USTER HVI Spectrum Measuring Principles

USTER®
HVI SPECTRUM
Measuring principles
Test Report
Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM 2
Measurements on cotton:
• Length, uniformity
• Micronaire
• Strength
• Color
• Trash
NEW on USTER® HVI SPECTRUM:

• Maturity Index
• Short Fiber Index
• Moisture
Length & Strength Measurement
LED
Comb Fiber Beard

Breaker Jaws
Home
Position
Breaker Jaws
Development of a fibrogram
Mean Length -
Principle of Measurement
Developed from the fibrogram
Length
Mean length
ML
0% 100%
Tangent from
origin
Upper Half Mean Length -
Developed from the fibrogram
Length
Upper half
mean length
UHML
0% 50% 100%
Tangent from
50% amount
Comparison
Mean Length - Upper Half Mean Length
Length
Upper half
mean length
Mean length
0% 50% 100%
Staple diagram
Fiber length
0% 50% 100%
Comparison Fibrogram - Staple Diagram
Fibrogram Staple Diagram

• non end-aligned • end-aligned
diagram of the fiber diagram of the fiber
length length
• calculated from a • distribution curve
randomly taken fiber (histogram) of all
bundle which is fiber lengths
fixed in a measuring
grip
Explanation to the length
1 inch = staple class 32  32:32 =1
1 1/16 inch = staple class 34  34:32 =1

1/16
1 1/2 inch = staple class 48  48:32 = 1 1/2
Relationship Between Staple Class
and HVI UHML Results
Inches UHM [inches] UHM [mm] Code
below 13/16 < 0.79 < 20.1 24

13/16 0.80 - 0.85 20.1 - 21.6 26
7/8 0.86 - 0.89 21.8 - 22.6 28
29/32 0.90 - 0.92 22.9 - 23.4 29
15/16 0.93 - 0.95 23.6 - 24.1 30
31/32 0.96 - 0.98 24.4 - 24.9 31

1 0.99 - 1.01 25.1 - 25.8 32
1 1/32 1.02 - 1.04 25.9 - 26.4 33
1 1/16 1.05 - 1.07 26.7 - 27.2 34
1 3/32 1.08 - 1.10 27.4 - 27.9 35
1 1/8 1.11 - 1.13 28.2 - 28.7 36

1 5/32 1.14 - 1.17 29.0 - 29.7 37
1 3/16 1.18 - 1.20 30.0 - 30.5 38
1 7/32 1.21 - 1.23 30.7 - 31.2 39
1 1/4 1.24 - 1.26 31.5 - 32.0 40
1 9/32 1.27 - 1.29 32.3 - 32.8 41

1 5/16 1.30 - 1.32 33.0 - 33.5 42
1 11/32 1.33 - 1.35 33.8 - 34.3 43
1 3/8 > 1.38 > 35.0 44
Uniformity Index
Indication of the distribution of fiber length

within the fibrogram  fiber length variation
Uniformity Index UI = ML x 100

UHML
ML = Mean Length
UHML = Upper Half Mean Length
Length Uniformity - Evaluation criteria
Uniformity Index
Description
ML/UHML
77 & lower very low
77 – 79 low
80 – 82 average
83 – 85 high
85 & higher very high
Short Fiber Index SFI
An indication of the amount of fibers that are less than
0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in length.
Short Fiber Index Description
Below 6 very low
6 to 9 low
10 to 13 average
14 to 17 high
18 and higher very high
Short Fiber Index SFI
Calculated with a proven algorithm
Fiber length
(mm/inch)
Short fiber content SFC (%)
L½"
12.7 mm
Frequency (%)
x%
0% 25% 50% 100%
Length & Strength Measurement
Cotton Fiber Structure - genetically caused weak places
Bundle Fiber Strength -
• The bundle strength is the breaking strength of the
cotton fibers in grams per tex. The fineness is calculated
from the Micronaire value.
• The fiber beard is broken at a continuous deformation
rate and with a 1/8-inch distance between the clamps.
• With the space of 1/8-inch, the fibers will break at their weakest
spot, not at a predetermined breaking-point (clamp).
Bundle Fiber Strength - Evaluation
Description Pressley 1/8" Stelometer 1/8" HVI 1/8"*

