown: whether a pre-
(0.400 L) ⎯⎯ = 0.034 mol Ca2+
L
cipitate
0.046 mol OH–

of Ca(OH)2
(0.320 L) ⎯⎯ = 0.0147 mol OH–
forms L
Total volume = 0.320 L + 0.400 L = 0.720 L
0.034 mol Ca2+

= 0.0472 mol/L Ca2+
0.720 L
0.0147 mol OH–

= 0.0204 mol/L OH–
0.720 L
[Ca2+][OH–]2 = (0.0472)(0.0204)2
= 1.9 × 10–5 = ion product
1.9 × 10–5 > Ksp; precipitation occurs
548. Given: V AgNO3 = 0.020 L AgNO3 + NaC2H3O2 → AgC2H3O2 + NaNO3

[AgNO3] = 0.077 M
V NaC2H3O2 AgC2H3O2(s) T Ag+(aq) + C2H3O–2(aq)
= 0.030 L Ksp = [Ag+][C2H3O–2] = 2.5 × 10–3
[NaC2H3O2]
= 0.043 M 0.077 mol Ag+
Ksp AgC2H3O2
= 2.5 × 10–3

(0.020 L) ⎯⎯ = 1.54 × 10–3 mol Ag+
L

Unknown: whether a pre- 0.043 mol C2H3O2
(0.030 L) ⎯⎯⎯ = 1.29 × 10–3 mol C2H3O2
cipitate forms L
Total volume = 0.020 L + 0.030 L = 0.050 L
1.54 × 10–3 mol Ag+

= 0.031 mol/L Ag+
0.050 L
1.29 × 10–3 mol C2H3O–2

= 0.026 mol/L C2H3O–2
0.050 L
[Ag+][C2H3O–2] = (0.031)(0.026) = 8.1 × 10–4 = ion product
8.1 × 10–4 < 2.5 × 10–3; no precipitation

396
549. Given: V Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 2NaCl → PbCl2 + 2Na(C2H3O2)
= 0.100 L
[Pb(C2H3O2)] PbCl2(s) T Pb+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
= 0.036 M Ksp = [Pb+][Cl–]2 = 1.9 × 10–4
V NaCl = 0.050 L
[NaCl] = 0.074 M 0.036 mol Pb+
Ksp PbCl2
= 1.9 × 10–4

(0.100 L) ⎯⎯ = 3.6 × 10–3 mol Pb+
L
0.074 mol Cl–

Unknown: whether a
(0.050 L) ⎯⎯ = 3.7 × 10–3 mol Cl–
precipitate L
forms
Total volume = 0.1 L + 0.05 L = 0.15 L
3.6 × 10–3 mol Pb+

= 0.024 mol/L Pb+
0.15 L
3.7 × 10–3 mol Cl–

= 0.025 mol/L Cl–
0.15 L
[Pb+][Cl–]2 = (0.024)(0.025)2 = 1.5 × 10–5 = ion product
550. Given: V (NH4)2S 3(NH4)2S + 2Al(NO3)3 → Al2S3 + 6NH4NO3

= 0.020 L
[(NH4)2S] Al2S3(s) T 2Al3+(aq) + 3S2–(aq)
= 0.0090 M Ksp = [Al3+]2[S2–]3 = 2.00 × 10–7
V Al(NO3)3

= 0.120 L 0.0082 mol Al3+
[Al(NO3)3] (0.120 L) ⎯⎯ = 9.8 × 10–4 mol Al3+
= 0.0082 M L
0.0090Lmol S
Ksp Al2S3 2–
–4
= 2.00 × 10–7 (0.020 L) ⎯⎯ = 1.8 × 10 mol S2–
Unknown: whether a
precipitate Total volume = 0.120 L + 0.020 L = 0.140 L
forms
9.8 × 10–4 mol Al3+
= 7.0 × 10−3 mol/L Al3+
0.140 L
1.8 × 10–4 mol S2–

= 1.3 × 10−3 mol/L S2–
0.140 L
[Al3+]2[S2–]3 = (7.0 × 10–3)2(1.3 × 10–3)3 = 1.1 × 10–13 = ion product
551. Given: [CaCrO4] = CaCrO4(s) T Ca2+ + CrO2–

4
0.010 M
Ksp = [Ca2+][CrO2–
4 ]
Unknown: Ksp
[Ca2+] = 0.010 M
[CrO2–
4 ] = 0.010 M
Ksp = (0.010)2 = 1.0 × 10–4

397
0.001 L 350.12 g PbSeO
552. Given: Solubility of 36 g PbSeO 1000 mL 1 mol PbSeO –4
PbSeO4 = 0.001 36 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ = 3.88 × 10 4 4
M PbSeO4
10.00 mL 4
g/10.00 mL
Unknown: Ksp PbSeO4(s) T Pb2+(aq) + SeO2–
4 (aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][SeO2–
4 ]
[Pb2+] = [SeO2– –4
4 ] = 3.88 × 10 M
Ksp = (3.88 × 10–4)2 = 1.51 × 10–7
553. Given: V of CuSCN = a. CuSCN(s) T Cu1+(aq) + SCN1–(aq)

0.0225 L Ksp = [Cu1+][SCN1–]
[CuSCN] =
4.0 × 10–6 M [Cu1+] = [SCN1–] = 4.0 × 10–6 M
Unknown: a. Ksp Ksp = (4.0 × 10–6)2 = 1.6 × 10–11
b. mass of
CuSCN dis-
solved in b. solubility =
1 × 10–3 L
of solution
x g CuSCN
4.0 × 10–6 M = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
3 1 mol CuSCN
1 × 10 L 121.64 g CuSCN
x = (4.0 × 10–6 M)(1000 L)(121.64 g)/1 mol = 0.49 g
554. Given: [Ag2Cr2O7] Ag2Cr2O7(s) T 2Ag+(aq) + Cr2O2–

7 (aq)
= 3.684 × 10–3 M
Ksp = [Ag+]2[Cr2O2–
7 ]
Unknown: Ksp
[Ag+] = (2)(3.684 × 10–3 M) = 7.368 × 10–3 M
[Cr2O–7] = 3.684 × 10–3 M
Ksp = (7.368 × 10–3)2(3.684 × 10–3) = 2.000 × 10–7
555. Given: Ksp BaSO3 = a. BaSO3(s) T Ba2+(aq) + SO2–

3 (aq)
8.0 × 10–7 Ksp = [Ba2+][SO2– ]
3
Unknown: a. [BaSO3]
b. mass of [Ba2+] = [SO2–
3 ]=x
BaSO3 dis- Ksp = x2 = 8.0 × 10–7
solved in
500. mL H2O x =
8.0 × 1
0–7 = 8.9 × 10–4 M = [BaSO3]
b. solubility =

x g BaSO 1000 mL 1 mol BaSO3
8.9 × 10–4 M = 3
500 mL 1L 217.37 g BaSO3
(8.9 × 10–4 M)(500 mL)(1 L)(217.37 g)
x =
(1000 mL)(1 mol)
= 0.097 g
556. Given: Ksp PbCl2 = PbCl2(s) T Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–

