Table of Contents

Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................................... 3

Definitions............................................................................................................................................... 12
Symbols ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ 16

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-1 University of Kansas, July 2007
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University of Kansas, July 2007 G-2 Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Glossary of Terms

BOX TORQUE (landing gear). A tapered box-like

AILERON. Hinged sections of the trailing edge of the left
structure attached to the aft side of the rear spar to support
and right wings that operate together to provide lateral
the landing gear on the KC-135 and 707-series aircraft.
control. When one aileron is raised, the opposite is lowered,
producing rolling movements around the longitudinal axis
Torque Box
of the aircraft.
Aileron

AIR BRAKE: A device to increase the air resistance of an

airplane, thus slowing its speed (see SPOILER).
AIRFOIL. A surface, such as an airplane wing, aileron, or
rudder, designed to obtain a reaction fromt eh air through
which it moves.
BOX TORSION (stabilizer). The hinged center section of a
horizontal stabilizer that can be raised and lowered to
change the angle of incidence of the horizontal tail (flying
tail).

ANGLE OF ATTACK. The angle at which the air meets

the wing. The usual maximum angle of attack short of the
stall is 14 to 17 degrees. The angle between the line of the
normal wind direction and the chord and an airfoil.
ASPECT RATIO. The relation of wingspan to wing
surface area, ascertained by dividing span dimension Stabilizer Center
Torsion Section
(squared) by the wing surface area. Box

BRADING. The interlacing of yarns or tows into a tubular

shape instead of a fabric
High-Aspect-Ratio Wing BULKHEAD. A heavy structural member in the fuselage
Low-Aspect-Ratio Wing to contain pressures or fluids or to disperse concentrated
loads. A heavy circumferential frame that may or may not
BONDING. A process similar to gluing, used to attached
be entirely closed by a web.
stringers to fuselage skins and also to attach doubler-skins
anywhere an increase in skin thickness is required to reduce
stresses.
BOOM (flying boom). The extendable refueling tube
designed and developed at Boeing for the KC-97 and KC-
135 tanker planes. Boom position is controlled by
aerodynamic control surfaces, arranged in a V-configuration,
Empennage Wheelwell
called ruddervators. Pressure Bulkhead Pressure Bulkhead
Rear View Rear View

BUTTOCK LINE. A vertical reference line or plane

parallel to the centerline of the airplane used to locate points
or planes to the left or right of the airplane centerline.
Ruddervators

Boom tube

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-3 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Glossary of Terms

Circumferential
LBL BL RBL
0

CLAD. A 99% pure aluminum layer, molecular-bonded to

CHEMICAL ETCHING. A process used to form a part
from a sheet thicker than required while avoiding fatigue-
inducing machining lines. The sheet is placed in a weak
acid bath until areas not protected by an acid-resistant
coating are etched away with great précising. Also called
CHEMICAL MILLING.
CHORD PLANE, WING. The plane that defines the
planform of the wing and around which the airfoil is figured.
The wing chord plane scribes a line from the extreme point
of the leading edge to the extreme point of the trailing edge,
thus giving a datum line to measure incidence and dihedral.
Wing chord plane
Wing chord plane
the basic alloy by rolling while heated.
99% Pure AL
Basic Alloy
CLIP. Sometimes called bracket. Usually a small angle
used to attach lightweight parts such as wing clamps.
COMPOSITE MATERIAL. Composites are considered
combinations of material differing in composition or form.
The constituents retain their identifies I the composite; that
is, they do not dissolve or otherwise merge completely into
each other although they act together. Normally, the
components can be identified physically.
COVE LIP DOOR. A movable door on the under surface
of the wing, hinted at the rear spar, that lifts upward when
the flaps are lowered. These doors allow high-pressure air
to flow through the main flap slots. Used on KC-135, 707,
and 720 airplanes.

