SUBJECT:- Human Rights

TOPIC:- National Government Organizations in enforcement of Human

Rights

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

People’s Union for Civil Liberties Name- Vaibhav

Chauhan

DATE:- 27-04-2019 Semester- 4th

REMARK ____________________
SIGNATURE_____________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Trust in the Lord with all you heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways acknowledge Him, and He will direct your paths.

It is not possible to prepare a project without the assistance and encouragement of

other people. This is certainly no exception. On the very outset of this project I
would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation towards all the personages
who helped me in this endeavor. Without their guidance, help, cooperation and
support I would not have made headway in this project.

I am ineffably thankful to People’s Union for Civil Liberties for conscientious

guidance and encouragement to accomplish this assignment.

I extend my sincere gratitude to INDORE INSTITUTE OF LAW for giving me

this opportunity.

I also acknowledge a deep sense of reverence , my gratitude towards my friends

and family members who have always supported me morally as well as
economically.

Last but not the least I want to thank THE ALMIGHTY who made everything
possible.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the research work entitled “Human Right and
NGOS” submitted to the People’s Union for Civil Liberties is my original
work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any
degree, fellowship or any other similar titles.

Name of the Student:- Vaibhav Chauhan

Date:-24-04-2019
TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Types of NGOS

3. Range of NGOS Activities

 Community heath promation and Education
 Emerging health Crises
 Community Social Probles
 Envirnonmental
 Economic

4. Constituting and NGO Board

5. Role of NGOS
 The Mediatory
 The Consultative Role
 Development and Operation of Infrastrauture
 Supporting Innovation Demonstration and pilot project
  Facilitation communication
 Technical Assistance and Training

6. Advocacy for and with the poor

7. Role of age at international level in protecting Human Rights

8. International NGOS
 Australia Asia workers links
 The fred hollows foundation
 Khanya College
 Legel Resoruces Centre
 Amnesty International
 Cool Farth
 Human Right Foundation
 Ramakrishna Mission home of service
 People’s Union for civilliberties
 People’s Union for Democratic Rights
 Child Right and You
 Bandhua Multi Marcha

9. Role of NGOS in protecting human right through Judiviary and NGOS

10. Conclusion
11. Suggestions

“The evolution of the human rights movement clearly illustrates humanity’s ongoing struggle
toward creating a better world”

-Robert Alan

INTRODUCTION

Many organizations around the world dedicate their efforts to protecting human rights and
ending human rights abuses. Public support and condemnation of abuses is important to their
success, as human rights organizations are most effective when their calls for reform are backed
by strong public advocacy. 1Non Governmental Organization is one of the examples of such
groups. In every part of the globe, there are Non-Governmental Organizations’ (NGOs) working
every hour of the day to document the injustices heaped upon women, children and the under-
class, standing beneath the bottom rung of the society. By their active campaigning, they remind
Governments to keep their promise in order to give practical shape to goals set by various
national and international conventions on human rights. India is estimated to have between 1
million and 2 million NGOs. The NGO are a necessary corollary to the democratic machinery of
the government, they are means of democratic empowerment of those who are less powerful and
less advantaged as the government machinery and its authorized institution are not always
sufficient to guarantee the protection of human right.

The term, "non-governmental organization" or NGO, came into use in 1945 because of the need
for the UN to differentiate in its Charter between participation rights for intergovernmental
specialized agencies and those for international private organizations. At the UN, virtually all
types of private bodies can be recognized as NGOs. They only have to be independent from
government control, not seeking to challenge governments either as a political party or by a
narrow focus on human rights, non-profit-making and non-criminal. As of 2003, there were

1
http://www.humanrights.com/voices-for-human-rights/human-rights-organization/non-governmental.html
reportedly over 20,000 NGOs active in Iran. The majority of these organizations are charity
organizations, and thus would not fall under the category of development-oriented NGOs. In this
document the term NGO is primarily used for organizations other than charitable organizations.
The structures of NGOs vary considerably. With the improvement in communications, more
locally-based groups, referred to as grass-roots organizations or community based organizations,
have become active at the national or even the global level. Increasingly this occurs through the
formation of coalitions with other NGOs for particular goals, such as was the case in the case of
the Bam earthquake for example. A civil society is composed of three sectors: government, the
private sector and civil society, excluding businesses. NGOs are components of social
movements within a civil society. In the case of Iran, where civil society is not yet mature, NGOs
can have an important role in strengthening the foundations of an emergent civil society. The
issue of independence is an important one in the credibility of an NGO. It is hard for NGOs not
to come under any governmental influence. Individual governments do at times try to influence
the NGO community in a particular field, by establishing NGOs that promote their policies. This
has been recognized by quite common use of the acronym GONGO, to label a government-
organized NGO. Also, in more authoritarian societies, NGOs may find it very difficult to act
independently and they may not receive acknowledgment from other political actors even when
they are acting independently. On the other hand, development and humanitarian relief NGOs
need substantial resources, to run their operational programs, so most of them readily accept
official funds. It is thus important for the NGO to have transparency in its operations and goals
so that its relationship.

TYPES OF NGOS

NGOs can be distinguished into two groups: Operational and advocacy NGOs. This may be
interpreted as the choice between small-scale change achieved directly through projects and
large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence on the political system. Operational
NGOs have to mobilize resources, in the form of financial donations, materials or volunteer
labor, in order to sustain their projects and programs. This process may require quite complex
organization. Finance obtained from grants or contracts, from governments, foundations or
companies, require time and expertise spent on planning, preparing applications, budgeting,
accounting and reporting. Major fund-raising events require skills in advertising, media relations
and motivating supporters. Thus, operational NGOs need to possess an efficient headquarters
bureaucracy, in addition to the operational staff in the field. Advocacy NGOs will carry out
much the same functions, but with a different balance between them. Fund-raising is still
necessary, but on a smaller scale and it can serve the symbolic function of strengthening the
donors' identification with the cause. Persuading people to donate their time is necessary, but, in
addition to a small number of people giving a great deal of time, it is also necessary to be able to
mobilize large numbers for brief periods. External donors may not impose onerous
administrative burdens, but supporters still have to be supplied with information on an efficient
regular basis. Major events will aim to attract favorable publicity rather than raise funds.
Therefore, despite their differences, both operational and advocacy NGOs need to engage in
fund-raising, mobilization of work by supporters, organizing special events, cultivating the
media and administering a headquarters. Only the defining activities – implementing projects or
holding demonstrations – serve to differentiate them. In reality, the distinctions are not as sharp
as the labels suggest. Operational NGOs often move into advocacy when projects regularly face
similar problems and the impact of the projects seems to be insufficient. All the large
development and environment operational NGOs now run some regular campaigns, at least by
supporting campaigning networks. Similarly, advocacy NGOs often feel they cannot ignore the
immediate practical problems of people in their policy domain. Human rights NGOs and
women's NGOs end up having programs to assist the victims of discrimination and injustice.

RANGE OF NGO ACTIVITIES

Meanwhile, NGOs can have an active role in the following areas:

 Community Health Promotion and Education

o Contraception and Intimacy Education.
o General Hygiene
o Waste Disposal
o Water Usage
 o Vaccinations
o Youth Counseling Services
 Emerging health crises
o HIV/AIDS education and support
o Hepatitis B education
o Drug Addiction recovery
 Community Social Problems
o Juvenile crimes
o Runaway girls
o Street Children
o Prostitution
 Environmental
o Sustainable water and energy consumption education
o Keeping mountains and forests clean
 Economic
o Microenterprises and Micro-loans
o Skill training (Computers, technician training, Catering services, clothing and
textile, etc.)
o Product promotion and distribution (Bazaars etc.)
o Cooperative creation
o Financial consulting
o Career services and job search assistance

CONSTITUTING AN NGO BOARD

There is a growing need for nonprofit and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) throughout
the world to be more effective and productive. One the many ways they are achieving this is by
broadening and strengthening the constitution of their Boards. An increase in the effectiveness of
NGO board itself has been achieved by bringing together organizations and leaders with a shared
interest in the work of boards; building capacity by training; and developing management and
governance tools. Having a good and effective NGO Board provides a basis for successful
management of its organization; familiarizes its target constituents with the activities of the
NGO; help in better understanding the organizational structure of the NGO, and also assists in
distributing responsibilities among the team members within the NGO organization. An NGO
Board may be called by different names - 'Board of Directors; 'Steering Committee' 'Advisory
Group' etc. The term 'Board' is used collectively and interchangeably to mean all these names.

Role of NGO

“The 21st Century will be an era of NGOs.” — Kofi Annan, Former UN Secretary General
The world conference on human right was held in Vienna in Austria in 1993, with objective “to
review and assess the progress made in the field of human right”. The resolution no 38 of the
declaration stated –the world conference on human right recognizes the important role of Non
Government Organization in the promotion of all human right and in humanitarian.

NGO organization have functioned as the conscience of the national in the field of human right
by taking prompt action to investigate the instance human right by undertaking and the spot
studies and publishing the observations.

NGOs play a pivotal, role in many fields, such as in prevention of HIV/AIDS, to educate to teach
and train vulnerable groups, child care, child exploitation, child labour, bonded labour, in sex
tourism, and providing counselling in number of matters including domestic disputes, subject
relating to rights of women and children and so on.

Among the wide variety of roles that NGOs play, the following are important
The Social Welfare Role - where relief and charity are key actions. NGOs in this role can be seen
as initiating internal programs and projects.
The Mediatory Role - where communication as a skill is important for development and social
action. NGOs in this role can be seen as participating or taking up external programs and
projects.

The Consultative Role - where support documentation and dissemination of information and
expertise is critical. NGOs in this role can be seen as working in collaborative programs. Local
experts/professionals/resource persons play major secondary roles.

Development and Operation of Infrastructure: Community- based organizations and

cooperatives can acquire, subdivide and develop land, construct housing, provide infrastructure
and operate and maintain infrastructure such as wells or public toilets and solid waste collection
services.

Supporting Innovation, Demonstration and Pilot Projects : NGO have the advantage of
selecting particular places for innovative projects and specify in advance the length of time
which they will be supporting the project - overcoming some of the shortcomings that
governments face in this respect.

Facilitating Communication: The significance of this role to the government is that NGOs can
communicate to the policy-making levels of government, information about the lives,
capabilities, attitudes and cultural characteristics of people at the local level. NGOs can facilitate
communication upward from people to the government and downward from the government to
the people.

Technical Assistance and Training: Training institutions and NGOs can develop a technical
assistance and training capacity and use this to assist both CBOs and governments.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation: Innovative activities need to be carefully documented and
shared - effective participatory monitoring would permit the sharing of results with the people
themselves as well as with the project staff.
ADVOCACY FOR AND WITH THE POOR

In some cases, NGOs become spokespersons or ombudsmen for the poor and attempt to
influence government policies and programs on their behalf. This may be done through a variety
of means ranging from demonstration and pilot projects to participation in public forums and the
formulation of government policy and plans, to publicizing research results and case studies of
the poor. Thus NGOs play roles from advocates for the poor to implementers of government
programs; from agitators and critics to partners and advisors; from sponsors of pilot projects to
mediators.

ROLE OF NGO AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL IN PROTECTING

HUMAN RIGHT

At the international level, the status of human rights is watched by many NGOs. Amnesty
International is one such organization. This Organization is dedicated to publicizing violation of
human rights, especially freedom of speech and religion and right of political dissent. It also
works for the release of political prisoners and, when necessary, for the relief of their families.
For its commendable services in the field of human rights, Amnesty International was awarded
the Nobel Prize for.

INTERNATIONAL NGOS

 Australia Asia Worker Links:

It is an Australian non-government organization active since 1979, established to forge
international labour movement links in the Asia-Pacific region. AAWL supports union, human,
indigenous and women’s rights, promoting solidarity between unions and advocating for
improvements in corporate citizenship in the region. Its office is in the Victorian Trades Hall
Council building, Melbourne. AAWL has conducted solidarity exchanges and study tours in
many countries including South Korea, China, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand,
Vietnam,Philippines,Papua,New Guinea,and Japan.

 The Fred Hollows Foundation

It is a non-profit, community-based, non-government development aid organization that focuses

on treating and preventing blindness and other vision problems. It operates in Australia, The
Pacific, South East Asia, and Africa.

 Khanya College

It is an independent non-governmental organisation based in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Established in 1986, the primary aim of Khanya College is to assist various constituencies within
working class and poor communities to respond to the challenges posed by the forces of
economic and political globalisation. The motto of the organization is “Education for
Liberation”. The Khanya College offices are located at 123 Prichard Street, downtown
Johannesburg.

 Legal Resources Centre

The Legal Resources Centre (LRC) is a human rights organization based in South Africa
with offices in Johannesburg (including a Constitutional Litigation Unit), Cape Town,
Durban and Grahams town. The LRC employs over 65 lawyers specializing in public-interest
law.
  Amnesty International

It is an international Nongovernmental organization which was started in 1961. Peter Benenson

an advocate wrote an article in the observer news paper and started a campaign appeal for
amnesty because two students who raised a toast for independence were arrested; this was the
reason for writing the article. At present Irene Khan is the secretary general of the organization.
Amnesty international have over 2 million subscribers and supporters who fight for protection of
human rights.

 Cool Earth

It is a UK based international non-governmental organization that protects endangered

rainforest to combat global warming, protect ecosystems and provide sustainable jobs for
local people. Cool Earth also refers to a Japanese program generally called the “Cool Earth
Partnership,” inaugurated in 2007. Cool Earth protects and secures rainforest under imminent
threat of destruction, working with other NGOs.

 Human Rights Foundation

The Human Rights Foundation (HRF) is a non-profit organization whose stated mission “is
to ensure that freedom is both preserved and promoted” in the Americas. [The Human Rights
Foundation was founded in 2005 by Thor Halverson. Its head office is in New York City,
New York, USA. Its definition of human rights focuses on the essential ideals of freedom of
self-determination and freedom from tyranny and the rights of property.
Role of NGO at national level in protecting human right
NGO’s having played the role of development factor has been crucial as service providers. In
the development sector, many NGO’s have moved ahead or gap filling initiatives to capacity
building activities. Some example as follow:

 Sulabh Movement: It is a major social movement in the country for the betterment and
welfare of Dalits, in a generic sense, and in particular for the liberation and social
mainstreaming of scavengers.
 Child Relief and You (CRY): It is a voluntary organisation committed to the upliftment
of millions of children who have been deprived of their childhood due to various reasons.
 Campaign Against Child Labour (CACL): The campaign against child labour is a joint
initiative of Youth for Voluntary Action (YUVA), Pune and Tere des Hommes
(Germany) India Programme. The Campaign is currently supported by ILO and is
actively working for progressive eradication of child labour through provision of
education, organisation of awareness programmes, promotion of legislative changes and
rescuing children in bondage or victims of abuse.

Organisations like Saheli and Chetna are actively involved in the protection of Women’s
Rights. They provide free legal aid to women to fight for their rights against gender bias and
discrimination.
Butterflies are an NGO with a programme for street and working children. It was started in
1988 and its activities include non-formal education, saving schemes for children, vocational
training, holding Bal Sabhas, and creating awareness for children’s rights, Bal Mazdoor
Union, networking with other NGOs and research and documentation. The researcher is
going to look in to some important national level NGOs in India.

 Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service:

It is an Indian non-governmental organization established in Varanasi , established in 1900 and
became a branch of Ramakrishna Mission in 1902. It manages an education program on essential
health problems in schools, slums and villages of Uttar Pradesh (India) thanks to auto produced
multimedia educational films.

 People’s Union for Civil Liberties:

It is a prominent civil rights organization in India. It was formed in 1976 by veteran socialist and
campaign leader Jaya Prakash Narayan, who launched it as the People’s Union for Civil
Liberties and Democratic Rights (PUCLDR), it Was originally intended to be an organization
free from political ideologies, bringing those concerned about defending civil liberties and
human rights from different backgrounds onto a common platform.

 People’s Union for Democratic Rights:

 It came into existence in 1976-77 as the Delhi unit of a larger national forum, and
became PUDR on 1 February, 1981.In the last two and a half decades of its existence
the organisation has taken up hundreds of instances of violations of democratic rights,
covering most parts of the country and involving the rights of many sections of
society. PUDR conducts investigations, issues statements, distributes leaflets,
organizes public meetings, demonstrations and dharnas, and fights legal cases to
highlight the violation of people’s rights, and to help towards their redressal. PUDR
also takes up issues of general importance that affect the rights of people through
general campaigns, publications and legal interventions. These include: gender
equality; rights of forest-dwellers and forest policy; working class rights; agrarian
conflict; caste oppression; deaths, rapes and torture in police custody; and
undemocratic legislation, in particular the various incarnations of the ‘terrorist act’ .
 Child Rights and You:
Rights and You (formerly Child Relief and You, till 2005), commonly abbreviated as CRY is a
non-profit organization in India that aims to restore children’s rights in India. The organization
was established in 1979. The organization partners with grass-roots Nongovernmental
organizations to uplift thousands of Indian children denied basic children’s rights In 2007, its
media campaign showing “smiling kids” and asking citizens to partner instead of simple donate,
was seen as departure from stereotypical NGO sector advertising in India

 Bandhua Mukti Morcha:

Bandhua Mukti Morcha (BMM) or Bonded Labour Liberation Front (BLLF) is a non-
governmental organisation in India working to end bonded labour. Based in New Delhi, it was
founded in 1981 by Swami Agnivesh who continues as its chairman. Bonded labour was legally
abolished in India in 1976 but it remains prevalent, with weak enforcement of the law by state
governments. Estimates of the problem vary. Official figures include a 1993 estimate of only
251,000 bonded labourers while BMM says there are 65 million bonded child labourers, and a
larger number of adults. A 2003 project by Human Rights Watch has reported a major problem
with bonded child labour in the silk industry, BMM’s efforts are credited with the passing of
legislation to abolish child labour in India (the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
1986.

The list of NGOs is by no means exhaustive. There are many other organisations working for the
cause of human rights. The work of five organisations is reported here by way of illustration
only.

ROLE OF NGO IN PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHT THROUGH

JUDICIARY AND NHRC

NGOs have played an important role in the protection of human rights. They cannot succeed in
their role unless there is help from the judiciary. The NGOs help the victim of human right
violation by providing them assistance and advice. The NGOs have filed cases, writ petitions and
public interest litigation on behalf of victims and public at large for protection of human rights.
The NGOs have fought against the system of bonded lab our, fake encounters by police,
protection of women children’s rights, custodial violence and custodial death, prevention of
torture and other in human practices. The judiciary has passed appropriate order and given
compensation to the victims on a petition by the NGOs. The NHRC encourages NGOs in the of
human rights. The NGOs also take up cases of violation to the NHRC and state human rights
commissions. 

The following are some examples in which NGO take an action in court for protecting human
right:
# Vishaka & Ors vs State of Rajasthan & Ors

# Peoples’ Union For Democratic Rights V. State Of Bihar & Ors (19 December 1986)

# Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs Union Of India & Ors  (16 December 1983)

# Saheli V/S Commissioner Of Police

# People’s Union for Democratic Rights V/s Police commissioner Delhi, head quarters (1989 4
SCC 730).

Conclusion:
Peace, development and human rights are essentially inter-related, inter-dependent and
indivisible.”

–Theovan Boven

The NGO play important role to become a concrete expression of international, national and
regional and local level voice to assist and stand up for those who can’t speak themselves. Every
human being is entitled to certain basic human rights which are available to them without
discrimination of any sort human rights are protected by the United Nations and its specialized
agencies. In India human rights are protected by the judiciary, human rights commissions, apart
from these organizations the Non Governmental organizations also have an important role in
protection of human rights. The Non Governmental organizations work from grass roots level to
the national and international level in the protection of human rights.

Contribution of NGOs towards the development of Human Rights

*They mobilize public opinion.

* They contribute a lot to the society.

* They pressurize the government on certain issues, such as protection of prisoners rights, torture
etc.
* They approach the judiciary on behalf of poor people who otherwise have no access to justice.
*They ask for submission of certain reports.

* The play a special role especially in the developing countries for the development of human
rights.

Suggestions:
* NGOs need to expand their programmes, campaigns, skits from yearly or bi-yearly to monthly.
Frequent programmes increase the awareness of human rights even more than yearly.
* NGOs also need to get more aid both from foreign and within India which will be useful to
carry out their cause.
* NGOs must have clear goals and priorities, they should define what they are trying to achieve
as clearly as possible. They should think strategically and assess how short term goals fit in with
long term ones.
* NGOs must have a clear written work plan for both individual and staff activities. Plan reminds
people of what the goals are, it helps keep things on track and with major projects or campaigns
it helps people see where they fit into big picture.
REFRENCES:

1. http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1275/Realization-of-Human-Rights-and-Role-
of-NGO.html
2. http://www.legalserviceindia.com/lawyers/lawyers_home.htm
3. http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/articles.html
4. http://www.legalserviceindia.com/company%20law/companylaw.htm