1.9 × 10–4
Ksp = [Pb2+][Cl–]2
Unknown: [PbCl2]
[Pb2+] = x
[Cl–] = 2x
Ksp = 1.9 × 10–4 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3
x =
1.9 × 1
0–4/4 = 0.036 M = [PbCl2]
3

398
557. Given: Ksp BaCO3 = a. BaCO3(s) T Ba2+(aq) + CO2– 3 (aq)
1.2 × 10–8
Ksp = [Ba2+][CO2–
3 ] = 1.2 × 10–8
Unknown: a. [BaCO3]
b. volume of 1.2 × 10–8 = x2
water needed
x = 1.1 × 10–4 M = [BaCO3]
to dissolve
0.10 g BaCO3
b. solubility =

0.10 g BaCO 1 mol BaCO3
1.1 × 10–4 M = ⎯⎯3
x 197.31 g BaCO3
x = (0.10 g BaCO3) ⎯⎯

1 mol BaCO3
⎯⎯
1
197.31 g BaCO3 1.1 × 10–4 M
x = 4.6 L
558. Given: Ksp SrSO4 = a. SrSO4(s) T Sr2+(aq) + SO2–

4 (aq)
3.2 × 10–7 Ksp = [Sr ][SO4 ] = 3.2 × 10–7
2+ 2–
Unknown: a. [SrSO4]
b. mass of 3.2 × 10–7 = x2
SrSO4 re- x = 5.7 × 10–4 M = [SrSO4]
maining after
20.0 L satu-
rated solution b. solubility =

x g SrSO 1 mol SrSO4
is evaporated 5.7 × 10–4 M = ⎯⎯4
20.0 L 183.65 g SrSO4
x = (5.7 × 10–4 M)(20.0 L)(183.65 g SrSO4/mol)
= 2.1 g
559. Given: Ksp SrSO3 = SrSO3(s) T Sr2+(aq) + SO2–

3 (aq)
4.0 × 10–8
solubility = Ksp = [Sr2+][SO2–
3 ] = 4.0 × 10
–8
1.0000 g/5.0 L 4.0 × 10–8 = x2

H2O
Unknown: mass of x = 2.0 × 10–4 = [SrSO3]
SrSO3 re-
solubility =
maining after
saturated

x 1 mol
solution is 2.0 × 10–4 M = ⎯⎯
filtered 5 L 167.66 g SrSO3

167.66 g SrSO
x = (2.0 × 10–4 M)(5 L) ⎯⎯3
1 mol
= 0.17 g SrSO3
1.000 g – 0.17 g = 0.83 g SrSO3
560. Given: Ksp Mn3(AsO4)2 Mn3(AsO4)2(s) T 3Mn2+(aq) + 2AsO3–

4 (aq)
= 1.9 × 10–11
Ksp = [Mn2+]3[AsO43–]2
Unknown: [Mn3(AsO4)2]
in a saturated [Mn2+] = 3x
solution
[AsO43–] = 2x
Ksp = 1.9 × 10–11 = (3x)3(2x)2 = 108x5
x = 2.8 × 10–3 M = [Mn3(AsO4)2]

399
561. Given: V Sr(NO3)2 = a. Sr(NO3)2 + K2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2KNO3
0.030 L SrSO4(s) Sr2+(aq) + SO2– 4 (aq)
[Sr(NO3)2] =
0.0050 M Ksp = [Sr ][SO4 ] = 3.2 × 10–7
2+ 2–
V K2SO4 = 0.020 L
0.0050 mol Sr2+
[K2SO4] = 0.010 M
Ksp SrSO4 = 3.2
(0.030 L) ⎯⎯ = 1.5 × 10–4 mol Sr2+
L
× 10–7
0.010 mol SO2–
Unknown: a. ion pro-
duct of the
(0.020 L) ⎯⎯
L 4

= 2.0 × 10–4 mol SO42–
ions that
Total volume = 0.030 L + 0.020 L = 0.050 L
can form a
precipitate 1.5 × 10–4 mol Sr2+
(b) whether = 3.0 × 10–3 mol/L Sr2+
a precipitate 0.050 L
forms 2.0 × 10–4 mol SO42–
= 4.0 × 10–3 mol/L SO42–
0.050 L
[Sr2+][SO42–] = (3.0 × 10–3)(4.0 × 10–3)
= 1.2 × 10–5 = ion product
b. 1.2 × 10–5 > 3.2 × 10–7; precipitation occurs
562. Given: Ksp PbBr2 = a. MgBr2 + Pb(C2H3O2)2 → PbBr2 + Mg(C2H3O2)2

6.3 × 10–6 PbBr2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Br–(aq)
V MgBr2
= 0.120 L Ksp = [Pb2+][Br–]2 = 6.3 × 10–6
[MgBr2]
= 0.0035 M
V Pb(C2H3O2)2 0.0024 mol Pb2+

(0.180 L) ⎯⎯ = 4.3 × 10–4 mol Pb2+
L
= 0.180 L
0.0035Lmol Br
–
[Pb(C2H3O2)2] (0.120 L) ⎯⎯ = 4.2 × 10 –4
mol Br–
= 0.0024 M
Unknown: a. ion pro-
Total volume = 0.180 L + 0.120 L = 0.3 L
duct of Br–
and Pb2+ in 4.3 × 10–4 mol Pb2+
the mixed = 1.4 × 10–3 mol/L Pb2+
solution 0.3 L
b. whether 4.2 × 10–4 mol Br–
a precipitate = 1.4 × 10–3 mol/L Br–
forms 0.3 L
[Br–] = (2)(1.4 × 10–3) = 2.8 × 10–3
ion product = [Pb2+][Br–]2 = (1.4 × 10–3)(2.8 × 10–3)2
= 1.1 × 10–8
b. 1.1 × 10–8 < 6.3 × 10–6; no precipitation occurs

400
563. Given: Ksp Mg(OH)2 = b. Ksp = [Mg2+][OH–]2
1.5 × 10–11
[Mg2+] = x
Unknown: b. volume of
H2O required [OH–] = 2x
to dissolve
0.10 g Ksp = 1.5 × 10–11 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3
Mg(OH)2 x = 1.6 × 10–4 M = [Mg(OH)2]
solubility =

0.10 g Mg(OH) 1 mol Mg(OH)2
1.6 × 10–4 M = ⎯⎯2 ⎯⎯
x 58.3 g Mg(OH)2
x = (0.10 g Mg(OH)2) ⎯⎯

1 mol Mg(OH)2

1
58.3 g Mg(OH)2 1.6 × 10–4 M
= 11 L
564. Given: Ksp Li2CO3 = a. Li2CO3 2Li+ + CO2– 3

2.51 × 10–2 Ksp = [Li+]2[CO2–]
3
Unknown: a. [Li2CO3]
b. mass of [Li+] = 2x
Li2CO3 dis- [CO2–
3 ]=x
solved to
make 3440 Ksp = 2.51 × 10–2 = (2x)2(x) = 4x3
mL of satu-
rated solution x = 0.184 M = [Li2CO3]
b. solubility =

x 1000 mL 1 mol Li2CO3
0.184 M =
3440 mL L 73.86 g Li2CO3

1L 73.86 g Li2CO3
x = (0.184 M)(3440 mL) ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
1000 mL 1 mol
= 46.8 g
565. Given: V Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl → BaCl2 +2H2O

