Paint is made up of pigment, binder, volatile and additive

Watercolour:
- Made up of pigment, water (volatile), gum Arabic (tree sap) – binder.
- Water evaporates
- Gum Arabic sticks pigment
- To paper

Egg tempera: pigment, water (volatile) and egg yolk (binder)

- Yolk contains emulsion of oil and water

- Dries quickly
- Apply paint in layers
- Yolk is yellow from carotene.
o When it dries, carotene disassociates
o Does not impact paint color
- Oil paints: pigments, drying oils (linseed, poppy = the binder), turpentine (volatile)
- The drying oil is string of carbon atoms in a saturated oil or fat
- All carbon atoms are connected to hydrogen atoms (or other carbons)
- Bond structure is saturated
- In unsaturated oils/fats, double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms
- Mono unsaturated: one double bond
- Poly unsaturated: many doubke bonds
- Best oils in paints are the polyunsaturated
o Many sites of double bonds
- In the drying process: polymerization” occurs
- Exposure to air breaks double bond structure
- -> 02
- -> oil molecules can link together
- A continuous coating of oil molecules developes
o Cross linked oil molecules
- Some molecules of oil bind with surface
- Polymer traps pigment particles
- Surface layer of coloured bigment when using paint dries
- Reflected light rays determine visual quality of paint.
- Exact hue, value, saturation/crhoma
- Reflected light rays
- Reflect off the medium
- Pass through and interact with a few pigment particles with hundreds of pigment
particles
- Many things impact this interaction
- Size pigment molecules
- Shapes
- Size distribution
 - Contributes to complexity of understanding paint and how paints behave in mixtures
- Cobalt blue pigment particles selectively absorb longer wavelengths

Filters
- Filters-affect the spectral composition and intensity of indecent white light
- Selective absorption
- Scattering or redirection
- Interference or dichroic
- Birefringence (extremely narrow filter used in scientific labs)
- Colorants in filters:
- Dispersed individual dye molecules
- Fine particles of pigment
- Transition metal ions
- Ion: atoms with e- removed
- Colorant is located in a supporting medium
o Glass plate
o Sheet of plastic
o Celluloid
o Gelatin
- Filters can be:
o Transparent
o Diffuse
o Depending if light is transmitted through or re-directed
- Subtracive mixing: when filters are placed next to each other

- Ways to colour class

- Transition metal ions: types of atoms with weakly bond outer electrons

- Easily absorb visible wavelengths of light

- 400-700 nm

- Cobalt

- Iron

- Colouring ions are added to molten glass – cools!!!!!!

- Copper can produce green glass

- When it is heated further, water is driven out

- Impacts energy level structure of copper within glass – turns red

- Silver chloride stain – 13th century

- Applied to clear glass, it changes to yellow, blue to green and red to orange – this is
subtractive mixing.

- All owed more than one color on a single piece of changed glass design

- Adding finely ground particles or a colloid

- Process called coloring ions – scattering – are added to molten glass

- Redirection of short wavelengths of light

- Only long (red) wavelengths pass through glass

- Uranium glad or Vaseline glad contains trace amounts of uranium that gets bound ti
different numbers of oxygen atoms. UO2

- It will fluoresce under UV

- It also has its own inner flow from uranium

- When Uranium atoms decay, they produce gamma rays which can intensify
fluorescence mechanism

- Some glassware may be safe