Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy
Available
Available Procedia
online
online 00 (2017) 000–000
atatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia135 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 398–409
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
11th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, IRES 2017, 14-16 March 2017,
11th International Renewable Energy Storage Germany
Düsseldorf, Conference, IRES 2017, 14-16 March 2017,
Düsseldorf, Germany
Analytical Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy
AnalyticalThe Assessment
15th International of Renewable
Symposium on District Energy Sources
Heating and Energy
and Cooling
Storage Concerning their Merits for the Electric Power System
Storage Concerning their Merits for the Electric Power System
AssessingStefan the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Henninger*, Johann Jaeger, Tanja Hofmann
temperature function
Stefan Henninger*,for a long-term
Johann Jaeger, district heat demand forecast
Tanja Hofmann
Chair of Electrical Energy Systems, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Chair of Electrical Energy Systems, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract
b
Abstract Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes
The two main characteristic attributes Énergétiques
of poweret Environnement
plants based -on IMTrenewable
Atlantique, energy
4 rue Alfred Kastler,
sources 44300
(RES) Nantes,
like windFrance
power (WT) or
The two main
photovoltaic (PV)characteristic attributespower
are the fluctuating of power plants and
generation based
theongeographical
renewable energy
locationsources (RES) like
of installation. Thus,wind
the power (WT) or
RES feed-in is
photovoltaic
neither adaptive(PV) to are the fluctuating
the time power
characteristics norgeneration and the geographical
to the geographical location
location of electric of installation. Thus, the RES feed-in is
loads.
neither
However, adaptive to the time characteristics
these characteristic attributes arenor
nottoyet theconsidered
geographical location
in today’s of electric
market loads.
structure and RES promotion is usually based on
Abstract
However,
energy these characteristic
production with no regardattributes areload
to local not yet considered
curves in today’s
or the location of market structure
installation. and other
On the RES promotion
hand, theseistwo usually based on
characteristic
energy production
attributes with no
lead to voltage andregard to local
overload load
issues curves
in the grid,orexpensive
the location of installation.
backup power plants Onand
thecomplex
other hand, these
system two characteristic
operation.
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
attributes lead
Therefore, thistopaper
voltage and overload
proposed issues in
an analytical the grid, expensive
assessment method for backup power plants
RES concerning andmerits
their complex forsystem operation.
the electric power system.
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
Therefore,
The this was
objective papertoproposed
quantify an andanalytical
compareassessment
the meritsmethod for RES
of different RESconcerning theirboth
installations merits for the time
regarding electric
andpower system.
geographical
sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
The objective
location. was to quantify
The approach comprised andthe
compare
analyticalthederivation
merits of ofdifferent RES installations
the assessment parametersboth and regarding time and
the application geographical
on different RES
prolonging the investment return period.
location. The approach
configurations includingcomprised the analytical
energy storage systems (ESS).derivation of the assessment parameters and the application on different RES
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
configurations
The assessmentincluding
showed energy
increasedstorage systems
merits for the (ESS).
electric power system, if RES are combined with ESS or with other RES
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
The assessment
installations showed grid
to common increased
couplingmerits for Inthethis
points. electric
regard,power system, assessment
the proposed if RES aremethod
combinedhelpswith ESS or with
to optimize other RES
grid integration,
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
installations
operation andtocontrol
common grid coupling
of RES points.new
and to promote In this regard, thelike
technologies proposed
ESS. assessment method helps to optimize grid integration,
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
operation and control of RES and to promote new technologies like ESS.
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
©The
2017results showed that
The Authors. when only
Published weatherLtd.
by Elsevier change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
© 2017 The Authors.
Peer-review under thePublished by Elsevier
responsibility Ltd.
of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy.
(the error inunder
Peer-review annualthedemand was lower
responsibility than 20% for- all
of EUROSOLAR Theweather
European scenarios considered).
Association However,
for Renewable after introducing renovation
Energy.
Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy.
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Keywords: renewable energy sources; renewables assessment; renewables optimization; energy storage systems; power system planning
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Keywords: renewable energy sources; renewables assessment; renewables optimization; energy storage systems; power system planning
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding
Peer-review author.
under Tel.: +49 9131
responsibility 85 29521;
of the fax: Committee
Scientific +49 9131 85 of
29541.
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* E-mail
Cooling. address:
Corresponding stefan.henninger@fau.de
author. Tel.: +49 9131 85 29521; fax: +49 9131 85 29541.
E-mail address: stefan.henninger@fau.de
1876-6102
Keywords:©Heat
2017demand;
The Authors. Published
Forecast; Climatebychange
Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review©under
1876-6102 2017the
Theresponsibility of EUROSOLAR
Authors. Published by Elsevier-Ltd.
The European Association for Renewable Energy.
Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.514
 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409 399
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

