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Lebanese International University

School of Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

EENG301L— Electric Circuits Lab
Section ID: A

Report ID: 2
Project Title: Useful Circuit Analysis
(5 points)

Submitted by: Kazem Mousa

Mohammad Mohammad

Lab Instructor: Dr. Ali Mohsen

Date: 27/11/2018

(5 points)
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I. Objectives of the Experiment (20 points)

- Experiment 1: Finding the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of a simple electric circuit between
two terminals.
- Experiment 2: Finding the resistance between 2 terminals in a circuit for the maxmium power
transfer.
- Experiment 3: Investigatinmg an inverting operational amplifier circuit.
- Experiment 4: Investigating a non-inverting operational amplifier cicuit.

II. Equipment used in this Experiment (10 Points)

- Solderless Breadboard
- DC power supply (the voltage can be adjusted)
- Resistors (2*1.1k ohm, 10k ohm, 2k ohm, 10k ohm, variable resistor 0-5k ohm)
- 741uA (operational amplifier)
- Multimeter
- Jumper wires
- connecting wires
- PSpice Software
- oscilliscope

III. Experiment I (Thevenin Equavalent Circuit) (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment I

A Thevenin equivalent circuit is an independent voltage source Vth in series with a resistor Rth,
which replaces an interconnection of sources and resistors. This series combination of Vth and
Rth is equivalent to the original circuit in the sense that, if we connect the same load across the
terminals a,b of each circuit, we get the same voltage and current at the terminals of the load
(Electric Circuits 9th Edition, Nilsson Riedel).
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Fig.1: The circuit needed for the calculation of the maximum power transfer (PSpice software)

In the above circuit, we want to find the Thevenin equavalent circuit between a and b terminals.

B. Procedure of Experiment I

1. We set up the above circuit consisting of three resistors (2*1.1k ohm, 10k ohm) on the
breadboard and connect the DC power supply with 10V.

2. Finding Vth:

We do an open circuit between the terminals a and b and we measure the voltage across these
two terminals using a multimeter, but not current will pass through the right 1.1k ohm resistor
because there is an open circuit, so the Vab = Vth is the same as that of the 10kohm resistor. It
was measured and was equal to 9.21V.
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Fig.2: Measuring the Vth using a multimeter.

2. Finding Rth:

We disconnect the DC power supply and do a short cicuit instead, the circuit, then, will only
contain a set of resistors. Now we do an open circuit between the terminals a and be and we
measure the resistance (2.08k ohm) at these terminals as shown in Fig.3.

Fig3: Measuring Rth

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C. Results

Now that we have Found the main values of a Thevenin circuit, Vth and Rth, we can set
up a new circuit that is equavalent to the previous one using a DC source and a resistor at the
terminals a and b, as shown in the following figure. Where Vth = 9.21V and Rth = 2.08k ohm

Fig.4: Thevenin Equavalent Circuit (PSpice Software)

IV. Experiment II (Maximum Power Transfer) (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment II

In order to find the resistance that should be put between two terminals in a circuit so that
the maximum power can be transferred to the resistor, first we need to find the Thevenin
equavalent circuit between the two terminals that inerest us. For this experiment, we'll be using
the circuit that we analyzed in the previous experiment, which can be replaced by its Thevenin
equavalent. Then, the resistance (R) between the terminals for the maximum power transfer
should be equal to Rth. In this experiment, We'll calculate the power transfer in three cases: R <
Rth, R > Rth, and R = Rth.
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Fig.5: Circuit related to the calculation of the maximum power transfer experiment.

D. Procedure of Experiment II

1. We set up the circuit as shown in Fig.5 on the breadboard usinga DC power supply (Vth =
9.21V),Rth = 2k ohm(~2.08k ohm) and a variable resistance of maximum value of 5k ohm all in
series.

2. First, we calibrate the vraible resistance to be 1.5k ohm (< Rth). Then we measure the voltage
across the variable resistor.

3. Second, we calibrate the variable resistor to be 2k ohm (~=Rth). Then we measure the voltage
across the variable resistor.

4. Third, we calibrate the variable resistance to be 2.5k ohm (> Rth). Then we measure the
voltage across the variable resistor.

5. After we've read the voltage across the variable resistor for each of the three cases, we
calculate the power transfer to the resistance using the formula: P = (V^2) / R
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E. Results

Case1: R = 1500 ohm < Rth:

Fig.6: Voltage across R, for R < Rth

The voltage across the resistance was 3.93V, applying the power formula mentioned before, we
get P1 = (3.93^2) / 1500 = 0.01W
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Case2: R = 2500ohm > Rth

Fig.7: Voltage across R, for R > Rth

The voltage across the resistance was 6.57V, applying the power formula mentioned before, we
get P2 = (6.57^2) / 2500 = 0.01W

Case3: R = 2500ohm > Rth:

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Fig.8: Voltage across R, for R = Rth

The voltage across the resistance was 6.57V, applying the power formula mentioned before, we
get P3 = (7.38^2) / 2000 = 0.02W

We conclude that, the power transferred to the resistance R is at its maximum when the
resistance was equal to Rth.

V. Experiment III (Inverting Opamp) (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment III

In this experiment, we want to use an operational amplifier to amplify and invert an AC voltage
source. The operational amplifier can be used in this purpose by connecting an AC source to the
inverting input, As shown in Fig..
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Fig.10: Inverting Operational Amplifier

By making a node voltage method at node 1, plus the fact that no valuable current passes to the
inverting and noninvering terminals of the amplifier, and that Vp = Vn (voltages at the inverting
and noninverting terminals of the opamp), we can see that Vo = (-R2/R1)*V1 = -5V1 = -10V.

The gain in this case is -5, so the output voltage is expected to be amplified 5 times and also
inverted (+180 degree phase angle with the input voltage).
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Fig.11: Terminals of the operational amplifier used in the experiment.

(learningaboutelectronics.com)

F. Procedure of Experiment III

1. The operational amplifier needs a split voltage in order to operate that is a +15V and -15V
source at its +Vcc and -Vcc terminals. So we connected the postive and negative terminals of
two DC power supplies and then we used the remaining positive and negative terminals have a
+15V and -15V voltage difference and we connected to them to the op-amp.

2. We connected the resistors as shown in Fig.10.

3. We connected the AC voltage source of frequency of 1000Hz and a maximum amplitude of

2V to the inverting terminal.

4. Then we connected the oscilliscope to display the variation of the voltage across the main
voltage source and the output voltage of the op-amp using two probes and then connecting them
on the two channels of the oscilliscope.

Fig.12: Connection of the inverting op-amp.

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G. Results

Fig.13: input and output voltages

Thus, we can see from the readings of the oscilliscope that the output voltage is amplified 5
times where the input voltage is 2V and the output voltage is 10V and is inverted ( +180 degree
phase angle with the input voltage)

VI. Experiment IV (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment IV

In this experiment, we'll be using the same amplifier used before in order to amplify an
AC voltage source without inverting it. So we connect the voltage source to the non-inverting
terminal of the op-amp as shown in Fig.14.
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Fig.14: non-iverting op-amp

By making a node voltage method at node 1, plus the fact that no valuable current passes to the
inverting and noninvering terminals of the amplifier, and that Vp = Vn (voltages at the inverting
and noninverting terminals of the opamp), we can see that Vo = (R2/R1 + 1)*V1 = 6V1 = 12V.

The gain in this case is 6, so the output voltage is expected to be amplified 6 times and in phase
with the input voltage (0 degree phase angle)

H. Procedure of Experiment IV

1. The operational amplifier needs a split voltage in order to operate that is a +15V and -15V
source at its +Vcc and -Vcc terminals. So we connected the postive and negative terminals of
two DC power supplies and then we used the remaining positive and negative terminals have a
+15V and -15V voltage difference and we connected to them to the op-amp.

2. We connected the resistors as shown in Fig.14.

3. We connected the AC voltage source of frequency of 1000Hz and a maximum amplitude of

2V to the non-inverting terminal.
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4. Then we connected the oscilliscope to display the variation of the voltage across the main
voltage source and the output voltage of the op-amp using two probes and then connecting them
on the two channels of the oscilliscope.

Fig.15: Connection of the inverting op-amp.

I. Results
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Fig.16: input and output voltages

Thus, we can see from the readings of the oscilliscope that the output voltage is amplified 6
times where the input voltage is 2Vand the output voltage is 12V and is inverted 0 degree phase
angle with the input voltage)

VII. Conclusion (20 Points)

 We can find the Thevenin equivalent circuit between any terminals inside a complex
eletric circuit in order to simplify it to a voltage source and a resistance series with the
studied terminals.
 The maximum power transferred to a certain resistor happens when this resistance is
equal to the Thevenin resistance of the Thevenin equavalent circuit at the terminals of
this resistor.
 The operational amplifier can be used to amplify and/or invert an input voltage signal
depending on the connection of the input voltage to the op-amp.
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 If a voltage source is connected to the inverting terminal of the op-amp and the non-
inverting terminal is connected to the ground, the voltage is amplified and also inverted,
where the gain is equal to (-Rf/Rin)(found using node voltage method). In this case, the
input voltage and the output voltage are out of phase by 180 degree.
 If a voltage source is connected to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp and the
inverting terminal is connected to the ground, the voltage is amplified but not inverted,
where the gain is equal to (Rf/Rin + 1)(found using node voltage method). In this case,
the input voltage and the output voltage are in phase.

The objectives of the experiment were accomplished successfully.