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This Report is from transport companies to make a strategic analysis of BT. Corporate
strategy in the context of the global environment. Cessna is our organization and the main
rival of the evaluation results from the strategy used by BT to the potential arrival. Reporting
of the organization is grappling with a debate on development and improvement and
recommendations on these areas.

Structure, major shareholders and transactions with the Company policy are the major issue
social responsibility. BT organizational structure, decentralized operations to maintain an
effective response time and little is as follows. Participating of the Bombardier family
controlled the majority of 62.96% and J. Armand Bombardier Foundation for the donation of
3% of income before tax of BT on the legacy of his father.

In this assignment I have critically discussed globalization theory of international trade, BT¶s
business structure, strategic analysis for organizational goal, BT¶s product development,
strategic method, merger or acquisitions, organic growth, dynamic and operational level in
China and Nigeria.
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^





 
Executive Summary 1

1.0 Introduction 3

2.0 Globalization 3

3.0 Theories of international trade 4

4.0 Benefit of globalization strategies 6

5.0 Bombardier organization structure 7

6.0 Strategy to achieve organizational goal 8

7.0 System enhancement strategy: 8

8.0 Bombardier business in China Railway ltd. 9

9.0 Bombardier business in Nigeria 10

10.0 product market development 11

11.0 Strategic alliance 11

D Joint venture
D rerger or acquisitions
D ‰rganic growth
D Pricing policy

12.0 Generic Performance 14

13.0 Value chain analysis 15

14.0 Conclusion 17

15.0 References 18
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Economic, educational, social and political, has benefited the world economy in the twenty-first
century was a wise and stubborn. Due to the globalization of business for the size of the
organization is expanded. borders, free trade has expanded through a combination of a financial
nature.
Bombardier Inc. is a leading manufacturer of transportation. The company operates in two:

1. The aerospace industry: This includes regional business and transport

2. Rail transport: light rail, subway, commuter trains and involves

The company is headquartered in rontreal and Toronto Stock Exchange trading. Stock ticker
is BBD. It has nearly 56,000 employees and sales of multinational corporations in the United
States in 2007 $ 14.8 billion, including command.

The Corporate polices of this section deals with organizational structure, international
expension, majority shareholders, and social responsibility. Bombardier Inc. follows a
decentralized organizational structure to maintain efficient operations and short reaction
times. The Bombardier family controls the majority voting interest with 62.96% and
continues their father's legacy by donating 3% of BBD's income before taxes to the J.
Armand Bombardier Foundation.



 

Globalization makes the diversity and difference in function in international markets and
improves business processes. The process of technological improvements and the book
industry both in the past two decades, it is easier for citizens of one country to another,
communicate and create businesses around the world [Beck U (1999)]. There are two main
reasons for the pace of globalization, namely telecommunications and the Internet. This can
now say that the economy can be linked to other economies. Therefore, the potential to
enhance trade and increased competition [Romer, Paul r. (1986)].The globalization of the
world economy into a strong character. Pro-globalization and anti-globalization groups have
been proposed due date. I think globalization support groups offer an opportunity for all, both
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to create better competition. Competition is a good thing because it gives a more effective
tool in the past.

G


 









 

National states will adopt these principles to the creation of economic wealth that gold
generally encourage other countries to sell the company known as narrowing of mercantilism.
The theory of 1700 [1500 caught, D., rcGrew A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999)]
conducted in France in the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain and then.

Bombardier Inc. marketplace. Jet in 2009-2010 after the terrorist attacks of September 11,
except the last 10 years averaged 20% per year. Regarding shipping, Bombardier has a 36%
new business aircraft delivered the most. Cessna delivered per second for 25%. Bombardier
business jet Cessna in the past.












The sponsor is the theory of Adam Smith and the theory is developed to full capacity in 1776. The
theory of benefits for the nation to produce goods in other countries with more resources to countries
[Beck, U. (1999)] using the same amount to produce. Taxes and fees are not compatible with Adam
Smith in the industry inhibits the forces responsible for this. In theory, it is necessary to eat dirt all
types of manufacturing. rercantilism, in theory, the country's wealth is measured with gold and
silver. But the theory is measured by the quality of life.

Smith's argument is essentially an enterprise should not be produced in other countries can buy at a
lower cost to participate. Bombardier Inc., train connection in the plane and later in China to focus on
the production company.

 








Theory of comparative advantage is developed by David Ricardo. The theory was introduced
in 1817, the year. The principle of the international principles of the concept say it
bunúsacha.Slowik, 2004] is important to understand. Therefore, the principle that the capital
resources of the entire state or meaningless work. The advantage of manufacturing products
implies the company image. As the capital of a countrythe rich products and countries
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exporting to rich countries in the work to be done. ‰n the other hand, the country's energy
needs and the products are rich in capital-exporting country has an abundance of labor to
produce. And between the two countries [News arrested, D., rcGrew A., Goldblatt, D. and
Perraton, J. A] (1999) is not effective.

Here Bombardier Inc. may gain an advantage by shifting labour and resources to more
profitable products such as trams, electric train, jet boing and away from less profitable goods
like conventional train and cargo. Thus there is a chance that the advanced company may
buy all the modern eqipments it wants as it has more wealth for transport sector . Advanced
industrial company may keep undeveloped company on manufacturer instead of developing
their own manufactures.



 


Two Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil ‰hlin developed that theory .The theory
was introduced in early 1990. Here Heckscher - ‰hlin theory is known. ‰hlin theory
describes the development of the country and abroad, sell well in providing good resources
[Romer, Paul r. Short - Heckscher (1986)] in terms of resources and the needs of businesses
as possible.

The reasons are explained here. Countries rich in capital, thus able to establish good relations
with other countries.Barney [, Jay B. and W. Rick Griffin, 1992].

They gave a different explanation of comparative advantage which we can discuss

bombardier corporate strategy:

They argue that comparative advantage because of differences in national factor Donations

Grant factors between countries, to explain the various factors of cost difference. For
example: Bombardier Inc., stock valuation and cost of selling a large program, "estimate" in
the question. If following projections of variation of 1% of the difference of about 30m. In
addition, they have an average cost of production, including additional (E‰PAC) to manage
the results appear smooth.

‡ The more abundant a factor, the lower its cost

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‡ Export those goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant, while
importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are scarce.







Raymond Vernon international development of the product life cycle theory in 1960.
International theory stresses of life, but the company will start exporting its products, and
then through the product life cycle support for foreign direct investment. At the end of
exports to the importing country. Although the model has been developed in the United
States, and generally can be in the world to develop and implement innovative markets.

Theory of the product developed in 1960, focusing on the U.S. market for innovation comes
from. It has been used after this time, U.S. trade representative theory of the world. Today,
America is now in their lives, innovators. Today, the company develops new products and
quickly repaired. The company was the decline in sales during the period preceding the cost-
effectiveness of different products to the market enough to start. The theory does not explain
the trade.






 


 

The communication system has improved very young age. But today was the organization in
another country to communicate easily. Internet, telecommunications and satellite, is very
simple and the first company in the organization to quickly communicate with foreigners.
This is due to increased investment and more on the market. rore people are connected via
the Internet. Statistics show that more than $ 15m world market currencies changes daily fifth
of goods and services a year to buy and sell in the neighborhood.

Goods and services in each country the opportunity to fill a large group of consumers, the
relative advantage of the industrial and commercial relevant international, rather than
building now, led by industry, commerce and construction of a stable and included in the
amendment. Compareing to others, rather than the globalization of client [Terpstra, David E.
and Elizabeth J. Rozelle, 1994] probably more than the organization.
Bombardier Inc. (Bombardier) develops and manufactures products and solutions for the
transportation industry. It designs, manufactures and sells aircraft and trains. Its products for
aerospace industry include business aircraft, commercial aircraft and amphibious aircraft,
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among others. Its transportation solutions include rail vehicles, propulsion controls, and
bogies. Bombardier also offers related solutions such as jet travel solutions and specialized
aircraft solutions. It also provides fleet maintenance services, aircraft services and training.

It has nearly 56,000 employees and a turnover of multinational companies for 2007 was U.S.
$ 14.8 billion, including command. The next section of Bombardier Aerospace and
Transportation outlined two main areas. Each share represents the total income of 50%.

Europe is one of the largest railroad in the world, and therefore Bombardier Transportation is
the main objective in Europe. Approximately 21,550 employees working in the field of the
development of the rail.Approximately 5,150 employees in North America and Central
America, and in 1900 for workers in Australia / Asia and other parts of the world.

ÿ
 




 

Bombardier organization is mainly separated by two sectors. ‰ne is Aerospace sector and
another is transportation sector.





Regional (3-10 seats) and small business aircraft, Bombardier is a world leader in Aerospace in
two different product.With a leading global manufacturer of regional aircraft, Bombardier,
Embraer and ATR. Bombardier historic leader, but is currently tied for first place was the amount
in question was born. A regional jet market, Bombardier relating to the strategic situation: the
company, Embraer in danger of losing the existing dominant position, China and Russia due to
new players get more competition.
The market for business jets in 2008-2009 after the terrorist attacks of September 11, except the
last 10 years averaged 20% per year. Regarding shipping, Cessna 36% of newborns with the
largest commercial jet. Bombardier is 25% of second deliveries. About the history of Bombardier
business jets in the second Cessna.




 


Adtranz is in Germany in 2001, Bombardier Transportation, a global leader in the

manufacture of cars and services should be. To buy time, the second largest producer of this
equipment ADtranz. Accordingly, the company relies heavily on the European market (in
2006, was 72% of sales in Europe). Since 2001, Western Europe and North America, where
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the selectivity of the growth strategy in developing the transport sector, and access to
developments of the last ten years are used to emphasize the low profitability focus,
improvement and consolidation of the Year next year to train. But it seems likely to evolve in
Europe, Latin America, riddle East and particularly in Asia remains strong. EU integration,
to build new lines and existing lines (especially in Eastern Europe) with new international
standards, with the possibility to upgrade will have. The strong economic growth and
urbanization in Asia continues to increase train. Latin America and the riddle East, the
urban population in rapidly growing suburbs, and it is under-rail system is expected to
demand.

¦
 








 

Employees, your organization needs now for the first object to a success. A personal goal of
effective planning processes and improve overall business success due to business needs.
Change management is sometimes difficult to achieve the standards. But the main just before
the company can be reached.

Bombardier technology in the aviation industry that could revolutionize the transportation
market to react. Eclipse Aviation and patented technology to offer Safire Aircraft Company is
a small private jet at a fraction of the cost of small turbofan engines are extremely efficient
word can offer private jet. WhileBombardier Aviation has successfully tested the first flight,
Safire is not met all FAA requirements.

!
 






 

The strategy includes improving the debugging process and activities. processing activities to
make them in good markets. Error correction of activities that help reduce errors in reading.
external changes in technology, internal development of technology and in response to
climate change: three sources of comprehensive reform. RATE Bombardier fuel engines
more efficient and integrated aerospace company, including enhancements to production
resources necessary to carry out. Bombardier Aerospace is a strategic fit with business
strategy. They develop the next generation of products to meet new needs. Bombardier
Aerospace's strategy to improve the exchange of technical environment, a competitive
advantage to sustain.
^ 



 
Penetrate in a new markets, Bombardier will have the option to enter later. The industry is
entering a new market for aircraft, including the ability to explore opportunities to create new
sales. Bombardier¶sthoroughly research and development of existing products and new
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products try to improve the city to develop. Bombardier in the market at the forefront of
research and development should be.

 

 

Bombardier Jet strategy to distinguish the movement. Bombardier Jet should be lightweight
high quality to make a higher price. LearjetBranding your project and a higher price, it will
engage in price discrimination. Bombardier can also use the concept of bundling of products.
The new Bombardier package with high quality. The need to buy jets increases costs. In this
way, Bombardier good thing that the sales of others, or slow the progression of value.

"
 


 
 


Bombardier a longstanding relationship with China Deutsche Waggonbau AG (acquired in

1997) began 50 years ago that three companies to continue to build strong relationships.
Bombardier initial investment and technological development has been prominentpart
transportation infrastructure in China. A trail of products and services of Aerospace
Corporation influences in the Chinese market. Bombardier products for passenger rail has
invested in Chinese manufacturing: retropolis, rain Line cars and drive and control, all
active in the Chinese market.


 





 
In April 2005, Bombardier Regional Rail how the Chinese market, the number one for 36
Bombardier Q Series Sinn Féin League and tires on the train, operated by seven airlines.
Ji'nan Shandong in the largest fleet of the railway operator is China's new trains Bombardier
CRJ200 regional rail. Both Bombardier CRJ700 railway in 2003 and the first operations in
Asia-Pacific regional headquarters 70 jets. Hainan Airlines, China Eastern Yunnan Airlines,
Shanghai Airlines and Hong Kong CR Airways operates Bombardier aircraft.




 In the culture aspects in China the Bombardier company in China has
faced not any specific problem. The people of the China mainly depend on railway transport
sector to travel.

#
 Extensive experience and a great deal of highly satisfied customers in china has
established the basis for this product. The ZEFIR‰ train ensures first-class levels of comfort
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and integrates numerous smart interior details, making VHS travel a more attractive
proposition in china.

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 ZEFIR‰ is the world¶s most economical and eco-friendly VHS train. It has the
highest capacity in the market and through leading-edge technologies and advanced
aerodynamics it guarantees the lowest energy consumption per seat of any VHS train in the
world.

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The Nigerian transport sector in a deal to help the Nigerian government by putting the
country¶s ageing railway system back on track. The Nigerian government signed a
US$2.5billion loan facility with China, a substantial part of which was to be used to finance
the refurbishment of the railway system. A major portion of the railway expansion was to be
carried out by Bombardier Transportation in China. In all, an estimated 7,800 kilometres of
standard gauge railway network, to connect all 36 state capitals and major cities, was to be
built.

&
 



š Bombardier is a Global Player with few competitors. We monitor all International

Projects in all countries all the time.

š We are active in South Africa.

š Government Spending Program ± Gauteng Blue IQ.

š Viable Project in its own right.

š Economic Growth.

š Excellent Financial & Banking System in place.

š Sophisticated investors.

š Sound Infrastructure.

 






  
Bombardier future challenge of the
following aspects in South Africa.

š The Powerhouse of Africa.

š The Gateway into Africa.

š Government Development Planning Program.

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š This Project establishes the credibility of Bombardier in the local marketplace.

š Expect sustained Economic Growth.

š Excellent Financial & Banking System in place.

š Sound Infrastructure.

š Infrastructure Development is on-going.

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The market research to know what type of consumer is the type of consumers are expected to
participate in the organization, this type of products to consumers to attract the company to
grow to meet their needs, what a way to respond consume the product or service that other
competitors in the market access to customers who want that kind of value the company and
the company used to attract [Cherrington, David J. distribute your product to consumers in
the market, how it should be 1994].

Bombardier rail develop modern vehicles1, 2 for the full range of operating systems for high
definition production. Calculation and analysis of the dynamics of these products play an
important role in development. Bombardier uses of information technology product
development phase of the project study dynamic framework, the typical number and mobility
of the last difficulty, illustrated by examples, to be made between the experience of
Bombardier.

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Alliance is a strategic alliance between the companies important to the operational

requirements of form, but with other organizations that are not dependent and can be
explained. According to both companies to benefit from each other.
A Bombardier Transportation with strategic alliances, such as information, distribution
channels, the ability of the industry or other company resources to ensure a logical sequence.
It's teamwork, where each company should benefit from the alliance and have more of their
assets.
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BT Travel ‰nline (insurancetogo.com) in a global perspective to provide these services to

financial risks common goal of business is required to start a strategy for sharing risk. The
insurance company chosen for the online travel web presence quickly fire personality and
should be compatible with other forms of corporate communications and media appearances.
The consumer Internet side, more or less relevant and useful, with simple navigation is useful
to spend on travel. rore importantly, reflect the investment in brand development and other
marketing activities need a lot to offer.






'  

rergers and acquisitions (r & A) strategy issues, corporate finance and management of
entertainment-related purchases, sales and general affairs or financial assistance to
organizations in the rapidly growing sector in order not to set to help businesses grow.

A merger between two companies merge to increase competition allows the company to
compete with other companies. rergers between large companies on the economy and give
them a monopoly on the market. Bombardier's share merger allows their products to market
them had broken for the service. The merger has enabled Bombardier to sell more, but
because of the common market of certain products. During transport to new products, good
company and give them more effective than the enterprise market for sale.