The two main characteristic attributes of power plants based on renewable energy sources (RES) like wind power
(WT) or photovoltaic (PV) are the fluctuating power generation and the geographical location of installation. Thus,
the RES feed-in is neither adaptive to the time characteristics nor to the geographical location of electric loads.
However, these characteristic attributes are not yet considered in today’s market structure (e.g. merit order for
conventional power plants and fixed feed-in tariffs for RES in Germany). Instead, RES promotion is usually based
on energy production with no regard to local load curves or the location of installation. On the other hand, these two
characteristic attributes lead to voltage and overload issues in the grid, expensive backup power plants and complex
system operation.
Therefore, a new approach of assessing RES is necessary in order to tackle these problems and to improve the
actual merits of RES for the electric power system. Such assessment methods can be deployed for example to
advance particularly RES installations with low merits (e.g. by new technologies like energy storage systems (ESS)
or new grid integration methods).
Many researchers have analyzed the characteristics and effects of fluctuating power generation and of
geographical RES installation, e.g. [1,2]. In [3], the core task for the energy system is described as providing energy
at the right place and on the right time, while [4,5] emphasize to consider not only the renewable generation but also
the local loads and the electrical grid. In [6], two evaluation indices for RES are introduced, but they only comprise
the time-related performance of RES. Altogether, the challenges are well known, but there is no comprehensive
assessment method available that addresses both characteristic attributes of RES and therefore provides the property
to quantify and to improve the overall performance of RES.

In this regard, section 2 is describing the general idea of a new assessment method for RES. Section 3 is deriving
analytically the mathematical formulation of the assessment parameters. This involves the distances between power
generation and local load and the correlation of their time characteristics. The result is a comprehensive two-
dimensional parameter which is preferably illustrated graphically. The case studies in section 4 comprise several
RES and ESS configurations and show the potential of the assessment method to quantify and to compare the merits
of different power generations for the electric power system. In particular, the improvements obtained by new
technologies like ESS or new grid integration methods can be derived and evaluated directly.

Nomenclature

RES renewable energy sources

PV photovoltaic
WT wind turbine
ESS energy storage system
J RES ,t time-related assessment parameter of RES plant
J RES ,l location-related assessment parameter of RES plant
J RES ,t,l comprehensive assessment parameter of RES plant
ERES annual energy production of RES plant
 li accumulated power line length to transport RES energy to nearest loads
rRES ,load correlation coefficient between RES generation and load profile
ERES ,load energy deviation between RES generation and load profile
PRES ,RMS power fluctuations of RES generation
Pload,RMS power fluctuations of load profile
400 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

2. Idea and Assessment Method

The basic idea of the proposed assessment method is to quantify the merits of RES and ESS for the electric
power system by a comparable two-dimensional parameter. Generally speaking, RES have a high merit for the
electric power system, if they are installed close to electric loads and if their power profiles match the local load’s
time curves. On the other hand, RES which are installed far away from loads and have an anticyclical power profile
compared to the load’s time curve have a low merit for the electric power system due to the need of energy transport
equipment and additional backup power plants.
Consequently, the assessment of RES comprises two parameters – a time-related and a location-related
parameter, which can be calculated independently. The goal is to define both parameters in order that a high merit
for the electric power system results in a value close to zero. By doing this, RES installations with a high merit
appear in a two-dimensional graphical illustration near the origin, with the time-based assessment on the x-axes and
the location-based assessment on the y-axes. Accordingly, the farther away from the origin, the lower is the merit
for the electric power system – regarding time, regarding location or regarding both.
This can be seen in the schematic diagram in Fig. 1. A fluctuating power generation like a wind turbine features
low merits regarding time. If it is installed far away from a load, it also has a low merit regarding location. On the
other hand, an energy storage can improve the power injection of a wind turbine and make it more compatible with a
load’s time curve. In this way, the merits regarding time increase.

In the next section, the assessment process and the elements that influence the assessment parameters will be
described in detail. After that, a case study will show the feasibility of the proposed method, resulting in diagrams
similar to Fig. 1, but with precise scaling on both axes.

3. Derivation of the Assessment Parameters

3.1. Location-based assessment: distance between generation and load

A renewable power generation can be considered as ideal regarding the geographical location, when it is located
just in the center of a load area. In this case, only short distribution lines are required to supply the loads and the
energy transport is minimal. On the other hand, when a power generation is located in a distance to the load, the
energy has to be transported. This impairs the merits of RES since it requires transport capacities and causes line
losses.
We propose two approaches for the assessment of a power generation regarding location: with or without
considering an existing electrical grid. The latter is explained in [7] and involves the geographical distances between
generation and load without constraints imposed by an existing grid. This is appropriate e.g. for greenfield planning
purposes in order to conceive new power lines or new grid structures.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed assessment for RES.

 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409 401
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

In this paper, we apply the first approach and evaluate the merits of a power generation by considering the
existing grid structure. For this purpose, we employ the annual energy production of the power plant under
assessment, the annual energy consumption of the surrounding loads and the power line distances between these
loads and the generation. These information represent typical grid planning and grid operation parameters and can
therefore be obtained from the system operator of the respective grid area.
We combine these aspects into a new assessment parameter J RES ,l according to (1):

l i

J RES ,l  i
(1)
ERES  U N

 li describes an accumulated power line length and represents the grid equipment required to transport the
produced energy of the RES plant to the nearest loads.  li is usually obtained by a search algorithm which starts
from the geographical location of RES installation and adds up the consumed energy at increasing distances until the
produced energy over a certain period (e.g. one year) is used up. U N is the nominal voltage to which the RES plant
is connected and accounts for lower line losses at higher voltage levels. With ERES as the annual energy production
of the RES plant, J RES ,l becomes small, when the produced energy ERES is consumed by loads in a short distance,
i.e. when the accumulated line length  li is small. In this case, the energy transport is low and therefore the merits
for the electric power system regarding location are high. This accounts for the definitions introduced above, that
generations with a high merit shall be assigned with low values (refer to Fig. 1).
The application of this method to an exemplary grid configuration will be illustrated in section 4.

3.2. Time-based assessment: power profiles of generation and load

While the assessment of RES regarding location relies on energy values, the assessment regarding time requires
power profiles of generation and load for at least one year. Fig. 2 shows an exemplary comparison of both profiles
for a period of one week. For this analysis, the areas between the graphs and the time-axes during one year are
identical, so the produced renewable energy per year equals the consumed load energy. In this regard, the power
generation can be considered as ideal, if it is congruent with the load profile. However, there are usually time
periods with a generation surplus and other time periods in which the generation is much lower than the
consumption.
In order to quantify those differences, we apply three mathematical criteria, the correlation coefficient rRES ,load
between the generation and the load time curves, the energy deviation between the two curves ERES ,load , which is
represented by the blue and green colors in Fig. 2, and the RMS values of the power fluctuations between
consecutive time values PRES ,RMS and Pload,RMS .

Fig. 2. PV and load profile over one week (configuration 1 in Table 2).
402 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

The correlation coefficient rRES ,load yields values in the interval [-1; 1] and describes how good the two time
curves correlate. If the power generation increases when also the load increases and decreases when the load
decreases, the correlation coefficient rRES ,load will be close to 1. On the other hand, it will be close to -1, if the two
time curves are completely anticyclical.
Since the correlation coefficient does not comprise how much the time curves deviate, a second criterion
ERES ,load is needed. This factor represents the amount of renewable energy that is excessive in some periods of the
year and missing in others, even though the overall produced energy fits exactly the consumed energy (see blue and
green areas in Fig. 2). In the ideal case of complete congruence between load and generation profile, one has
ERES ,load  0 and rRES ,load  1 .
While ERES ,load refers to the energy deviations between generation and load, the values PRES ,RMS and Pload,RMS
relate to the frequency and height of power fluctuations. Power fluctuations decrease the merits of RES installations,
since the deviations have to be compensated by other plants in the electric grid. PRES ,RMS and Pload,RMS quantify
these fluctuations by calculating the RMS value of the power differences between consecutive time values.
Therefore, a high value of PRES ,RMS indicates many fluctuations in the power generation.
Considering ESS to improve the time-related merits of a power generations, PRES ,RMS correlates with the
required power and dynamic behavior of the storage system, while ERES ,load indicates the energy storage capacity.

With ERES as the annual energy production of the RES plant, we combine the different criteria presented above
to a common parameter J RES ,t as follows:

ERES ,load PRES ,RMS


ERES Pload,RMS
J RES ,t  (2)
1  rRES ,load

This parameter J RES ,t describes the time-related merits of a power generation, with high values indicating low
merits and values close to 0 indicating high merits. In this regard, a value of 0 represents an ideal power generation
and is obtained either by ERES ,load  0 or by PRES ,RMS 
0 . ERES ,load 
0 means generation and load time curves
are congruent, while PRES ,RMS  0 implies a constant power generation over the whole time period. Despite
deviations between load and generation in the latter case, this situation can be considered as valuable, since it
represents a reliable and predictable power generation. With rRES ,load in the denominator, positive correlations
between load and generation ( rRES ,load close to 1) reduce J RES ,t , whereas missing or negative correlations
( rRES ,load  0 ) increase J RES ,t .

3.3. Comprehensive RES assessment parameter J RES ,t,l

The location- and time-related parameters J RES ,l and J RES ,t introduced in (1) and (2) are now combined to a
complex number formulation of a new comprehensive assessment parameter J RES ,t,l :

ERES ,load PRES ,RMS

ERES

Pload,RMS i li
J RES ,t,l J RES ,t  j J RES ,l  j (3)
1  rRES ,load ERES  U N

This parameter can be illustrated graphically as shown in Fig. 1. The real component is without dimension, while
the imaginary component has the dimension km (GWh  kV) . With the definitions in (3), power generations with a
high merit for the electric power system result in low values for J RES ,t and J RES ,l . Accordingly, higher values on the
x-axes and/or y-axes are assigned to generations with a lower merit. This will be verified by a case study presented
in the next section.
 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409 403
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

4. Case Studies for Renewables and Energy Storage Assessment

This section illustrates the feasibility of the proposed assessment method based on a medium voltage
demonstration grid with PV, WT and ESS installations. In the first subsection, the PV and WT plants are assessed
separately. These assessment results serve as reference for the improvements presented in the following subsections.
In paragraph 4.2, the PV and WT are clustered to a common grid coupling point, which improves the merits both
regarding time and location. After that, subsection 4.3 deals with further time-based improvements obtained by
different ESS applications. Finally, subsection 4.4 presents assessment results of a PV plant with ESS based on very
short term fluctuations, which are usually not considered in commonly available power profiles with a 10 to 15 min
time resolution.

4.1. Distribution grid with dispersed PV and wind installation

This subsection deals with the assessment of two PV and WT power plants connected to a distribution grid as
shown in Fig. 3. The grid comprises a 110/20 kV transformer, which supplies two feeders 1 and 2. The labels E1 to
E 6 indicate the annual energy consumption of electrical loads connected to the grid in distinctive distances to the
RES installations. For the time-based assessment, we apply standard load profiles according to [8] and assume that
the profiles of the local loads are composed to 25% of households, 50% of industry and 25% of agriculture. As
generation profiles, we use 15 min measurement data of a PV and WT plant in southern Germany over one year and
define the nominal power of the PV and WT plant to 5 MW and 10 MW, respectively.
Referring to the energy and line length parameters defined in Table 1, the WT plant at feeder 1 is located much
closer to loads than the PV generation. Feeder 2 represents a rural area with little loads, so the PV energy EPV is
consumed only in relatively long distance by E1 and E 2 , while the WT energy EWT - despite much higher than
EPV - is already used up after a few kilometers by E 4 and E5 . Accordingly, the location-based assessment
parameter J PV,l is higher than J WT,l and equation (1) yields:

lPV  l2  l3 2.1km 3.4 km 6.5 km km

J PV,l   0.1132 (4)
EPV  U N 5.3GWh 20 kV GWh  kV

lWT  l6  l7 1.6 km 2.2 km 1.6 km km

J WT,l   0.0196 (5)
EWT  U N 13.8GWh 20 kV GWh  kV

110 kV
l5 WT power line length
l6 l7
l4 E3 l8 feeder 1
E4
20 kV E5
lWT E6
WT

PV feeder 2
l1 lPV
E2
l2 l3

E1
PV power line length

Fig. 3. Medium voltage demonstration grid for RES assessment (configuration I).
404 Stefanname
Author Henninger et al.
/ Energy / Energy
Procedia 00Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409
(2017) 000–000 7

Table 1. Parameters for the demonstration grids in Fig. 3 and Fig. 6.

PPV 5 MW E1 2 GWh l2 3.4 km
EPV 5.3 GWh E2 6 GWh l3 6.5 km
lPV 2.1 km E3 10 GWh l4 2.0 km
lPV2 1.4 km E4 8 GWh l5 1.5 km
PWT 10 MW E5 9 GWh l6 2.2 km
EWT 13.8 GWh E6 3 GWh l7 1.6 km
lWT 1.6 km l1 5.6 km l8 3.1 km

Table 2. Assessment results regarding time (based on 15 min time values).

ERES,load PRES ,RMS

Configuration J RES ,t rRES ,load
ERES Pload,RMS
1 PV 4.64 0.407 0.584 11.18
2 WT 4.49 -0.019 0.505 8.74
3 PV+WT 2.19 0.181 0.369 7.00
PV+WT+ESS1
4 1.35 0.194 0.302 5.33
(RES power range)
PV+WT+ESS2
5 0.96 0.181 0.361 3.14
(RES leveling)
PV+WT+ESS3
6 0.647 0.193 0.299 2.58
(RES leveling + power range)

With regard to time, the assessment results can be obtained from Table 2 (configuration 1 and 2) and from Fig. 2
and 4, which show the PV and WT generation over one week along with the respective load profiles. The overall
assessment for PV and WT is similar ( J PV,t  J WT,t  4.5 ). However, the values are composed differently. As for
PV, the correlation with the load profile is high ( rPV,load  rWT,load ), but the PV generation features higher power
fluctuations PPV,RMS Pload,RMS  PWT,RMS Pload,RMS and higher energy deviations than the WT
( EPV,load EPV  EWT,load EWT ). The missing correlation between WT and load profile rWT,load  0 can be observed
in Fig. 4, where the WT generation rises simultaneously with the load one day (e.g. in the morning of day 12), but is
completely reverse another day (e.g. evening of day 14).
Fig. 5 illustrates the overall results graphically, proving similar time-based assessment of the PV and WT on the
x-axes and different location-based assessment on the y-axes. The other points depicted in Fig. 5 will be explained
in the next subsections.

4.2. Distribution grid with clustered PV and wind installation

As can be seen from the previous subsection, the merits of a power generation regarding location depend on the
local load at the grid coupling point. A high value of J RES ,l implicates the need of energy transport and increased
line losses. If the generation also has a high value of J RES ,t (like for the PV plant), the resulting temporary energy
excess can cause line overload or voltage problems.
Therefore, this paragraph shows the benefits attainable by clustering different RES power plants to one common
grid coupling point which features low distances to the loads and/or a good link to the electrical grid in general.
With the PV plant located between the WT and feeder 2, we assume that the PV plant could also be linked to the
WT grid coupling point as shown in Fig. 6 (The ESS label shall be neglected in the first place). As can be seen from
Table 1, the additional power generation in feeder 1 increases the supplied loads by E3 and the new assessment
parameter regarding location amounts to:
 8 Author
Stefanname / Energy
Henninger Procedia
et al. 00Procedia
/ Energy (2017) 000–000
135 (2017) 398–409 405

Fig. 4. Wind and load profile over one week Fig. 5. Assessment results for different RES-ESS-configurations
(configuration 2 in Table 2). (see Table 2).

lPV2  lWT  l5  l6  l7 1.4 km 1.6 km 1.5km 2.2 km 1.6 km km
J PV+WT,l   0.0217 (6)
( EPV  E WT )  U N (5.3GWh  13.8GWh)  20 kV GWh  kV

This value is similar to J WT,l and shows that the WT grid coupling point is also suitable for an additional PV
generation.
The values in Table 2 (configuration 3) and the respective point in Fig. 5 show that the PV-WT-cluster not only
improves the merits regarding location but also regarding time. Due to the different characteristics of PV and WT,
the correlation of the aggregated power profile with the load profile rPV+WT,load changes to an intermediate value
compared to the load correlations of PV and WT individually.
Moreover, the energy deviations between load and generation EPV+WT,load EPV+WT as well as the power
fluctuations PPV+WT,RMS Pload,RMS decrease, which results in a much lower overall value of J PV+WT,t  2.19 .

4.3. Improvements obtained by energy storage

Having shown the improvements regarding both time and location by clustering different RES technologies, this
subsection deals with the further improvements attainable by energy storage. For this purpose, an ESS is added to
the previous configuration as shown in Fig. 6. Such clusters of different RES technologies and ESS to one grid

110 kV
l5 PV+WT power line length
l6 l7
l4 E3 l8 feeder 1
E4
20 kV E5
lWT E6
WT

PV lPV2 ESS feeder 2

l1
E2
l2 l3

E1

Fig. 6. Medium voltage demonstration grid for RES assessment (configuration II).
406 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 9

coupling point provide many advantages as explained in [9]. With the assessment method introduced in this paper,
these advantages can now be quantified by the parameter J RES ,t,l . In the following, three use cases are presented
called RES power range, RES leveling and RES leveling + power range.

The first one addresses the problems of very high renewable power generation at some times (causing line
overload or voltage problems) and missing power generation at other times (requiring backup power plants).
Therefore, this approach aims at keeping the power injection within a predefined range defined by a guaranteed
minimum and maximum power value. This is done by deferring the energy from high generation periods to periods
of missing generation, provided appropriate long term storage is available. As explained in [10], the definition of
these minimum and maximum values is not arbitrary, but has to account for the efficiency and the size of the
deployed ESS.
When applying this concept to the configuration in Fig. 6, one yields power profiles as depicted in Fig. 7.
Compared to the blue curve, which refers to the PV-WT configuration without ESS explained in the previous
section, the power fluctuations of the purple line and therefore the deviations to the load curve decrease.
This improvement is being reflected in the time-based assessment shown in Table 2 (configuration 4) and the
respective point in Fig. 5. The energy deviation EPV+WT+ESS1,load EPV+WT+ESS1 and the power deviations
PPV+WT+ESS1,RMS Pload,RMS are lower than before due to the limited range of power injection. However, it should be
noted, that fluctuations within the power range are not addressed in this use case. Compared to J PV+WT,l , J PV+WT+ESS1,l
is slightly higher owing to the ESS efficiency losses, which yield EPV+WT+ESS1  EPV+WT .

The second use case is RES leveling. In this case, a storage system compensates renewable power fluctuations,
e.g. by limiting the gradients of the power injected into the grid. This can be noticed from the reduced power
fluctuations PPV+WT+ESS2,RMS Pload,RMS in Table 2 (configuration 5). However, the energy deviation
EPV+WT+ESS2,load EPV+WT+ESS2 remains nearly unchanged compared to configuration 3. This indicates, that only short
term fluctuations are compensated, while the periods of excessive power generation, which mainly cause the high
energy deviation from the load profile, are kept untouched.

The third use case combines the two applications explained above and is shown in Fig. 8 (red curve). While the
yellow curve levels out only short term fluctuations of the original power generation (blue curve), the red curve also
keeps the supplied power within a predefined range. Consequently, configuration 6 (see Table 2) features the lowest
energy deviation EPV+WT+ESS3,load EPV+WT+ESS3 and the lowest power fluctuations PPV+WT+ESS3,RMS Pload,RMS .

Fig. 7. Power profiles over one year (configuration 3 and 4 in Fig. 8. Power profiles over one week (configurations 5 and 6 in
Table 2). Table 2).
 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409 407
10 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

These findings are all summarized in Fig. 5 through the comprehensive assessment parameter J RES ,t,l of the
different configurations. The movement of the points towards lower x-values indicates the improvements obtained
by ESS, since lower values for J RES ,t denote higher time-related merits for the electric power system.

4.4. PV plant and ESS application with respect to very short term fluctuations

The previous studies were based on power profiles with 15 min time resolution. Therefore, the assessment results
did not take account of fluctuations in the time range of minutes or seconds. However, these fluctuations do effect
the merits of a power generation considerably, as will be shown in this subsection. For this purpose, we apply
measurement data of load profiles and a PV plant in southern Germany measured on a 15 sec time scale over the
period of one year.

Fig. 9 depicts the PV and the load profile for an exemplary day in March. Again, the load profile features the
same energy amount over one year as the PV plant and the PV plant is scaled to a nominal power of 5 MW, so it
corresponds to the previous PV configuration. The yellow curve represents the 15 min mean values of the purple
curve, in this regard these values are equivalent to the 15 min measurement values used for the assessments
previously. However, Fig. 9 clearly illustrates that fluctuations within 15 min time periods can be much more
intense than between 15 min mean values.

Table 3 shows how these characteristics influence the assessment parameter J PV,t . In comparison to Table 2
(configuration 1), the correlation coefficient rPV,load is lower, which is down to the modified load profile that now
comprises mainly households. This can be observed in Fig. 9, where the load increases in the evening, when the PV
generation already slopes down.

Remarkable is the high value of PPV,RMS Pload,RMS  34 , which complies with the huge amount of fluctuations
observed in Fig. 9. However if an ESS is capable of compensating these fluctuations within the 15 min time periods
and sticking to a constant power schedule (yellow curve), this parameter is reduced to
PPV+ESS4,RMS Pload,RMS 
12.79 and the overall assessment parameter J RES ,t decreases from 19 to 7. Moreover, if the
differences between consecutive power schedules are limited as illustrated by the red curve in Fig. 9, the merits for
the electric power system increase further and the assessment parameter J PV+ESS5,t drops to 2.95.

Fig. 9. Power profiles over ½ day (configurations 7-9 in Table 3).

408 Stefanname
Author Henninger et al.
/ Energy / Energy
Procedia 00Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409
(2017) 000–000 11

Table 3. Assessment results regarding time (based on 15 sec time values).

ERES,load PRES ,RMS

Configuration J RES ,t rRES ,load
ERES Pload,RMS
7 PV 19.00 0.158 0.6467 34.04
8 PV+ESS4 (15 min schedules) 7.03 0.162 0.6388 12.79
PV+ESS5
9 2.95 0.166 0.6224 5.53
(15 min schedules leveled)

Fig. 10. Assessment results for different PV-ESS-configurations (see Table 3).

Fig. 10 visualizes these results in accordance with Fig. 5, even though the two figures cannot be compared
directly in terms of J RES ,t , since the time base for both assessments was completely different. However, within each
figure, the potential of ESS to improve the merits of a renewable power generation can be clearly observed. The
higher the ESS effort, the more move the assessment results to the left and the merits of the power generation
regarding time increase.

5. Conclusion

This paper presents a new assessment method for RES and ESS concerning their merits for the electric power
system. The assessment result is a comprehensive two-dimensional parameter which is preferably illustrated
graphically. This parameter can be used to compare different RES and ESS installations and to optimize their grid
integration, operation and control.
After introducing the general assessment idea in section 2, the assessment parameters were derived and
composed to the two-dimensional parameter J RES ,t,l in section 3. In section 4, the assessment method was applied to
several RES and ESS configurations to prove feasibility and potential of the method. The assessment results
depicted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 10 show that the proposed assessment method provides a good mean to evaluate the
merits of a power generation regarding time and location and to evaluate the improvements obtained by ESS or new
grid integration methods like RES clustering.
In the future, this assessment method can help to improve particularly RES installations with low merits and to
concentrate funding and promotion on those power generations that yield a real benefit for the electric grid and the
entire power system.
 Stefan Henninger et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 398–409 409
12 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

References

[1] R. Mono and P. Glasstetter, “Fluktuierende Erneuerbare: Effekte der räumlichen Verteilung,” Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen (ET), vol.
64, no. 8, pp. 42-45, 2014.
[2] E. Welfonder, “Vorteile einer europäischen Stromwende. Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien aus nationaler Sicht,“ ew Magazin für die
Energiewirtschaft, 8/2015.
[3] A. Barnard and F. Bleyl, “Smart Grids and Energy Storage – Storing Renewably Generated Electricity” [Online]. Available:
http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/energy-and-efficiency/smart-grids-and-energy-storage-energy-
storage.html
[4] G. Brauner, “Nachhaltige zentrale und dezentrale Versorgungskonzepte,“ Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (e&i), vol. 132, no. 8, pp.
510-511, Dec. 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00502-015-0361-y
[5] T. Krägenow, “Abschied von Hosenträger plus Gürtel,” Energie&Management (E&M), Jahresmagazin 2013.
[6] Y. Manabe et al., “Cooperation of Energy Storage Systems and Biogas Generator for Stabilization of Renewable Energy Power Plants,“ in
4th IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), 2013©IEEE. doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2013.6695297
[7] S. Henninger, T. Hofmann and J. Jaeger, “Extensive Assessment Method of Renewable Energy Sources considering the Electrical Load and
Feed-in Conditions,” in 12th IEEE PES PowerTech Conference, 2017©IEEE, to be published.
[8] Bayernwerk AG, “Standardlastprofile (SLP)” [Online]. Available: https://www.bayernwerk.de/cps/rde/xchg/bayernwerk/hs.xsl/629.htm
[9] S. Henninger, H. Rubenbauer and J. Jaeger, “An advantageous grid integration method and control strategy for renewable energy sources
and energy storage systems,” in International ETG-Congress 2015 - Die Energiewende, Blueprints for the new energy age, Bonn, 2015.
[10] S. Henninger, J. Jaeger and H. Rubenbauer, “Dimensioning and Control of Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Power Leveling,” in
IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), 2016©IEEE. doi: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519881