CHORD (structural). Sometimes called a cap. A strong

member that forms the edges of beam structures or heavy
frames. Cove Lip Door

COWL PANEL. The hinged and removable sides of the

Chord
pod or nacelle that cover an engine.

Cowl panel

COWLING. A removable covering placed around all or

Chord part of an engine.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL. A frame that is shaped to the DAMAGE CONTAINMENT FEATURES. Specific design
fuselage. characteristics of a load-carrying member within the
structure which are introduced in order to arrest or
sufficiently a crack and enhance the capability to carry the
applied loads in the event of partial failure of that member.
DECK. The horizontal floor in the control cabin or
passenger cabin. The horizontal structure to support
fuselage tanks in the B-52 (fuel deck).

University of Kansas, July 2007 G-4 Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Glossary of Terms
Deck
DESIGN SERVICE GOAL, DSG. The period of time in
flight hours/cycles/years, established at a design and/or
certification that represents the initially anticipated
operational life of the airplane, during which the principal
structure will be reasonably free from fatigue damage.
DETAIL DESIGN POINT, DDP. An area within a PSE
where fatigue cracking is likely to occur and where the
damage tolerance assessment is made.
DIHEDRAL. The angle the wing chord plane makes with a
horizontal reference plane.
WCP
HRL
Dihedral angle
DIMPLE. A depression of the area around the edges of a
hole in thin sheet to provide for a countersunk rivet.
Dimple
DOUBLER. A second sheet or plate installed next to the
web or skin in a small area subject to high local loads to
provide a double thickness of material. A tripler is a third
sheet to provide three layers of material.
DRAG STRUT. A diagonal brace attached to the forward
end of the landing gear trunnion and the lower end of the
oleo strut. Absorbs drag loads during ground maneuvers
and braking.
Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-5
Drag strut
DRIVEN HEAD. The upset portion of a rivet shank that
has been hammered flat by the bucking bar during
installation.
Driven head
DUTCH ROLL. A phenomenon peculiar to swept wing
aircraft. A continuous combination of yaw and roll.
ELEVATOR. The hinged section of the horizontal
stabilizer used to control pitch.
Elevator
EMPENNAGE. The aft portion of an aircraft, usually
consisting of a group of stabilizing planes or fins, to which
control surfaces such as elevators and rudders are attached.
EXTRUSION. A part formed by squeezing the material
through a die that has a hole cut to the desired cross-
sectional shape of the part.
FAIRING. An auxiliary structural member shaped to
provide a smooth flow of air and reduce drag.
FAYING SURFACE. A surface that fits, joins, or unites
closely with an adjacent surface overlapping it.
FIBERS. A general term which has a long axis that is many
times greater than its radius.
FILAMENT. A single fiber. This is the unit formed by a
single hole in the spinning process.
FILLET. A filler that smoothes the angle formed by two
intersecting surfaces and eliminates an abrupt change of
direction. Used on forged or machined parts to prevent
stress concentration at the “corner.” Used aerodynamically
to eliminate angular joints between components.
University of Kansas, July 2007
 Glossary of Terms
Fillet
FLAP, LEADING EDGE. Hinged section of the under side
of the leading edge that, when extended prevents airflow
separation over the top of the wing. Leading edge flaps
hinge at the leading edge of the airfoil.
Flap
FLAP, TRAILING EDGE. Hinged section of the trailing
edge of the wing that can be lowered and extended. When
lowered, flaps increase airplane lift at low speeds.
Flap
FLAP TRACK. A steel track on which the main landing
flaps operates by means of rollers. The curvature of the flap
track determines the deflection and position of the landing
flaps when they are extended.
FLAT PATTERN. The overall shape or outline of a sheet
metal part before bending operations.
FLING TAIL. A horizontal stabilizer that can be moved to
trim the airplane.
FLYING TAIL. A horizontal stabilizer that is movable and
controllable. The entire horizontal tail angle of incidence
can be changed to trim the airplane.
Horizontal tail movement, 727
FRAME. A circumferential structural member in the body
that supports the stringers and skin. Used in
semimonocoque construction. (see MONOCOQUE).
University of Kansas, July 2007 G-6
Frame
HAT SECTION. The cross-section shape of the stringers
used in the fuselage. A common rolled shape that looks like
a top hat with the brim curled up.
HI-SHEAR RIVET. Trade name for high-shear-strength
steel fasteners used in the airplane where heavy loads are
encountered. Installed with a swaged collar instead of
being upset by a bucking bar. Used in shear applications.
Collar driven on
Hi-shear rivet
HRL (horizontal reference line). Will sometimes refer to a
water line or can be a special horizontal line to locate a
particular plane or points in the airplane’s horizontal axis
(see WATER LINE).
WL
207.5
Water line 207.5
INBOARD. A term applying to the inside. An item nearest
to the fuselage centerline (antonym: OUTBOARD).
INCIDENCE, ANGLE OF. The fixed angle at which the
wing chord plane is set relative to the horizontal datum line
of the aircraft. Sometimes erroneously called the angle of
attack; angle or attach rightfully refers to the angle of the
entire aircraft to relative wind. The angle of attack can be
changed by the elevators on the horizontal tail surfaces.
Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Glossary of Terms
Incidence angle
INTEGRAL MACHINING. The process of cutting
components from solid metal. The stiffeners and ribs are
machined integrally with the skin, eliminating rivet holes
which can lead to high localized loading.
INTERCOSTAL. A small stabilizing beam between and at
right angles to larger beams or bulkheads.
Beam
Intercostal
JIG. A structure which holds the component members of a
particular assembly in exact relationship to each other, to
ensure that the finished part is accurate and will be
interchangeable with like parts.
LEADING EDGE FLAP. The hinged section on the
underside of the leading edge of the airfoil. Extended, the
leading-edge flap prevents airflow separation over the top
of the wing.
LIMIT OF VALIDITY, LOV. The period of time,
expressed in appropriate units (e.g., flight cycles), for which
it has been shown that the established inspections and
replacement times will be sufficient to preclude
development of wide spread fatigue damage.
LIFT. Generated by an airfoil when the air has to travel a
slightly greater distance as it skims the top of the wing than
when passing beneath it. The difference in air pressure lifts
the airplane upward.
LOCK BOLT. A high-strength steel fastener with a swaged
collar on the shank for retention rather than a nut. Used in
tension and shear applications.
Collar pressed on
Lock bolt
LOFT LINE. The line or lines that establish and control the
shape of an object so that all intersecting cutting planes are
smoothly faired.
LONGERON. A principal longitudinal member of the
framing of an aircraft fuselage or nacelle. Usually
continuous across a number of points of support.
Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
Longeron
MACH NUMBER. A number representing trhe ratio of the
speed of a body to the speed of sound in the surrounding
atmosphere. For subsonic speed the mach number is less
than 1 and for supersonic speed it is greater than 1.
MLG. Abbreviation for main landing gear.
MONOCOQUE. A single-shell construction in which the
skin carries all shear and bending stresses. In
semimonocoque construction, shear and bending loads in
the skin are transmitted to stringers and frames.
Skin
Stringer
MULTIPLE ELEMENT DAMAGE, MED. A source of
widespread fatigue damage characterized by the
simultaneous presence of fatigue cracks in similar adjacent
structural elements.
MULTIPLE LOAD PATH, MLP. Identified with
redundant structures in which (with the failure of individual
elements) the applied loads would be safely distributed to
other load-carrying members.
MULTIPLE SITE DAMAGE, MSD. A source of
widespread fatigue damage characterized by the
simultaneous presence of fatigue cracks in the same
structural element (i.e., fatigue cracks that may coalesce
with or without other damage leading to a loss of required
residual strength).