 

‰rganic revenue growth and the production and integration, buying and selling
Bombardier contrast to Africa and South America the growth of business to take. But the
growth reflects the growth of inward investment. Setting up a business or a new company
from scratch, every day, part A. The proposed acquisition or merger, including shares in the
company separated from the outside. ‰rganic growth is above the law applicable to the
options most advantageous. The advantage of Africa and Latin America to improve their
business:-
- Cost Spread
- Choice of Location
- Latest Technology
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- No Inappropriate Cultural History





 

Bombardier Transportation decentralized organizational structure in Africa and South
America following the decision. functional groups, semi-autonomous bodies under the senior
officer who works in a fast response time and efficient. Each functional group of products
based on the score. Reporting to the President and CE‰ of BBD functional departments
under the leadership of director and vice president. It's functional departments, legal services,
strategy, human resources, financial and public affairs into account. Sub-departments within
departments, the vice president's senior vice president and director, respectively, the upward
position. President and CE‰, Executive Chairman, who in turn reports to the Council reports.
Also present in the command structure BBD teamwork.


 





 

To remain competitive in current and future markets, Bombardier transportation must keep
abreast of technological advancements and monitor world trends. Government policies are
now trending towards environmental awareness and pollution control. BT has already
responded to this change with the introduction of its Q (for quiet) series regional aircraft.
The core competencies of BBD must also accommodate the trends of demand. In response to
the post-September 11th, 2001 airline industry slump, BA scaled back production. However,
in China, considered to be the world¶s largest new metro market, BT jointly created a
manufacturing plant in the region with Sifang Power (Qindao) Transportation Ltd. BBD
must also be aware of the financial viability and capacity of its suppliers to ensure that capital
is not squandered on contracts that cannot be met. Suppliers must also meet international
standards as BBD exports to foreign markets. Both BA and BT must be aware of the
competitor's level of technology as well as their bidding window. With this information they
can negotiate their strengths more effectively. Two years ago BBD created Project
ranagement ‰ffices (Pr‰) in its functional groups and created a network to link these
offices together to address the failings of an unacceptable number of BBD projects. Pr‰
were given a standardized set of tools and methodologies they were to follow. Emphasis is
placed on the planning and start-up stages of projects for faster execution.



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0

 

Bombardier transportation is a conglomerate of various industries and does not fit industry
norms. From the financial statements released from the company (see Appendix A & G), we
observed that the past three years have seen BBD in a steadily worsening financial position .
Working capital fell 81.3% ($7.1 billion) in 2009, however that can be attributed to the
acquisition of DaimlerChrysler's Adtranz facility in Berlin, Germany. After September 11th,
2009 and the slowdown in the airline industry, working capital fell another 31.9% ($761.8
million) in 2010. BBD's ability to meet obligations out of current assets fell greatly in 2009,
and moderately in 2010, which is worrying news to creditors. The Debt-to-Asset ratio has
risen 112.3% since year ended 2001, with long term debt increasing 143.7% ($2.7 billion).
Both return on sales and equity have trended downward into negative values, forcing BBD to
take cost cutting actions. Inventory turnover increased 606.6% (3.09) from 2000 to 2009.
This is positive news for BBD, as the more inventory they go through, the more revenue they
will generate. BBD has promised to do what it takes to achieve profitability once more, this
has reinforced consumer confidence in BBD, and shares have recovered from an April low of
$2.56 to rest at $5.32 on November 24, 2003. During the past year, BBD's share prices began
high in January, which could be attributed to BBD's decision to make Paul r. Tellier its
President and CE‰. The announcement of the spinoff of BRP, and the downsizing of BCI,
coupled with last years $615.2 million net loss were all contributing factors to the downward
trend through to April. A strong turnaround occurred after April, and share prices are
steadily recovering through to today.Throughout the past three years, BBD has been going
through a process of refocusing to regain profitability.

Y






rost of us focus on managing staff performance is generally regarded, but also
organizations, groups, etc. So the first step in a plan to evaluate performance rather than use it
for better management Performance of staff required, for example.

organizational goals are often based on strategic planning. Translation ranagement System,
which is usually the quantity, quality, timeliness, or described in terms of costs for this
purpose. Results of primary products or services, to make the procedure carefully. For
example, one percent increase in sales to some extent an impact on society, etc. The goal of
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"smart", ie specific, measurable, achievable, it would be realistic to achieve and the time to
meet time.

Bombardier transportation¶s product line includes equipment for medium and long-distance
operations, such as multiple units and coaches for intercity and high-speed passenger
transportation in Nigeria. Its major products are ZEFIR‰ highspeed trains, REGINA intercity
trains and powerheads for AVE (Alta Velocidad Española) in Nigeria. The ZEFIR‰ modular
high-speed platform covers the full spectrum of speed requirements: intercity (160-200kph),
highspeed (200-250 kph) and very high-speed (above 250 kph). The latest product sold is the
ZEFIR‰ for Nigeria with a maximum operational speed of 380 kph. Transportation ranks
number three worldwide in high-speed and intercity trains in terms of market share.