g/tex g/tex g/tex
very low 21 & lower 17 & lower 21 & lower
low 21 – 23 17 – 19 22 - 24
average 24 – 26 20 – 22 25 – 27
high 27 – 29 23 – 25 28 – 30
very high 30 & higher 26 & higher 31 & higher
* Calibrated to HVI calibration cottons
Bundle Fiber Strength - Evaluation
Strength (gram/tex) Description
Less than 21 very weak
22 to 24 weak
25 to 27 medium
28 to 30 strong
31 and higher very strong
Elongation Measurement
• Measurement of the elastic behavior of the fibers in

the bundle
• The distance the fibers extend before they break is
expressed as percent elongation
Determination of the elongation
Clamp
Clamp
l
= x 100
l0
Elongation Measurement - Evaluation
Elongation (%) Description
Less than 5.0 very low
5.1 to 5.8 low
5.9 to 6.7 average
6.8 to 7.6 high
7.7 and higher very high
Micronaire Measurement
Pressure Measuring
change chamber
measuring with fibers
device
Air measuring device
Airflow
Air flow
coarse fibers, fine fibers,

low air resistance high air resistance
(high Micronaire value) (low Micronaire value)
• A fiber sample of constant weight is

measured by passing air through the
fibers and measuring the drop in
pressure.
• Maturity has an influence on

micronaire results.
Micronaire - Influences
• Genetic factors of the cotton, which have an

influence on the diameter of the fiber. For
example Pima cotton has a lower micronaire
value than Upland cotton.
• Environmental influences, e.g. soil, fertilizer,

humidity and temperature, duration of
growing period
Micronaire - Consequences
Low Micronaire High Micronaire
• Can tend to the • Mostly mature and
formation of neps in yarn strong fibers
and fabric • Limits the yarn count
• If they are mature, they • Fine yarns cannot be
are fine and strong spun.
• If they are immature,
they are weak
• Immature fibers absorb
less dye and can lead to
problems in dyeing
(shiny neps)
Micronaire - Evaluation
Micronaire Description
Less than 3.0 very fine
3.0 to 3.6 fine
3.7 to 4.7 medium
4.8 to 5.9 coarse
6.0 and higher very coarse
Maturity Index
• The maturity index is a relative value calculated

from the HVI measurements of
- micronaire
- strength
- elongation
• Indicates the degree of cell wall thickness
Maturity Index - Evaluation
Maturity Index Description
Below 0.7 uncommon
0.70 to 0.85 immature
0.86 to 1.00 mature
above 1.00 very mature
Micronaire & Maturity- Evaluation
smaller than 3.0 = very fine

small perimeter and mature or large
perimeter and very immature
3.1 to 3.9 = fine

different degrees of maturity and/or
types, but often little mature
4.0 to 4.9 = average

medium degree of maturity
5.0 to 5.9 = coarse

large perimeter, mostly immature
greater than 6.0 = very coarse

mature fibers
Micronaire & Maturity
Medium Micronaire & High Micronaire &
“fairly mature” “well mature”
Low Micronaire & Medium Micronaire &

“fairly mature” “less mature”
Color & Trash Measurement
Color Range of Cotton
HVI Color
Grades
for
Upland
Cotton
HVI Color
Grades
for
Upland
Cotton
HVI Color
Grades
for
Pima
Cotton
Color Grade Symbols Code Leaf Code
White
Good Middling GM 11 1
Strict Middling SM 21 2
Middling Mid 31 3
U.S. Upland Strict Low Middling
Low Middling
SLM
LM
41
51
4
5
Strict Good Ordinary SGO 61 6
Cotton Good Ordinary GO 71 7
Light Spotted
Standard Good Middling
Strict Middling
GM Lt Sp
SM Lt Sp
12
22
1
2
Description Middling
Strict Low Middling
Mid Lt Sp
SLM Lt Sp
32
42
3
4
Low Middling LM Lt Sp 52 5
for Color Strict Good Ordinary SGO Lt Sp 62 6
Spotted
and Leaf Good Middling
Strict Middling
GM Sp
SM Sp
13
23
1
2
Middling Mid Sp 33 3
Strict Low Middling SLM Sp 43 4
Low Middling LM Sp 53 5
Strict Good Ordinary SGO Sp 63 6
Tinged
Strict Middling SM Tg 24 2
Middling Mid Tg 34 3
Strict Low Middling SLM Tg 44 4
Low Middling LM Tg 54 5
Yellow Stained
Strict Middling SM YS 25 2
Middling Mid YS 35 3
Color Measurement
The color is defined by the Reflectance (Rd) and
the Yellowness (+b) of the cotton fibers:
• Reflectance (Rd):
This value expresses the whiteness of the light
that is reflected by the cotton fibers. It corresponds
to the Nickerson/Hunter color chart.
• Yellowness (+b):
This value expresses the yellowness of the light
that is reflected by the cotton fibers. It corresponds
to the Nickerson/Hunter color chart.
• The Color Grade (CG) results from these two
values.
Trash Measurement
Video image
analysis
results in:
 Trash
% Area
(covered)
 Trash
(Particle)
Count
Trash Measurement
• Trash Count (TC)
Sample is illuminated from underneath the glass
window, and a black and white CCD camera
analyzes the changes in the pixels. A trash particle
is counted, if it exceeds the grayness threshold set
in the camera.
• Trash Area (TA)

The area that is covered by a trash particle. The
result is expressed in relation to the entire
measuring area of the glass window and is
expressed as “% Area”.
Resulting from the TA, the Trash Code (T) is
determined.
Relationship of Trash Measurement to
Classer’s Leaf Grade*
Classer‘s Trash
Leaf Grade Measurement
(% area)
1 <= 0.08
2 <= 0.12
3 <= 0.18
4 <= 0.34
5 <= 0.55
6 <= 0.86
7 <= 1.56
8 > 1.56
* 1999 USDA crop data (4 year average)

Automated Moisture Measurement
 Moisture is the amount (%) of water that is

present in the sample being tested.
 Patented resistance moisture sensor
 Direct measurement
 Sensor located underneath color/ trash hand
 Consistent pressure ensures repeatable
moisture results
 No customer calibration required
Moisture - Evaluation
Moisture Content % Description
< 4% very low
4 – 6% low
6 – 8% medium
8 – 11% high
> 11% very high

USTER HVI Spectrum Measuring Principles

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USTER HVI Spectrum Measuring Principles

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USTER®

NEW on USTER® HVI SPECTRUM:

Comb Fiber Beard

Fibrogram Staple Diagram

1 inch = staple class 32  32:32 =1

1 1/16 inch = staple class 34  34:32 =1

1 1/2 inch = staple class 48  48:32 = 1 1/2

below 13/16 < 0.79 < 20.1 24

31/32 0.96 - 0.98 24.4 - 24.9 31

1 1/8 1.11 - 1.13 28.2 - 28.7 36

1 9/32 1.27 - 1.29 32.3 - 32.8 41

Indication of the distribution of fiber length

Uniformity Index UI = ML x 100

85 & higher very high

Short Fiber Index Description

Below 6 very low

18 and higher very high

Short fiber content SFC (%)

Cotton Fiber Structure - genetically caused weak places

Description Pressley 1/8" Stelometer 1/8" HVI 1/8"*

* Calibrated to HVI calibration cottons

Strength (gram/tex) Description

Less than 21 very weak

31 and higher very strong

• Measurement of the elastic behavior of the fibers in

Elongation (%) Description

Less than 5.0 very low

5.1 to 5.8 low

5.9 to 6.7 average

6.8 to 7.6 high

7.7 and higher very high

Air measuring device

coarse fibers, fine fibers,

• A fiber sample of constant weight is

• Maturity has an influence on

• Genetic factors of the cotton, which have an

• Environmental influences, e.g. soil, fertilizer,

Less than 3.0 very fine

3.0 to 3.6 fine

3.7 to 4.7 medium

4.8 to 5.9 coarse

6.0 and higher very coarse

• The maturity index is a relative value calculated

• Indicates the degree of cell wall thickness

Maturity Index Description

Below 0.7 uncommon

0.70 to 0.85 immature

0.86 to 1.00 mature

above 1.00 very mature

smaller than 3.0 = very fine

3.1 to 3.9 = fine

4.0 to 4.9 = average

5.0 to 5.9 = coarse

greater than 6.0 = very coarse

Low Micronaire & Medium Micronaire &

• Trash Area (TA)

* 1999 USDA crop data (4 year average)

 Moisture is the amount (%) of water that is

Moisture Content % Description

< 4% very low

> 11% very high

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