= 0.050 L
V HCl BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl–
= 0.03161 L
[HCl] = 0.3417 M
Unknown: Ksp Ba(OH)2

0.3417 mol HCl
(0.03161 L) ⎯⎯ = 0.01080 mol HCl
L
1⎯
2 mol HCl
mol Ba(OH)
⎯ (0.01080 mol HCl) = 5.400 × 10
2 –3
mol Ba(OH)2
5.400 × 10–3 mol Ba(OH)2

= 0.1080 M Ba(OH)2
0.050 L
Ksp = [Ba2+][Cl–]2
[Ba(OH)2] = 0.1080 M
[Ba2+] = 0.1080 M
[Cl–] = (2)(0.1080) = 0.2160 M
Ksp = (0.1080)(0.2160)2
= 5.040 × 10–3

401
566. QR → Q+ + R– Ksp = [Q+][R–]
a. Given: [QR] = 1.0 M = (1.0)(1.0) = 1.0
Unknown: Ksp
b. Given: [QR] = 0.50 M Ksp = [Q+][R–]
Unknown: Ksp = (0.50)(0.50) = 0.25
c. Given: [QR] = 0.1 M Ksp = (0.1)(0.1) = 0.01

Unknown: Ksp
d. Given: [QR] = 0.001 M Ksp = (0.001)(0.001) = 1 × 10–6

Unknown: Ksp
567. Given: Saturated solu- a. QR → Q+ + R–

tions of the salts
QR, X2Y, KL2, Ksp = [Q+][R–] = (0.02)2 = 4 × 10–4
A3Z, and D2E3
are 0.02 M b. X2Y → 2X+ + Y–
Unknown: Ksp for each
Ksp = [X+]2[Y–]
salt
[X+] = (2)(0.02) = 0.04 M
[Y–] = 0.02 M
Ksp = (0.04)2(0.02) = 3 × 10–5
c. KL2 → K+ + 2L–
Ksp = [K+][L–]2
[K+] = 0.02 M
[L–] = (2)(0.02) = 0.04 M
Ksp = (0.02)(0.04)2 = 3 × 10–5
d. A3Z → 3A+ + Z–
Ksp = [A+]3[Z–]
[A+] = (3)(0.02) = 0.06 M
[Z–] = 0.02 M
Ksp = (0.06)3(0.02) = 4 × 10–6
e. D2E3 → 2D+ + 3E–
Ksp = [D+]2[E–]3
[D+] = (2)(0.02) = 0.04 M
[E–] = (3)(0.02) = 0.06 M
Ksp = (0.04)2(0.06)3 = 3 × 10–7

402
568. Given: Ksp of AgBr = a. AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br–(aq)
5.0 × 10–13
Unknown: a. [AgBr] Ksp = [Ag+][Br–]
b. mass of [Ag+] = [Br–] = x
AgBr in
10.0 L of Ksp = x2 = 5.0 × 10–13
saturated
solution x = 7.1 × 10–7 M = [AgBr]
b. solubility =

x AgBr 1 mol Ag Br
7.1 × 10–7 M = ⎯ ⎯
10 .0 L 187.87 g AgBr
x = (7.1 × 10–7 M)(10.0 L)(187.87 g)/1 mol
= 1.3 × 10–3 g
569. Given: Ksp of Ca(OH)2 = a. Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)

5.5 × 10–6
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH–]2
Unknown: a. molarity of
saturated [Ca2+] = x
Ca(OH)2
solution [OH–] = 2x
b. [OH–]
Ksp = 5.5 × 10–6 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3
c. pH
x = 0.011 M = [Ca(OH)2]
b. [OH–] = (2)(x) = (2)(0.011 M) = 0.022 M
c. [H3O+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
[H3O+] = 1 × 10–14 M2
0.022 M
= 4.5 × 10–13
pH = –log [H3O+]
= –log (4.5 × 10–13)
= 12.35
570. Given: Ksp of MgCO3 = MgCO3(s) Mg2+(aq) + CO2–

3 (aq)
3.5 × 10–8
Ksp = [Mg2+][CO2–
3 ]
Unknown: mass of
MgCO3 dis- [Mg2+] = [CO2–
3 ]=x
solved in
4.00 L of Ksp = x2 = 3.5 × 10–8
water
x = 1.9 × 10–4 M = [MgCO3]
solubility =

x 1 mol MgCO3
1.9 × 10–4 M =
4.00 L 84.29 g MgCO3
x = (1.9 × 10–4 M)(4.00 L)(84.29 g)/1 mol
= 0.064 g

403
571. Formula equation:
Fe + SnCl4 → FeCl3 + SnCl2
Ionic equation:
0 +4 –1 +3 –1 +2 –1
Fe + Sn4+ + 4Cl– → Fe3+ + 3Cl– + Sn2+ + 2Cl–
Oxidation half-reaction:
0 +3
2[Fe → Fe3+ + 3e–] = 2Fe → 2Fe3+ + 6e–
Reduction half-reaction:
+4 +2
3[SnCl4 + 2e– → SnCl2 + 2Cl–] = 3SnCl4 + 6e– → 3SnCl2 + 6Cl–
Combine half-reactions:
2Fe → 2Fe3+ + 6e–
3SnCl4 + 6e– → 3SnCl2 + 6Cl–
3SnCl4 + 2Fe → 3SnCl2 + 2Fe3+ + 6Cl–
Combine ions to form balanced equation:
2Fe + 3SnCl4 → 2FeCl3 + 3SnCl2
H2O2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+1 −1 +2 +6−2 +1 +6−2 +3 +6−2 +1 −2
H2O2 + Fe2+ +(S
SO2– + 2–
– 3+ 2–
4 + 2H +(SO4 → 2Fe + 3(SO4 ) + H2O
+2 +3
2Fe2+ → 2Fe3+ + 2e–
+1 –1 +1 –2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → 2H2O
2Fe2+ → 2F3+ + 2e–
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → H2O + H2O
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2Fe2+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
H2O2 + 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O

404
CuS + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + S + H2O
Ionic equation:
+5 –2 +5 –2 +2 –2 0 +1 –2
Cu2+ + S2– + H+ + NO –3 → Cu2+ + 2NO –3 + NO + S + H2O
–2 0
3[CuS → 2e– + Cu2+ + S] = 3CuS → 6e– + 3Cu2+ + 3S
+5 +2
2[4HNO3 + 3e– → 3NO–3 + NO + 2H2O]
= 8HNO3 + 6e– → 6NO–3 + 2NO + 4H2O
3CuS → 6e– + 3Cu2+ + 3S
8HNO3 + 6e– → 6NO–3 + 2NO + 4H2O
3CuS + 8HNO3 → 3Cu2+ + 3S + 6NO–3 + 2NO + 4H2O
3CuS + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 3S + 4H2O
K2Cr2O7 + HI → CrI3 + KI + I2 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+1 +6 –2 +1 –1 +3 –1 +1 –1 0 +1 –2
2K+ + Cr2O72– + H I → Cr3+ + 3I– + K I + I2 + H2O
–1 0
3[2I– → I2 + 2e–] = 6I– → 3I2 + 6e–
+6 +3
K2Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 8I– + 6e– → 2CrI3 + 2KI + 7H2O
6I– → 3I2 + 6e–
K2Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 8I– + 6e– → 2CrI3 + 2KI + 7H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 14I– → 2CrI3 + 2KI + 3I2 + 7H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 14HI → 2CrI3 + 2KI + 3I2 + 7H2O

405
CO2 + NH2OH → CO + N2 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+4 –2 –1+1 –2+1 +2 –2 0 +1 –2
CO2 + NH2OH → CO + N2 + H2O
–1 0
2NH2OH + 2OH– → N2 + 4H2O + 2e–
+4 +2
CO2 + H2O + 2e– → CO + 2OH–
2NH2OH + 2OH– → N2 + 4H2O + 2e–
CO2 + H2O + 2e– → CO + 2OH–
CO2 + 2NH2OH → CO + N2 + 3H2O
CO2 + 2NH2OH → CO + N2 + 3H2O
Bi(OH)3 + K2SnO2 → Bi + K2SnO3
Ionic equation:
+3 –2+1 +1 +2 –2 0 +1 +4 –2
Bi3+ + 3OH – + 2K+ + SnO2– + 2–
2 → Bi + 2K + SnO3
+2 +4
3[2K+ + SnO2– + 2– + –
2 + H2O → 2K + SnO3 + 2H + 2e ]
= 6K+ + 3SnO2– + 2– +
2 + 3H2O → 6K + 3SnO3 + 6H + 6e
–
+3 0
2[Bi3+ + 3OH– + 3H+ + 3e– → Bi + 3H2O]
= 2Bi3+ + 6OH– + 6H+ + 6e– → 2Bi + 6H2O
6K+ + 3SnO2– + 2– +
2 + 3H2O → 6K + 3SnO3 + 6H + 6e
–
2Bi3+ + 6OH– + 6H+ + 6e– → 2Bi + 6H2O
6K+ + 2Bi3+ + 6OH– + 3SnO2– + 2–

2 → 6K + 2Bi + H2O + 3SnO3
2Bi(OH)3 + 3K2SnO2 → 2Bi + 3K2SnO3 + 3H2O

406
Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
Ionic equation:
0 0 +2 –3
Mg + N2 → 3Mg2+ + 2N3–
0 +2
3Mg → 3Mg2+ + 6e–
0 –3
N2 + 6e– → 2N3–
3Mg → 3Mg2+ + 6e–
N2 + 6e– → 2N3–
3Mg + N2 → 3Mg2+ + 2N3+
3Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
SO2 + Br2 + H2O → HBr + H2SO4
Ionic equation:
+4–2 0 +1 –2 +1 –1 +1 +6 –2
SO 2 + Br2 + H2O → H+ + Br– + 2H+ + SO 2–
4
+4 +6
SO2 + 2H2O → SO2– +
4 + 4H + 2e
–
0 –1
Br2 + 2e– → 2Br–
SO2 + 2H2O → SO2– +

4 + 4H + 2e
–
Br2 + 2e– → 2Br–
SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 → 2Br– + SO2–

4 + 4H
+
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O → 2HBr + H2SO4

407
H2S + Cl2 → S + HCl
Ionic equation:
+1 –2 0 0 +1 –1
2H+2 + S 2– + Cl2 → S + H+ + Cl–
–2 0
S 2– + 2H+ → S + 2H+ + 2e–
0 –1
Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–
S2– + 2H+ → S + 2H+ + 2e–
Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–
S2– + 2H+ + Cl2 → S + 2Cl– + 2H+
H2S + Cl2 → S + 2HCl

–2
PbO2 + HBr → PbBr2 + Br2 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+4 –2 +1 –1 +2 –1 0 +1 –2
PbO2 + H+ + Br– → PbBr2 + Br2 + H2O
–1 0
2Br– → Br2 + 2e–
+4 +2
2Br– + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → PbBr2 + 2H2O
2Br– → Br2 + 2e–
2Br– + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → PbBr2 + 2H2O
4Br– + PbO2 + 4H+ → PbBr2 + Br2 + 2H2O
PbO2 + 4HBbr → PbBr2 + Br2 + 2H2O

408
S + HNO3 → NO2 + H2SO4 + H2O
Ionic equation:
0 +1+5–2 +4 –2 +1 +6–2 +1 –2
S + H N O3 → N O2 + 2H+ + S O2–
4 + H2O
0 +6
S + 4H2O → SO2– +
4 + 8H + 6e
–
+5 +4
6[HNO–3 + H+ + 1e– → NO2 + H2O] = 6HNO3 + 6H+ + 6e– → 6NO2 + 6H2O
S + 4H2O → SO2– +
4 + 8H + 6e
–
6HNO3 + 6H+ + 6e– → 6NO2 + 6H2O
S + 6HNO3 → SO2– +
4 + 2H + 6NO2 + 2H2O
S + 6HNO3 → 6NO2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O
NaIO3 + N2H4 + HCl → N2 + NaICl2 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+1 +5 –2 –2 +1 +1 –1 0 +1 +1 –1 +1 –2
NaIO 3 + N2H4 + H+ + Cl– → N2 + NaI Cl2 + H2O
–2 0
N2H4 → N2 + 4H+ + 4e–
+5 +1
NaIO3 + 6H+ + 2Cl– + 4e– → NaICl2 + 3H2O
N2H4 → N2 + 4H+ + 4e–
NaIO3 + 6H+ + 2Cl– + 4e– → NaICl2 + 3H2O
NaIO3 + 2H+ + 2Cl– + N2H4 → NaICl2 + 3H2O + N2
NaIO3 + N2H4 + 2HCl → N2 + NaICl2 + 3H2O

409
MnO2 + H2O2 + HCl → MnCl2 + O2 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+4 –2 +1 –1 +1 –1 +2 –1 0 +1 –2
MnO2 + H2O2 + H+ + Cl– → Mn2+ + 2Cl– + O2 + H2O
–1 0
H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e–
+4 +2
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Cl– + 2e– → Mn2+ + 2H2O + 2Cl–
H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e–
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Cl– + 2e– → Mn2+ + 2H2O + 2Cl–
MnO2 + 2H+ + H2O2 + 2Cl– → Mn2+ + 2H2O + O2 + 2Cl–
MnO2 + H2O2 + 2HCl → MnCl2 + O2 + 2H2O
AsH3 + NaClO3 → H3AsO4 + NaCl
Ionic equation:
–3 +1 +1 +5 –2 +1 +5 –2 +1 –1
AsH3 + Na+ + ClO3– → 3H+ + AsO3– +
4 + Na + Cl
–
–3 +5
3[AsH3 + 4H2O → AsO3– + –
4 + 11H + 8e ]
= 3AsH3 + 12H2O → 3AsO4 + 33H+ + 24e–
+5 –1
4[ClO3 + 6H+ + Na+ + 6e– → Cl– + 3H2O + Na+]
= 4ClO3 + 24H+ + 4Na+ + 24e– → 4Cl– + 12H2O + 4Na+
3AsH3 + 12H2O → 3AsO4 + 33H+ + 24e–
4ClO3 + 24H+ + 4Na+ + 24e– → 4Cl– + 12H2O + 4Na+
3AsH3 + 4ClO3 + 4Na+ → 3AsO4 + 9H+ + 4Na+ + 4Cl–
3AsH3 + 4NaClO3 → 3H3AsO4 + 4NaCl

410
K2Cr2O7 + H2C2O4 + HCl → CrCl3 + CO2 + KCl + H2O
Ionic equation:
+1 +6 –2 +1 +3 –2 +1 –1
2K+ + Cr2O2– + 2– + –
7 + 2H + C2O4 + H + Cl →
+3 –1 +4 –2 +1 –1 +1 –2
Cr3+ + 3Cl– + C O2 + K+ + Cl– + H2O
+3 +4
3[C2O4 → 2CO2 + 2e–] = 3C2O4 → 6CO2 + 6e–
+6 +3
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3C2O4 → 6CO2 + 6e–
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 3C2O4 → 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 3H2C2O4 + 8HCl → 2CrCl3 + 6CO2 + 2KCl + 7H2O

+2 +5 –2 +2 –2 +4 –2 0
Hg(NO 3)2 → HgO + N O2 + O2
–2 0
2O → O2 + 4e–
+5 +4
4[N + 1e– → N] = 4N + 4e– → 4N
Balanced equation:
2Hg(NO3)2 → 2HgO + 4NO2 + O2

411
HAuCl4 + N2H4 → Au + N2 + HCl
Ionic equation:
+1 +3 –1 –2 +1 0 0 +1 –1
H + AuCl–4 + N2H4 → Au + N2 + H+ + Cl–
+
–2 0
3[N2H4 → N2 + 4H+ + 4e–] = 3N2H4 → 3N2 + 12H+ + 12e–
+3 0
4[HAuCl4 + 3e– → Au + 4H+ + 4Cl–] = 4HAuCl4 + 12e– → 4Au + 16Cl + 4H+
3N2H4 → 3N2 + 12H+ + 12e–
4HAuCl–4 + 12e– → 4Au + 16Cl– + 4H+
4AuCl–4 + 3N2H4 → 4Au + 16Cl– + 3N2 + 16H+
4HAuCl4 + 3N2H4 → 4Au + 3N2 + 16HCl

Sb2(SO4)3 + KMnO4 + H2O → H3SbO4 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2SO4
Ionic equation:
+3 +6 –2 +1 +7 –2 +1 –2
2Sb3+ + 3SO 2– + –
4 + K + MnO4 + H2O →
+1 +5 –2 +1 +6 –2 +2 +6–2 +1 +6 –2
3H+ + SbO3– + 2–
4 + 2K + SO 4 + Mn
2+
+ SO 2– + 2–
4 + 2H + SO 4
+3 +5
5[2Sb3+ + 3SO2– 3– 2– + –
4 + 8H2O → 2SbO4 + 3SO4 + 16H + 4e ]
= 10Sb3+ + 15SO2– 3– 2– +
4 + 40H2O → 10SbO4 + 15SO4 + 80H + 20e
–
+7 +2
4[K+ + MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– → K+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O]
= 4K+ + 4MnO4 + 32H+ + 20e– → 4K+ + 4Mn2+ + 16H2O
10Sb3+ + 15SO2– 3– 2– +
4 + 40H2O → 10SbO4 + 15SO4 + 80H + 20e
–
4MnO–4 + 4K+ + 32H+ + 20e– → 4Mn2+ + 4K+ + 16H2O
10Sb3+ + 24H2O + 4MnO–4 + 15SO2– +

4 + 4K →
10SbO3– +
4 + 48H + 4Mn
2+
+ 15SO2–
4 + 4K
+

5Sb2(SO4)3 + 4KMnO4 + 24H2O → 10H3SbO4 + 2K2SO4 + 4MnSO4 + 9H2SO4

412
Mn(NO3)2 + NaBiO3 + HNO3 → Bi(NO3)2 + HMnO4 + NaNO3 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+2 +5–2 +1 +5 –2 +1 +5 –2
Mn2+ + 2NO–3 + NaBiO3 + H+ + N O–3
+2 +5–2 +1 +7 –2 +1 +5–2 +1 –2
→ Bi2+ + 2NO–3 + H MnO4 + Na+ + N O–3 + H2O
+2 +7
3[Mn2+ + 4H2O → HMnO4 + 7H+ + 5e–]
= 3Mn2+ + 12H2O → 3HMnO4 + 21H+ + 15e–
+5 +2
5[NaBiO3 + 6H+ + 3e– → Bi2+ + Na+ + 3H2O]
= 5NaBiO3 + 30H+ + 15e– → 5Bi2+ + 5Na+ + 15H2O
3Mn2+ + 12H2O → 3HMnO4 + 21H+ + 15e–
5NaBiO3 + 30H+ + 15e– → 5Bi2+ + 5Na+ + 15H2O
3Mn2+ + 5NaBiO3 + 9H+ → 3MnO4 + 5Na+ + 5Bi2+ + 3H2O
3Mn(NO3)2 + 5NaBiO3 + 9HNO3 → 5Bi(NO3)2 + 3HMnO4 + 5NaNO3 + 3H2O
H3AsO4 + Zn + HCl → AsH3 + ZnCl2 + H2O
Ionic equation:
+1 +5 –2 0 +1 –1 –3 +1 +2 –1 +1 –2
3H+ + AsO3– + –
4 + Zn + H + Cl → AsH3 + Zn
2+
+ 2Cl– + H2O
0 +2
4[Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–] = 4Zn → 4Zn2+ + 8e–
+5 –3
AsO4 + 11H+ + 8Cl– + 8e– → AsH3 + 4H2O + 8Cl–
4Zn → 4Zn2+ + 8e–
AsO4 + 11H+ + 8Cl– + 8e– → AsH3 + 4H2O + 8Cl–
AsO4 + 11H+ + 4Zn + 8Cl– → AsH3 + 4H2O + 4Zn2+ + 8Cl–
H3AsO4 + 4Zn + 8HCl → AsH3 + 4ZnCl2 + 4H2O

413
KClO3 + HCl → Cl2 + H2O + KCl
Ionic equation:
+5 –2 +1 –1 0 +1 –2 +1 –1
K+ + ClO–3 + H+ + Cl– → Cl2 + H2O + K+ + Cl–
–1 0
3[2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–] = 6Cl– → 3Cl2 + 6e–
+5 –1
K+ + ClO–3 + 6H+ + 6e– → K+ + Cl– + 3H2O
6Cl– → 3Cl2 + 6e–
K+ + ClO–3 + 6H+ + 6e– → K+ + Cl– + 3H2O
K+ + ClO–3 + 6H+ + 6Cl– → K+ + Cl– + 3H2O + 3Cl2
KClO3 + 6HCl → 3Cl2 + 3H2O + KCl
KClO3 + HCl → Cl2 + ClO2 + H2O + KCl
Ionic equation:
+1+5 –2 +1–1 0 +4 –2 +1 –2 +1 –1
KC lO3 + HCl– → Cl2 + ClO2 + H2O + K+ + Cl–
–1 +4
2[2HCl + 2H2O → ClO2 + 6H+ + Cl– + 5e–]
= 4HCl + 4H2O → 2ClO2 + 12H+ + 2Cl– + 10e–
+5 0
2KClO3 + 12H+ + 10e– → Cl2 + 2K+ + 6H2O
4HCl + 4H2O → 2ClO2 + 12H+ + 2Cl– + 10e–
2KClO3+ 12H+ + 10e– → Cl2 + 2K+ + 6H2O
4HCl + 2KClO3 → 2ClO2 + 2K+ + Cl2 + 2H2O + 2Cl–
2KClO3 + 4HCl → Cl2 + 2ClO2 + 2H2O + 2KCl

414
MnCl3 + H2O → MnCl2 + MnO2 + HCl
Ionic equation:
+3 –1 +1 –2 +2 –1 +4 –2 +1 –1
Mn3+ + 3Cl– + H2O → Mn2+ + 2Cl– + MnO2 + H+ + Cl–
+3 +4
Mn3+ + 3Cl– + 2H2O → MnO2 + 3Cl– + 4H+ + 1e–
+3 +2
Mn3+ + 3Cl– + 1e– → Mn2+ + 3Cl–
Mn3+ + 3Cl– + 2H2O → MnO2 + 3Cl– + 4H+ + 1e–
Mn3+ + 3Cl– + 1e– → Mn2+ + 3Cl–
2Mn3+ + 6Cl– + 2H2O → Mn2+ + 6Cl– + MnO2 + 4H+
2MnCl3 + 2H2O → MnCl2 + MnO2 + 4HCl
NaOH + H2O + Al → NaAl(OH)4 + H2 (in basic solution)
Ionic equation:
+1 –2+1 +1 –2 0 +1 +3 –2+1 0
Na+ + OH– + H2O + Al → Na+Al(OH)–4 + H2
0 +3
2[Al + Na++ 4OH– → Al(OH)–4 + Na+ + 3e–]
= 2Al + 2Na+ + 8OH– → 2Al(OH)–4 + 2Na+ + 6e–
+1 0
3[2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH–] = 6H2O + 6e– → 3H2 + 6OH–
2Al + 2Na+ + 8OH– → 2Al(OH)–4 + 2Na+ + 6e–

6H2O + 6e– → 3H2 + 6OH–
2Al + 2Na+ + 2OH– + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)–4 + 2Na+ + 3H2
2NaOH + 6H2O + 2Al → 2NaAl(OH)4 + 3H2

415
Br2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaBr2 + Ca(BrO3)2 + H2O (in basic solution)
Ionic equation:
0 +2 –2+1 +2 –1 +2 +5 –2 +1 –2
Br2 + Ca2+ + 2OH– → Ca2+ + 2Br– + Ca2+ + 2BrO–3 + H2O
0 +5
Br2 + 6Ca2+ + 12OH– → 2BrO–3 + 6Ca2+ + 6H2O + 10e–
0 –1
5[Br2 + 2e– → 2Br–] = 5Br2 + 10e → 10Br–
Br2 + Ca2+ + 12OH– → 2BrO3 + Ca2+ + 6H2O + 10e–
5Br2 + 10e– → 10Br–
6Br2 + 12OH– → 10Br– + 2BrO3 + 6H2O
6Br2 + 6Ca(OH)2 → 5CaBr2 + Ca(BrO3)2 + 6H2O
N2O + NaClO + NaOH → NaCl + NaNO2 + H2O (in basic solution)
Ionic equation:
+1 –2 +1 +1 –2 +1 –2+1 +1 –1 +1 +3 –2 +1 –2
N2O + NaClO + Na+ OH– → Na+ + Cl– + NaN O2 + H2O
+1 +3
2Na + N2O + 6OH– → 2NaNO2 + 3H2O + 4e–
+1
2[NaClO + H2O + 2e– → Cl– + 20H– + Na+]
= 2NaClO + 2H2O + 4e– → 2Cl– + 4OH– + 2Na+
2Na+ + N2O + 6OH– → 2NaNO2 + 3H2O + 4e–
2NaClO + 2H2O + 4e– → 2Cl– + 4OH– + 2Na+
2Na+ + N2O + 2OH– + 2NaClO → 2NaNO2 + H2O + 2Cl– + 2Na+
N2O + 2NaClO + 2NaOH → 2NaCl + 2NaNO2 + H2O

416
HBr + MnO2 → MnBr2 + H2O + Br2
Ionic equation:
+1 –1 +4 –2 +2 –1 +1 –2 0
H + Br– + MnO2 → MnBr2 + H2O + Br2
+
–1 0
2Br– → Br2 + 2e–
+4 +2
2Br– + MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → MnBr2 + 2H2O
2Br– → Br2 + 2e–
2Br– + MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → MnBr2 + 2H2O
4Br– + MnO2 + 4H+ → Br2 + MnBr2 + 2H2O
4HBr + MnO2 → MnBr2 + 2H2O + Br2
Au + HCl + HNO3 → HAuCl4 + NO + H2O (in aqua regia*)
Ionic equation:
0 +1 –1 +1 +5 –2 +1 +3 –1 +2 –2 +1 –2
Au + H+ + Cl– + H+ + N O3 → H AuCl4 + N O + H2O
0 +3
Au + 4Cl– + H+ → HAuCl4 + 3e–
+5 +2
NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– → NO + 2H2O
Au + 4Cl– + H+ → HAuCl4 + 3e–
NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– → NO + 2H2O
Au + 4Cl– + 5H+ + NO–3 → HAuCl4 + NO + 2H2O
Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → HAuCl4 + NO + 2H2O
*Aqua regia = concentrated HCl + concentrated HNO3.

417
599. +2 2+ 0 +2 0
Cu + Fe → Fe2+ + Cu
Anode = Fe (oxidation)
Cathode = Cu (reduction)
Half-reactions:
Fe T Fe2+ + 2e– E0 = +0.45 V
Cu2+ + 2e– T Cu E0 = +0.34 V
E0cell = +0.79 V; spontaneous
600. +2 2+ +2 2+ +3 3+ 0
Pb + Fe → Fe + Pb
Cathode = Pb (reduction)
Half-reactions:
Fe2+ T Fe3+ + 1e– E0 = –0.77 V
Pb2+ + 2e– T Pb E0 = –0.13 V
E0cell = –0.90 V; not spontaneous
601. +2 +2 +7 0
Mn2+ + 3H2O + Sn2+ → MnO–4 + 8H+ + Sn
Anode = Mn (oxidation)
Cathode = Sn (reduction)
Half-reactions:
Mn2+ + 4H2O MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– E0 = –1.50 V
Sn2+ + 2e– T Sn E0 = –0.14 V
602. +6 2– 0 +7 –1
MnO4 + Cl2 → MnO–4 + 2Cl–
Cathode = Cl (reduction)
Half-reactions:
MnO2– –
4 T MnO4 + e
–
E0 = –0.56 V
Cl2 + 2e– T 2Cl– E0 = +1.36 V

418
603. +1 2+ +6 0 +7
Hg2 + 2MnO2– –
4 → 2Hg + 2MnO4
Cathode = Hg (reduction)
Half-reactions:
MnO2– –
4 T MnO4 + e
–
E0 = –0.56 V
Hg2+ –
2 + 2e T 2Hg E0 = +0.80 V
604. +1 0 0 +2
2Li+ + Pb → 2Li + Pb2+
Anode = Pb (oxidation)
Cathode = Li (reduction)
Half-reactions:
Pb T Pb2+ + 2e– E0 = +0.13 V
Li+ + e– T Li E0 = –3.04 V
605. 0 –1 –1 0
Br2 + 2Cl– → 2Br– + Cl2
Anode = Cl (oxidation)
Cathode = Br (reduction)
Half-reactions:
2Cl– T Cl2 + 2e– E0 = –1.36 V
Br2 + 2e– T 2Br– E0 = +1.07 V
606. 0 –1 –2 0
S + 2I– → S 2– + I2
Anode = I (oxidation)
Cathode = S (reduction)
Half-reactions:
2I– T I2 + 2e– E0 = –0.54 V
S + 2e– T S2– E0 = –0.48 V

419
607. Ca2+ + 2e– T Ca E0 = –2.87 V
Fe3+ + 3e– T Fe E0 = –0.04 V
Anode = Ca (oxidation)
Cathode = Fe (reduction)
Anode reaction:
Ca T Ca2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Fe3+ + 3e– T Fe
E0cell = E0cathode – E0anode = –0.04 – (–2.87) = +2.83 V
608. Ag+ + e– T Ag E0 = +0.80 V
S + 2H+ + 2e– T H2S E0 = +0.14 V
Anode = S (oxidation)
Cathode = Ag (reduction)
Anode reaction:
H2S T S + 2H+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Ag+ + e– T Ag
E0cell = E0cathode – E0anode = +0.80 – (+0.14) = +0.66 V
609. Fe3+ + e– T Fe2+ E0 = +0.77 V
Sn2+ + 2e– T Sn E0 = –0.14 V
Anode = Sn (oxidation)
Anode reaction:
Sn T Sn2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Fe3+ + e– T Fe2+
E0cell = E0cathode – E0anode = +0.77 – (–0.14) = +0.91 V

420
610. Cu2+ + 2e– T Cu E0 = +0.34 V
Au3+ + 3e– T Au E0 = +1.50 V
Anode = Cu (oxidation)
Cathode = Au (reduction)
Anode reaction:
Cu T Cu2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Au3+ + 3e– T Au
611. 0 +2 +2 0
Ba + Sn2+ → Ba2+ + Sn
Anode = Ba (oxidation)
Cathode = Sn (reduction)
Half-reactions:
Ba T Ba2+ + 2e– E0 = +2.91 V
Sn2+ + 2e– T Sn E0 = –0.14 V
612. 0 +2 +2 0
Ni + Hg2+ → Ni2+ + Hg
Anode = Ni (oxidation)
Half-reactions:
Ni T Ni2+ + 2e– E0 = +0.26 V
Hg2+ + 2e– T Hg E0 = +0.85 V
613. +3 +3 +6 +2
2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+ → Cr2O2– +
7 + 14H + 6Fe
2+
Anode = Cr (oxidation)
Half-reactions:
2Cr3+ + 7H2O T Cr2O2– +

7 + 14H + 6e
–
E0 = –1.23 V
Fe3+ + e– T Fe2+ E0 = +0.77 V

421
614. 0 0 –1 +2
Cl2 + Sn → 2Cl– + Sn2+
Half-reactions:
Sn T Sn2+ + 2e– E0 = +0.14 V
Cl2 + 2e– T 2Cl– E0 = +1.36 V
615. 0 +3 +3 0
Al + 3Ag+ → Al3+ + 3Ag
Anode = Al (oxidation)
Half-reactions:
Al T Al3+ + 3e– E0 = +1.66 V
Ag+ + e– T Ag E0 = +0.80 V
616. +1 2+ –22– 0 0
Hg2 + S → 2Hg + S
Half-reactions:
S2– T S + 2e– E0 = +0.48 V
Hg2+ –
2 + 2e T 2Hg E0 = +0.80 V
617. 0 +1 +2 0
Ba + 2Ag+ → Ba2+ + 2Ag
Half-reactions:
Ba T Ba2+ + 2e– E0 = +2.91 V
Ag+ + e– T Ag E0 = +0.80 V

422
618. –1 +2 0 0
2I– + Ca2+ → I2 + Ca
Anode = I (oxidation)
Cathode = Ca (reduction)
Half-reactions:
2I– T I2 + 2e– E0 = –0.54 V
Ca2+ + 2e– T Ca E0 = –2.87 V
619. 0 +7 +2 +6
Zn + 2MnO–4 → Zn2+ + 2MnO2–
4
Anode = Zn (oxidation)
Cathode = Mn (reduction)
Half-reactions:
Zn T Zn2+ + 2e– E0 = +0.76 V
MnO–4 + e– T MnO2–
4 E0 = +0.56 V
620. +3 +2 +6 0
2Cr3+ + 3Mg2+ + 7H2O → Cr2O2– +
7 + 14H + 3Mg
Anode = Cr (oxidation)
Cathode = Mg (reduction)
Half-reactions:
2Cr3+ + 7H2O T Cr2O2– +
7 + 14H + 6e
–
E0 = –1.23 V
Mg2++ 2e– T Mg E0 = –2.37 V
621. Cl2 + 2e– T 2Cl– E0 = +1.36 V
Ni2+ + 2e– T Ni E0 = –0.26 V
Anode = Ni (oxidation)
Anode reaction:
Ni T Ni2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Cl2 + 2e– T 2Cl–
Ni T Ni2+ + 2e–
Cl2 + 2e– T 2Cl–
Cl2 + Ni T Ni2+ + 2Cl–

423
622. Fe3+ + 3e– T Fe E0 = –0.04 V
Hg2+ + 2e– T Hg E0 = +0.85 V
Anode reaction:
2[Fe T Fe3+ + 3e–] = 2Fe T 2Fe3+ + 6e–
Cathode reaction:
3[Hg2+ + 2e– T Hg] = 3Hg2+ + 6e– T 3Hg
2Fe T 2Fe3+ + 6e–
3Hg2+ + 6e– T 3Hg
3Hg2+ + 2Fe → 3Hg + 2Fe3+
623.
MnO–4 + e– T MnO2–
4 E0 = +0.56 V
Al3+ + 3e– T Al E0 = –1.66 V
Anode = Al (oxidation)
Anode reaction:
Al T Al3+ + 3e–
Cathode reaction:
3[MnO–4 + e– T MnO2– – – 2–
4 ] = 3MnO4 + 3e T 3MnO4
Al T Al3+ + 3e–
3MnO–4 + 3e– T 3MnO2–

4
3MnO–4 + Al → 3MnO2–
4 + Al
3+

424
624. MnO– + 8H+ + 5e– T Mn2+ + 4H O E0 = +1.50 V
4 2
S + 2H+ + 2e– T H2S E0 = +0.14 V
Anode reaction:
5[H2S T S + 2H+ + 2e–] = 5H2S T 5S + 10H+ + 10e–
Cathode reaction:
2[MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– T Mn2+ + 4H2O]
= 2MnO–4 + 16H+ + 10e– T 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
5H2S T 5S + 10H+ + 10e–
2MnO–4 + 16H+ + 10e– T 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
2MnO–4 + 6H+ + 5H2S → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5S
625.
Ca2+ + 2e– T Ca E0 = –2.87 V
Li+ + e– T Li E0 = –3.04 V
Anode = Li (oxidation)
Anode reaction:
2[Li T Li+ + e–] = 2Li T 2Li+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Ca2+ + 2e– T Ca
2Li T 2Li+ + 2e–
Ca2+ + 2e– T Ca
Ca2+ + 2Li → Ca + 2Li+

425
626. Br + 2e– T 2Br– E0 = +1.07 V
2
MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– T Mn2+ + 4H2O E0 = +1.50 V
Anode = Br (oxidation)
Anode reaction:
5[2Br– T Br2 + 2e–] = 10Br– T 5Br2 + 10e–
Cathode reaction:
2[MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– T Mn2+ + 4H2O]
= 2MnO–4 + 16H+ + 10e– T 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
10Br– T 5Br2 + 10e–
2MnO–4 + 16H+ + 10e– T 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
2MnO–4 + 16H+ + 10Br– → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Br2
627. Sn2+ + 2e– T Sn E0 = –0.14 V
Fe3+ + e– T Fe2+ E0 = +0.77 V
Anode reaction:
Sn T Sn2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
2[Fe3+ + e– T Fe2+] = 2Fe3+ +2e– T 2Fe2+
Sn T Sn2+ + 2e–
2Fe3+ + 2e– T 2Fe2+
2Fe3+ + Sn → 2Fe2+ + Sn2+

426
628. Zn2+ + 2e– T Zn E0 = –0.76 V
Cr2O2– + –
7 + 14H + 6e T 2Cr
3+
+ 7H2O E0 = +1.23 V
Anode = Zn (oxidation)
Cathode = Cr (reduction)
Anode reaction:
3[Zn T Zn2+ + 2e–] = 3Zn T 3Zn2+ + 6e–
Cathode reaction:
Cr2O2– + –
7 + 14H + 6e T 2Cr
3+
+ 7H2O
3Zn T 3Zn2+ + 6e–
Cr2O2– + –
7 + 14H + 6e T 2Cr
3+
+ 7H2O
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 3Zn → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3Zn2+
629.
Ba2+ + 2e– o Ba E0 = –2.91 V
Ca2+ + 2e– o Ca E0 = –2.87 V
Anode reaction:
Ba o Ba2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Ca2+ + 2e– o Ca
Ba o Ba2+ + 2e–
Ca2+ + 2e– o Ca
Ca2+ + Ba → Ca + Ba2+

427
630. Hg2+ + 2e– T 2Hg E0 = +0.80 V
2
Cd2+ + 2e– T Cd E0 = –0.40 V
Anode = Cd (oxidation)
Anode reaction:
Cd T Cd2+ + 2e–
Cathode reaction:
Hg2+ –
2 + 2e T 2Hg
Cd T Cd2+ + 2e–
Hg2+ –
2 + 2e T 2Hg
Hg2+
2 + Cd → 2Hg + Cd
2+

428

Modern Chemistry Appendix D Solutions PDF

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Modern Chemistry Appendix D Solutions PDF

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APPENDIX D

b. Given: 0.049 kg 1000 g

c. Given: 1.60 mL 1000 µL

d. Given: 0.0025 g 1000 000 µg

e. Given: 0.020 kg 1000 000 mg

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

h. Given: 500 000 µg 1 kg

3. Given: 152 million km 1 Mm

4. Given: 1.87 L in a 2.00 L – 1.87 L = 0.13 L

5. Given: a wire 150 cm 10 mm

6. Given: 8500 kg to fill 1000 kg

7. a. Given: 310 000 cm3 1 m3

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

c. Given: 0.035 m3 1 000 000 cm3

d. Given: 0.49 cm2 100 mm2

e. Given 1200 dm3 1 m3

f. Given: 87.5 mm3 1 cm3

g. Given: 250 000 cm2 1 m2

8. Given: volume of a cell 1000 mm3

9. a. Given: 12.75 Mm 1000 km

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

e. Given: 300 000 km 1 Mm

10. a. Given: 0.62 km 1000 m

b. Given: 3857 g 1000 mg

c. Given: 0.0036 mL 1000 µL

d. Given: 0.342 metric 1000 kg

e. Given: 68.71 kL 1000 L

11. a. Given: 856 mg 1 kg

b. Given: 1210 000 µg 1 kg

c. Given: 6598 µL 1 mL 1 cm3

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

12. a. Given: 7.93 L 1000 mL 1 cm3

b. Given: 0.0059 km 100 000 cm

c. Given: 4.19 L 1 dm3

d. Given: 7.48 m2 10 000 cm2

e. Given: 0.197 m3 1000 dm3 1 L

13. Given: 0.05 mL oil used 0.05 mL 1L

14. Given: 370 mm3 1 cm3 1 mL 1000 µL

15. Given: 1.5 tsp vanilla 1.5 tsp 5 mL 1L

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

17. a. Given: 465 m/s 465 m 1 km 3600 s

b. Given: 465 m/s 1674 km 24 h

18. Given: 130 g/student 130 g 1 kg

19. Given: 750 mm/student 750 mm 1m

20. a. Given: 550 µL/h 550 µL 1 mL 24 h

b. Given: 9.00 metric 9.00 metric tons 1000 kg 1h

c. Given: 3.72 L/h 3.72 L 1000 mL 1 cm3 1h

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

21. a. Given: 2.97 kg/L 2.97 kg 1000 g 1L 1 mL

b. Given: 4128 g/dm2 4128 g 1 kg 1 dm2

c. Given: 5.27 g/cm3 5.27 g 1 kg 1000 cm3

d. Given: 6.91 kg/m3 6.91 kg 1000 000 mg 1 m3

22. a. Given: density of 1L 1000 mL

b. Given: density of 1000 dm3 1 L 5.56 g 1 kg

23. Given: mass per area of 10 000 m2 10 000 cm2 0.10 g 1 kg

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

b. Given: length of book 2.94 kg 1000 g 1 m3

c. Given: length of book 1 m2

25. a. Given: 25 drops = 1.00 mL

b. Given: 25 drops = 0.04 mL

c. Given: 25 drops = 1000 mL 1 drop

MODERN CHEMISTRY APPENDIX D SOLUTIONS MANUAL

b. Given: 9200 000 µg 1 kg