YG
0



 


 
Bombardier transportation has been, and still is facing the threat of the slumping airline
industry post-September 11th, 2001. Although the values of people have changed such that
they reneged on air travel, air traffic in Canada has increased 2.7% in the last year. BT is
currently undergoing restructuring to focus on its three aircraft divisions while divesting
Defense Services and Belfast City Airport. Boeing and Embraer, BT's major competitors, are
also posing a threat to BA as it lost market share in the past two year . The congested cities
of North America as well as the previously untapped markets of China and Russia present
opportunities for BT. North American cities are beginning to search for effective mass transit,
and BT's experience in that field will serve them well. BT is known as the world's leading
supplier of total transit systems. In conjunction with BI, BT secured a foothold in the Chinese
market, and the services provided have led to a secured market share for BA. Greater than
25,000 railway cars and locomotives are forecasted to be either replaced or refurbished in
Russia in the next decade. As well, Russia's civilian air fleet, whose age averages around 25
years, poses an opportunity for BA. BBD itself is faced with the threat of fluctuating
currency prices.

Y
(


 

 

BT provides products or services to participate in various activities. This basic structure can

be found in the value chain. Nuclear ‰perations and Support: There are two kinds of
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activities in the value chain. The Principal activity of logistics, logistics, marketing and sales

and service. Interventions, human resources, accounting and finance, technology, and a

contract. All primary and support activities, sources of competitive advantage or potential

loss of business.

^ 
  BT cases related to the logistics cost of BT, a large and growing number

of commitments in the negotiations. In addition, they also have the fuel supplier of food,

beverages, and pay to sell your products on board, they dealt with distribution and storage

control.



 rain activities include the activities of other essential elements. BT is 25 minutes

for a quick recovery of basic work skills. The main cost advantage that the use of the highest

level. After two flights a day longer than some competitors of BT's adoption of a series of

events to increase. BT offers direct service to passengers non-stop through the late flights and

delays in the cost of access.


  For outbound logistics, BT Trip logistics role at the airport, BT and the

second rail system is often more useful for different customers. roreover, as the various

geographic areas are clearly not a regular customer service, for example, some Scandinavian

free.
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Yÿ
  
LV pressure now facing the planned economy, the scale, the effects of experience to replace
and reduce the costs of globalization to understand, he decided on their strategy worldwide
including in particular the construction of society Different types of complementary measures
to continue, even if these technical societies have a competitive advantage for companies.
And how companies and strategic alliances with competitors able to use their knowledge and
skills they have taken steps to address the risk passed to the decision to apply.

In case of BT, from my point of view, it is good for them to make the business in joint
venture. By doing this they can expand their business in many urban parts of the world to
increase the influence their international market.

Y¦







 
[1] Business Aircraft. Bombardier Aerospace. 29 Sep. 2002 <www.bombardier.com.>
[2] Daniel, Caroline. ³Eclipse Flies in the Face of Criticism.´Financial Times. Eclipse
Aviation. 10 ‰ct.
2002 www.eclipseaviation.com/inthenews.
[3] Sharkey, Joe. ³rarket for Co rporate Jet Continues to Look Up.´New York Times. 1 ‰ct.
2002
<http://www.nyt.com>.

[4] Cherrington, David J, 1994. ‰


  Boston: Allyn and Bacon,.

[5] Fried, Yitzhak, and Linda H. Slowik, 2004. "Enriching Goal-Setting Theory With Time:
An Integrated Approach."   
   29, no. 3 404±422.

[6] Giddens, A. (1990)     . Stanford: Stanford University Press.

[7] Held, D., rcGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999)     
!    , Cambridge: Polity Press.

[8] Latham, Gary P. "The rotivational Benefits of Goal-Setting."   


"#  18, no. 4 (2004): 126±129.

[9] Terpstra, David E., and Elizabeth J. Rozell, 1994. "The Relationship of Goal Setting to
‰rganizational Profitability."  $ ‰
 
 19 285±295.

[10] Romer, Paul r. (1986) 'Incr easing Returns and Long-Run Growth', %   &
" 94(5), pp.1002-37.
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