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Electricity and magnetism can be static, when they change or move together they
make waves that wave is known as electromagnetic wave.

Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic
field .The magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave. In the figure shown
below:-c
ÑcThe tick arrows shows the electric field andc
ÑcThe tin arrow shows the magnetic fieldc
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1.c It is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or
repulsion in the presence of other matter.
2.c It is the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or
negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons; .
3.c It is the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or
negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons

Fig .2 shows the charge on the body

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Example:- we put two objects one is a glass and the other is piece of hair .
First rubbed the glass by a pen and put the pen near to a piece of paper, the paper
repelled by pen.
Second rubbed he hair by a pen and put the pen near to a piece of paper ,the
paper attracted by the pen. The above example shows the effects of the charge.
Generally there are two types of charges, these are positive and negative charge.

$!!#cc - having a deficiency of electrons; having a higher electric

potential

!#c - having a surplus of electrons; having a lower electric potential.
Base d on the above example, we have two laws of charges. These are

Ñc dike charges repel each other and

Ñc unlike charges attract each other

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c!c)!(c
c!c)!( is a region where the test charge (positive charge) starts to move, in
that region there is electric field where as if the test charges does not move there is
no electric field. c

These fields are invisible but we know the presence of the field by its effect (the
movement of the test charges).

To help visualize how a charge, or a collection of charges, influences the region

around it, the concept of an electric field is used. The electric field E is analogous
to gravity, which we called the acceleration due to gravity but which is really the
gravitational field. Everything we learned about gravity, and how masses respond
to gravitational forces, can help us understand how electric charges respond to
electric forces.

The electric field (E) at a distance(r) away from a point charge (Q )is given by:

E = k Q / r2

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The electric field from a positive charge points away from the charge; the electric
field from a negative charge points toward the charge. dike the electric force, the
electric field E is a vector. If the electric field at a particular point is known, the
force a charge q experiences when it is placed at that point is given by:

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Where F =the electric force

q =electric charge

E= electric field

If q is positive, the force is in the same direction as the field; if q is negative, the
force is in the opposite direction as the field.

c($c c!c)!(c-c!-%c

An electric field can be visualized on paper by drawing lines of force, which give
an indication of both the size and the strength of the field. dines of force are also
called field lines. Field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges,
and the direction of the field line at a point tells you what direction the force
experienced by a charge will be if the charge is placed at that point. If the charge is
positive, it will experience a force in the same direction as the field; if it is negative
the force will be opposite to the field.

The fields from isolated, individual charges are show below

Fig.3. electric field in positive and negative charges

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When there is more than one charge in a region, the electric field lines will not be
straight lines; they will curve in response to the different charges. In every case,
though, the field is highest where the field lines are close together, and decreases
as the lines get further apart.

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Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. It is due to a
magnetic field, which is caused by moving electrically charged particles or is
inherent in magnetic objects such as a magnet.

A magnet is an object that exhibits a strong magnetic field and will attract
materials like iron to it. Magnets have two poles, called the north (N) and south (S)
poles. Based on the properties of the magnate, we have two laws of magnate
.These are

Yc dike poles repel each other and

Yc unlike poles attract each other
I can show the above laws of the magnate by a bar magnate (permanent
magnets) in the figure below

Fig.4. (a)& (b) shows attraction force between unlike pole

Fig. 4 .(c)& (d) shows rep ulsion force between like pole

Fig .4 magnetic force in bar magnate (permanent magnets)

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Magnets are surrounded by magnetic fields. A magnetic field can be thought of as

consisting of lines of force. The forces of magnetic attraction and repulsion move
along the lines of force. The magnet below is being placed on a surface containing
iron filings.

The iron filings line up along the magnetic field lines of the magnet. Note the
circular pattern of the field lines.
More iron filings are attracted to the poles because the strength of the magnetic
field is greater at the pole

Fig.4.1 Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paperc

 !c)!($ are also produced by electric current, which can be macroscopic
currents in wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic
orbits. The magnetic field B is defined in terms of force on moving charge in the
dorentz force law. The interaction of magnetic field with charge leads to many
practical applications. Magnetic field sources are essentially dipolar in nature
having a north and south magnetic pole.

The SI unit for magnetic field is the Tesla, which can be seen from the magnetic
part of the dorentz force law F magnetic = qvB to be composed of (Newton x
second)/(Coulomb x meter). A smaller magnetic field unit is the Gauss (1 Tesla =
10,000 Gauss).
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I can show magnetic fields created by different materials in the fig. shown below

Fig 4.2 Magnetic field lines of a permanent magnet, cylindrical coil, iron-core
electromagnet, straight current-carrying wire, and a circular current-carrying loop.

Generally Magnetic field liens have the following properties

c The field lines emanate from the north pole of the magnet and re-enter the
magnet through the South Pole.
c the field lines are closer together at the poles than at the center of the
magnet
c The field lines are continuous.
c the field lines never cross each other
c the field lines enter or leave a magnetic surface at right angle.
c the field lines occupy three dimension space extending to infinity
c2 
An   is a type of magnet whose magnetism is produced by the flow
of electric current through a conductor material. The magnetic field disappears
when the current is interrupted. The strength of the magnetic field in electro
magnetism is depending on the amount of current

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 fig 4.3 shows electromagnet

Electro magnets attract paper clips when current is applied creating a magnetic
field. The electromagnet loses them when current and magnetic field are removed

Electromagnetic fields
It is a combination of two fields produced by electricity and magnate. That is used
in communication system ( in ancantennas , wave guides) and principle operation
of electrical machines

In this field we use the following electrical and mechanical quantities

E= electric field strength (V/m)

D= electric flux density(c/m2=As=m2)

H=magnetic flux strength (A/m)

B= magnetic flux density(Wb/m2=Vs/ m2)

J=electric current density (A/m2)

Js=electric surface current density (A/m=)

P=electric charge density(c/m2= As=m2)

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Where F= electromagnetic force
E=electric field
q = charge
v= velocity of moving charge
B=magnetic field density

The electric force is straight forward, being in the direction of the electric field if
the charge q is positive, but the direction of the magnetic part of the force is given
by the right hand rulec

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