NACELLE. A streamlined enclosure that covers the engine,
sometimes called a POD.
Nacelle
NONCONFORMANCE. Any material, part, or product in
which one or more characteristics do not conform to the
requirements specified in the contract, specification,
engineering drawing, or other applicable product
description.
OIL CAN. A term commonly used to describe a buckling
or wrinkling in the metal of an airplane. The skin normally
should be smooth.
G-7 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Glossary of Terms
OLEO STRUT. A main weight-carrying strut in the landing
gear that absorbs the shock of landing by the flow of oil
through an orifice in the cylinder of the strut.
Oleo
PITOT-STATIC. An airspeed indicating system that
operates from ram air pressure in the pitot tube and static
pressure of the atmosphere. Gives an airspeed reading that
is corrected for altitude.
PLUG-TYPE DOORS. Airplane doors designed larger than
the doorway, so they will be held in space by pressure. A
required design for airplane doors in passenger cabins.
POD. A term sometimes used for engine nacelle. Indicates
an enclosure such as the boom operator’s pod on the KC-
135 that encloses the boom operator and equipment in a
streamlined fairing.
Pod
POISSON'S RATIO EFFECT. A normal strain is that
which is associated with a normal stress; a normal strain
occurs in the direction in which its associated normal stress
acts. Normal strains that result from an increase in length
are designated as positive (+) and those that result in a
decrease in length are designated as negative (-).
Under the condition of uniaxial loading, strain varies
directly with stress. The ratio of stress to strain has a
constant value (E) within the elastic range of the material,
but decreases when the proportional limit is exceeded
(plastic range). Axial strain is always accompanied by
lateral strains of opposite sign in the two directions
mutually perpendicular to the axial strain. Under these
conditions, the absolute value of a ratio of lateral strain to
axial strain is defined as Poisson's ratio. For stresses within
the elastic range, this ratio is approximately constant. For
stresses exceeding the proportional limit, this ratio is a
function of the axial strain and is then referred to as the
lateral contraction ratio. Information on the variation of
Poisson's ratio with strain and with testing direction is
available in reference 1.
University of Kansas, July 2007 G-8
Under multiaxial loading conditions, strains resulting from
the application of each directional load are additive. Strains
must be calculated for each of the principal directions
taking into account each of the principal stresses and
Poisson's ratio.
PRESSURE WEB. A web that seals an area to retain cabin
pressurization
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURE ELEMENT, PSE. An element
that contributes significantly to the carrying of flight,
ground or pressurization loads, and whose integrity is
essential in maintaining the overall structural integrity of the
airplane.
RADOME. Coined term for radar dome. A nonmetallic
streamlined fairing to cover the radar sweep.
Radome
REPAIR. A procedure that reduces, but not completely
eliminates, a nonconformance and which has been reviewed
and approved by the MRB (in-plant) or DER (in the field).
The purpose of the repair is to reduce the effect of the
nonconformance. Repair is distinguished from rework in
that the characteristic after repair still does not completely
conform to the applicable engineering drawing,
specification, or contract requirements.
Examples:
Mislocated Holes Shop Error
Plugged Holes Shop Error
Oversized Fasteners Hi-Lok Replacement
Use As Is Structurally Acceptable
Nonconformance
REWORK. A procedure applied to a nonconformance that
will completely eliminate it and result in a characteristic that
conforms completely to the engineering drawings,
specifications, or contact requirements
RIB. A fore and aft member of an airfoil structure (wing or
aileron) of an aircraft used to give the airfoil section its
form and to transmit that load from the skin to the spars.
Rib
ROVING. A number of yarns or tows collected into
parallel bundle without twisting.
Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Glossary of Terms

RUDDER. A hinged or movable auxiliary airfoil, attached SPAR. A principal spanwise beam in the structure of a
to the vertical fin, that controls yaw. wing, stabilizer, rudder, or elevator. It is usually a primary
load-carrying member in the structure.
SAFE LIFE. of a structure is that number of events such as
flights, landings, or flight hours, during which there is a low
probability that the strength will degrade below its design Rear spar
ultimate value due to fatigue cracking.
SCATTER FACTOR. A life reduction factor used in the
interpretation of fatigue analysis and fatigue test results.
SECTION. Any of the large subassemblies of the airplane
that are built separately and then joined to form the
complete airplane. The airplane is built in sections to ease
production and handling problems.
Front spar

SPOILER. A hinged panel on the upper surface of a wing

that “spoils” wing lift when raised. Left and right spoilers
can be raised alternately for high-speed lateral control or
Section 41
can be raised together as speed brakes during landing.
SEMI-MONOCOQUE. A stressed-skin construction that Spoiler
transmits loads in the skin to stringer and frames.
SHEAR STRAIN. When an element of uniform thickness
is subjected to pure shear, each side of the element will be
displaced in opposite directions. Shear strain is computed
STALL. The aerodynamic point reached when the airflow
by dividing this total displacement by the right angle
across the top of the airplane wing breaks away from the
distance separating the two sides.
surface. The massively turbulent wake that is created at
SINGLE LOAD PATH, SLP. Where the applied loads are stall speed causes the airplane to lose altitude until the pilot
carried through a single member, the failure of which would can restore the angle of attack to a low value.
result in the loss of the structural capability to carry the
STABILIZER. A fixed horizontal tail surface that
applied loads.
maintains stability around the lateral axis of an aircraft.
SKIN. The outside covering of an aircraft.
SLAT. A movable auxiliary airfoil attached to the leading
edge o the wing. When closed, it forms part of the normal
counter of the wing; when opened, it forms a slot and
increases lift.

Slat STATION LINE. All parts of an airplane are identified by

a location or station number in inches from a beginning
SLOT. An elongated passage through a wing whose
point. Station lines in the fuselage start forward of the nose;
primary function is to improve the airflow over the wing at
those for the wing usually start at the centerline of the
high angles of attack.
fuselage. This forms a locating system that divides the
aircraft cross-sectionally into a series of reference planes at
right angles to the centerline of the aircraft.

Slot

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-9 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Glossary of Terms
239.5
STA
178
344
130
Window No. 1
FWD pressure
bulkhead
Nose compartment
fwd access door Nosegear door
STIFFENER. A metal part, other than flat sheet, formed or
extruded and used in the framing of a structure to provide
rigidity.
Stiffener
STRAIN. Strain is the change in length per unit length in a
member or portion of a member. As in the case of stress, the
strain distribution may or may not be uniform in a complex
structural element, depending on the nature of the loading
condition. Strains usually are present also in directions other
than the directions of applied loads.
STRAIN RATE: Strain rate is a function of loading rate.
Test results are dependent upon strain rate, and the ASTM
testing procedures specify appropriate strain rates. Design
properties in this Handbook were developed from test data
obtained from coupons tested at the stated strain rate or up
to a value of 0.01 in./in./min, the standard maximum static
rate for tensile testing materials per specification ASTM E 8.
STRAND. A general and somewhat imprecise term. It
usually refers to a bundle or group of untwisted filaments,
but it has also been used interchangeably with fiber and
filament.
University of Kansas, July 2007 G-10
STRESS. The term "stress" implies a force per unit area
and is a measure of the intensity of the force acting on a
definite plane passing through a given point. The stress
distribution may or may not be uniform, depending on the
nature of the loading condition. For example, tensile
stresses identified by Equation ft = P/A (tension) are
considered to be uniform. The bending stress determined
from Equation fb = My/I = M/Z (bending) refers to the
stress at a specified distance perpendicular to the normal
axis. The shear stress acting over the cross section of a
member subjected to bending is not uniform. (Equation fs =
S/A (average direct shear stress) gives the average shear
stress.)
STRETCH FORM. A method used to shape skins or parts
by stretching the flat sheet over a die to provide the shape.
STRINGER. Longitudinal members in the fuselage or
spanwise members in the wing to transmit skin loads into
the body frames or wing ribs.
Body stringer
Wing stringer
STRUT. A structural member that braces loads.
Strut
TAB. A small, hinged, auxiliary control surface attached to
a primary control surface such as an aileron, rudder, or
elevator. When deflected, it moves the primary surface to
which it is attached. The primary surface will react in the
direction opposite the control tab’s deflection.
TAPE. a collection of parallel filaments (often made from
two) in which the filaments are held together with a binder
(usually the composite matrix). The length of the tape, in
the direction of the fibers, is much greater than the width,
and the width is much greater than the thickness.
ELONGATION AND REDUCTION OF AREA.
Elongation and reduction of area are measured in
accordance with specification ASTM E 8.
TOW. An untwisted bundle of continuous filaments,
usually with a specific count (such as 12,000 filaments).
Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Glossary of Terms

VORTEX GENERATOR. A device used on the wings and

Tab tail surfaces to decrease drag caused by the separation of the
air flowing over the flight surfaces. Vortex generators
appear as a row of small metal tabs set at angles to the air
stream. The vortex formed by the tabs pushes the air down
to the skin of the flying surface and delays drag producing
separation.

Tab
Vortex generators are
Rudder miniature wings and are
installed in pairs

Vortex

Boundary layer

Low-velocity air
Wing skin
TRAILING EDGE. The hinged section of the trailing edge
of the wing. Trailing-edge flaps can be lowered and
extended to increase airplane lift at low speeds. High-velocity air
Direction Vortex is
(low pressure)
of flow formed here
TRUCK. The portion of the main landing gear that is Low-velocity air
composed of a swiveling beam with an axle and two wheels
on each end. WATER LINE. A reference line or horizontal plane
parallel to the ground used to locate points vertically.

Truck
WL
207.5

VENTRAL FIN. A stabilizing surface attached to the Water line 207.5

bottom of the fuselage near the tail. WEB. A thin-gauge plate of sheet, when supported by
stiffening angles and framing, provides great shear strength
for its weight. Used in many applications throughout an
aircraft because of its strength-to-weight ratio.

Rib web

Ventral fin

VERTICAL FIN. Sometimes referred to as vertical

stabilizer. It is fixed to provide directional stability. The
trailing edge is hinged to form the rudder. Spar web

Vertical fin

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-11 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Glossary of Terms

WIDESPREAD FATIGUE DAMAGE, WFD. WFD in a

structure is characterized by the simultaneous presence of
cracks at multiple structural details that are of sufficient size
and density whereby the structure will no longer meet its
damage tolerance requirement (i.e., to maintain its required
residual strength after partial structural failure).
WINGLET. A wing tip that is moved up or down to
increase or reduce lift.
WOVEN FABRIC. A planar material made by interlacing
yarns or tows in various specific patterns.
YARN. A twisted bundle of continuous filaments, hence a
twisted tow. It is often used for weaving.

University of Kansas, July 2007 G-12 Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Symbols

A cross-section area
Aeq
stringer gross area
Aen stringer net area
Asg skin gross area
Asn skin net area
c distance from the bending neutral axis to the extreme fiber
e strain
ec strain corresponding to/,,, without considering local instability.
em actual extreme fiber strain
ebl strain at an intermediate fiber
ecrit critical strain which results in local instability
epu ultimate plastic strain
E elastic modulus
F allowable stress
f applied stress
fb apparent extreme fiber stress
fbl actual bending stress at an intermediate fiber
fm actual extreme fiber stress
fo intercept stress in Cozzone trapezoidal stress distribution
Fb aAllowable apparent extreme fiber stress
Fcu ultimate compressive strength, Fcu. For the purpose of this analysis, Fcu is
assumed to be equal to Ftu.
Fcy compressive yield strength
Fm allowable actual extreme fiber stress
Ft panel tension gross area design value
ft panel tension gross area stress
Fte allowable stringer tensile net area stress at panel failure strain
fte stringer tensile net area stress at panel failure strain
Ftp tensile proportional limit stress. Ftp is given by Ftp = F(0.005)(1).")
Fts allowable skin tensile net area stress at panel failure strain
fts skin tensile net area stress at panel failure strain
Ftu ultimate tensile strength
Fty tensile yield strength
HOF hole-out factor
l moment of inertia
K section shape factor
Kff material efficiency factor
M applied moment
Mr limiting resisting moment, Mr is the moment at which fm = Fm and fb = Fb
ni initial shape factor of the stress-strain curve
nu ultimate range shape factor of the stress-strain curve
Q first moment of area. If not otherwise noted, it is about the principal axis about
which the resisting moment is calculated.
u, v principal axes
y distance from the neutral axis to an intermediate fiber

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-13 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Symbols

γ material plasticity factor, γ. γ Is defined by γ = fo/Ftu γ is equal to one for a

perfectly plastic material and equal to zero for a perfectly elastic (brittle)
material. γ can be calculated using the plastic bending: γ = (fb – Ftu) / (Ftu(K-
1) where fb is the apparent Mc/I stress at an actual extreme fiber stress, fm equal
to Ftu for any convenient K value other than one.

University of Kansas, July 2007 G-14 Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Definitions

Symbol Definition
A, B, C designations for high-strength aluminum alloys

Cp plasticity correction factor for web buckling stress

de effective hole diameter

E modulus of elasticity

f1, f2 maximum principal stresses

fs shear stress

fscr buckling shear stress

fs net net area shear stress

fs allowable shear stress

Fscr allowable buckling shear stress

Fscr-el allowable buckling shear stress, uncorrected for plasticity

Fsu material ultimate shear strength

Ftu material ultimate tensile strength

Fty material tensile yield stress

h distance between chord c.g.’s

I area moment of inertia

k diagonal tension factor

Ken net area efficiency factor

Kep pocket efficiency factor

Krest edge restraint factor

L longitudinal grain direction

L + 45° 45 degrees to the longitudinal grain direction

LT long transverse grain direction

L-T shear plane is normal to the longitudinal grain direction and loading is along the
long transverse grain direction

Q area first moment

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-15 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Definitions

R1 correction factor B value allowables

R2 correction factor for portal frame effect

Rch horizontal edge restraint coefficient

Rst vertical edge restraint coefficient

S fastener pitch

t web basic gage

t1 thickness of the stiffener free flange

t2 thickness of the stiffener outstanding flange

tp web pad thickness

tst stiffener web leg thickness

T-L shear plane is normal to the long transverse grain direction and loading is along
the longitudinal grain direction

V shear load

Vcr buckling shear load

VF failure shear load

VP shear load due to portal frame

W1 width of the stiffener free flange

W2 width of the stiffener outstanding flange

W3 width of the stiffener web leg

XD 2024 protruding head solid rivet

XTH alloy steel protruding head Hi-Lok

XZK 2017-T3 protruding head rivet

YHY titanium shear hex-head Hi-Lok

University of Kansas, July 2007 G-16 Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis
 Acronyms

AC airworthiness circular
AD accidental damage
BCA Boeing Commercial Airplanes
BMS Boeing Material Specifications
BVID barely visible impact damage
Cd cadmium
CFD computational fluid dynamics
DBT design/build team
DPA digital pre-assembly
DSO design service objective
ED environmental damage
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FAR Federal Aviation Regulations
FD fatigue damage
FEM finite element method
FRF fatigue reliability factor
HSLA high strength low alloy
IPT integrated product teams
IWS integrated work statement
JSF Joint Strike Fighter
KBE Knowledge-Based Engineering
MED multiple element damage
MLG main landing gear
MSD multiple site damage
NDI non-destructive inspection
SS stainless steel
VID visible impact damage
WFD widespread fatigue damage

Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis G-17 University of Kansas, July 2007
 Acronyms

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University of Kansas, July 2007 G-18 Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis