GTU Paper Analysis

Chapter 2 – Design Against Fluctuating Loads

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Sr.
Questions
No.

Theory
1. Derive Soderberg’s equation and state its application to different types of 07 07
loadings.
2. What is endurance strength? Discuss the factors affecting endurance strength 04 07 03 04 07 03
of the materials.
3. Stress concentration factor is defined as ratio of 01
(a) maximum stress to the endurance limit (b) nominal stress to the endurance
limit
(c) maximum stress to the nominal stress (d) nominal stress to the maximum
stress
4. The endurance or fatigue limit is defined as the maximum value of the stress 01
which a polished standard specimen can withstand without failure, for infinite
number of cycles, when subjected to
(a) static load (b) dynamic load
(c) static as well as dynamic load (d) completely reversed load
5. What are the Goodman and the Soderberg line? 03
6. What is stress concentration? State the methods of reducing stress 04 03 04
concentration.
7. Define Stress Concentration Factor. 01
8. What do you mean by Factor of Safety for Fatigue Loading? 01
9. Write Goodman formula for fluctuating stresses. 01

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
10. What is cumulative damage in fatigue? Explain in brief. 03
11. Compare among Gerber curve, Soderberg and Goodman lines for fluctuating 03
stresses in machine component.
12. Explain Miner’s rules for Cumulative fatigue Damage. 04
13. Explain Goodman line design criteria for fluctuating stresses. 07
14. Explain fluctuating stress in detail 04
15. Explain S-N diagram for steels with neat sketch. 07
16. Explain cyclic stress characterization with mathematical formulations and graphs. 04
Examples
1. The following data refers to a transmission shaft: Torsional moment that varies 07
from = - 100 Nm to + 600 Nm. The Ultimate tensile strength = 630 MPa, Yield
strength = 360 MPa, Stress load correction factor = 0.6, Size correction factor =
0.85, Surface finish factor = 0.8, Reliability factor = 0.897, Factor of safety = 2,
Calculate the shaft diameter using distortion energy theory of failure.
2. A machine component is subjected to fluctuating stress that varies from 40 to 07
100 MPa. The corrected endurance limit stress for the machine component is
270 MPa. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of material are 600
and 450 MPa respectively. Calculate the factor of safety using 1. Gerber theory, 2.
Soderberg line and 3. Goodman line.
3. A hot rolled steel shaft is subjected to a torsional moment that varies from 330 07 07
Nm to –110 Nm and an applied bending moment at a critical section varies from
440 Nm to –220 Nm. The shaft is of uniform cross-section and no keyway is
present at the critical section. Determine the required shaft diameter. The
material has an ultimate strength of 550 MPa and yield strength of 410 MPa.
Take the endurance limit as half the ultimate strength, factor of safety of 2, size
factor of 0.85 and a surface finish factor of 0.62.
4. A cantilever beam made of carbon steel of circular cross-section as shown in 07 07
figure, is subjected to a load which varies from –F to 3F. Determine the maximum
load that the beam can sustain for an indefinite life. Factor of safety = 2, Stress
Design of Machine Elements (2151907)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
concentration factor =1.42, Notch sensitivity = 0.9 Ultimate stress = 550 MPa,
Yield stress = 470 MPa, Endurance limit = 275 MPa, Size factor = 0.85, Surface
finish factor = 0.89.

5. A simply supported beam has a concentrated load at the centre which fluctuates 07
from a value of ‘P’ to ‘4P’. The span of the beam is 500 mm and its cross-section is
circular with a diameter of 60 mm. Taking for the beam material an ultimate
stress of 700 MPa, a yield stress of 500 MPa, endurance limit of 330 MPa for
reversed bending, and a factor of safety of 1.3, Calculate value of load ‘P’ based on
Goodman’s formula. Take a size factor of 0.85 and a surface finish factor of 0.9.
6. A bar of steel having corrected endurance strength of 275 MPa, tensile yield 04
strength of 415 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 550 MPa. If it is subjected to
an alternating torsional stress of ± 250 MPa, find the factor of safety against
fatigue failure and the expected life of the component.
7. A transmission shaft carries a pulley midway between the two bearings. The 07
bending moment at the pulley varies from 200 N-m to 600 N-m, as the torsional
moment in the shaft varies from 70 N-m to 200 N-m. The frequencies of variation
of bending and torsional moments are equal to the shaft speed. The shaft is made
of steel FeE 400 having Ultimate tensile stress 540 N/mm2 and yield stress 400

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
N/mm2. The corrected endurance limit of the shaft is 200 N/mm2. Determine the
diameter of the shaft using a factor of safety of 2.
8. A solid circular shaft, 15 mm in diameter, is subjected to torsional shear stress, 07
which varies from 0 to 35 N/mm2 and at the same time, is subjected to an axial
stress that varies from –15 to +30 N/mm2. The frequency of variation of these
stresses is equal to the shaft speed. The shaft is made of steel FeE 400 (Sut = 540
N/mm2 and Syt = 400 N/mm2) and the corrected endurance limit of the shaft is
200 N/mm2. Determine the factor of safety
9. A machine component is subjected to a flexural stress which fluctuates between 07
+300 MN/m2 and –150 MN/m2. Determine the value of minimum ultimate
strength according to 1. Gerber relation; 2. Modified Goodman relation; and 3.
Soderberg relation. Take yield strength = 0.55 x Ultimate strength; Endurance
strength = 0.5 x Ultimate strength; and factor of safety = 2. Compare the results
on plot.
10. A 25 mm diameter shaft is made of forged steel 30C8 with Sut = 600 N/mm2. 07
There is a step in the shaft the theoretical stress concentration factor at the step
is 2.1. The notch sensitivity is 0.84. Determine the endurance limit of the shaft if
it is subjected to a reversible bending moment

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology