Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Biological Science Department
University Town, Northern Samar

COURSE OUTLINE

I. COURSE NUMBER : Chemistry 211/Chemistry 121

11. COURSE TITLE : BIOCHEMISTRY

111. COURSE PREREQUISITE : ORGANIC & INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1V. CREDIT UNIT ; 5 UNITS (3 units lecture, 2 units lab)

V. COURSE DESCRIPTION :

It deals with the study of the biologically important compounds such as carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid. Their structural formulas, classification, functions and the
metabolic processes they undergo.

VI. COURSE OBJECTIVES

General Objectives

This course is aimed to provide the students a broad understanding of chemical events in
living system in terms of metabolism and structure-function relationship of biologically important
molecule such as carbohydrates, proteins lipids and nucleic acid.

Specific Objectives

Upon successful completion of Biochemistry, the student will be able to:

1. Realize that all life forms in this planet are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, together
with some inorganic components, mainly water, and some other elements like nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulphur.
2. Better understand the importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid in
biological system.
3. Know the structural formula, classification, chemical properties and functions of these
biological compounds.
4. Familiarize with the different sterio-isomers of carbohydrates and proteins and strict
requirement for specific sterioisomers in biological system.
5. Understand the classification and nomenclature, functions and the mode of enzyme activities.
6. Explain the classification, chemical properties, and color reaction that aid in the identification
of amino acids.
7. Mentions the different metabolic disorders in glycogen storage and the reciprocal control of the
two cycles using hormones, insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine, which act on the enzymes –
phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase.
8. Discuss the structure and nomenclature of nucleic acids.

Value Aim/s

1. To show the importance of the major classes of biochemical compounds which include;
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids as it appears in everyday life, and consequently
develop in the students the love for it.

2. To show to the students that mastering the structure and properties of the major classes of
biochemical compounds re needed in order to finish a degree in nursing, allied medical science
and natural sciences and be able to pass the required licensure examination.
VII. COURSE OUTLINE

LEARNING CONTENT/SUBJECT MATTER TIME ALLOTMENT

COURSE ORIENTATION I Hours

Value Aim/s

To make the students realize that they have to study biochemistry seriously as a way
of achieving their ambition in life and supporting the vision and mission of UEP, the goals
of the College of Science and the objectives of the BS Biology Program.
1.1 Vision and Mission statement of UEP
1.2 Goals of the College of Science
1.3 Objectives of the BS Biology degree program
1.4 Course Syllabus

1. BIOCHEMISTRY AND THE LIVING CELL 6 Hours

Value Aims/s

To help student understand how the human body work normally. Knowledge of
biochemistry makes it possible for student to understand that the normal body function is
dependent on normal cell function.
1.0. Definition of Biochemistry
1.1. Functional Groups of Biochemical Importance
1.2. Chemical Bonding
1.3. Biochemical Reactions
1.4. Areas of Biochemistry
1.5. Chemical makeup of living cell
1.5.1 Elemental Composition of Living Cell
1.5.2 Biochemical System
1.6. Basic types of cell
1.6.1. Prokaryotic cell
1.6.2. Eukaryotic cell
1.6. Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function
1.7. Eukaryotic Cell structure and Functions
1.7.1. Cell Membrane
1.7.2. Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles
1.7.3. Nucleus and Nucleolus

2.0. THE AQUEOUS MEDIUM OF PROTOPLASM 6 Hours

Value Aim/s

To develop among student a clear understanding that life would not be

possible without water. For the student to understand the importance of water to all
biological system
2.1. Importance of Water to Life
2.2. Water as a Polar Molecule
2.3. Structure and characteristics of Water Molecule
2.4. Unique Properties of Water
2.4. Ionization of Water
2.5. pH and pOH
2.6. Water as Amphoteric substance
2.7. Acid and Base
2.7.1. Definition of Acid and Base
2.7.2. The Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory
2.7.3. Arrhenius Theory of Acid and Base
2.7.4. Strength of an Acid and Base
2.7.4.1. Strong acid
2.7.4.2. Weak acid
2.8. Buffer and Buffer System
2.8.1. Buffer pH
2.8.2. Control of pH in the Body Fluid
 CARBOHYDRATES 6 Hours

Value Aim//s

To develop among students a greater appreciation on the carbohydrates since their

importance to living things can hardly be over emphasized.
3.1 Classification of Carbohydrates
3.2 Occurrence and Function of Carbohydrates
3.3 Structure and Nomenclature of Carbohydrates
3.3.1 Monosaccharide
3.3.1.1 Classification of Monosaccharide
3.3.1.1.1 Trioses
3.3.1.1.2 Tetroses
3.3.1.1.3 Pentoses
3.3.1.1.4 Hexoses
3.3.1.2 Amino Sugar
3.3.1.3 Stereoisomerism: Enantiomerism and Diastereomerism
3.3.1.4 Fischer Projection of Monosaccharide
3.3.1.5 D- and L- Monosaccharide
3.3.1.6 Cyclic Form of Monosaccharide
3.3.1.7 Reactions of Monosaccharides
3.3.1.8 Physical Properties of Monosaccharide
3.3.2 Disaccharide
3.3.2.1 Structure and Function of Common Disaccharide
3.3.2.1.1 Sucrose
3.3.2.1.2 Lactose
3.3.2.1.3 Maltose
3.3.2.2 Reducing Properties of Disaccharide
3.3.3 Polysaccharide
3.3.3.1 Energy Storage Polysaccharide
3.3.3.1.1 Starch
3.3.3.1.2 Glycogen
3.3.3.1.3 Inulin
3.3.3.1.4 Dextran
3.3.3.2 Structural Polysaccharide
3.3.3.2.1 Cellulose
3.3.3.2.2 Peptidoglycan
3.3.3.2.3 Alginic acid
3.3.3.2.4 Agar
3.3.3.2.5 Chitin
3.3.3.3 Acidic Polysaccharide
3.3.3.3.1 Hyaluronic Acid
3.3.3.3.2 Heparin

4 LIPIDS 6 Hours

Value Aim/s

To instil in the mind of the students that the lipids perform critical function inside
the body and are required for the life to exist. They are able to supply more than twice
the amount of energythat the same amount of protein and carbohydrates can.
4.1 Classification of Lipids
4.1.1 Classification According to Function
4.1.2 Classification According to Structure
4.2 Simple Lipids
4.2.1 Fatty Acid Component of Simple Lipids
4.2.1.1 Saturated Fatty Acids
4.2.1.2 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
4.2.2. Glycerol: Alcohol Component of Simple Lipids
4.2.3. Structure of Triglyceride: A Simple Lipid
4.2.3.1. Simple Glyceride
4.2.3.2. Mixed Glyceride
4.2.4. Properties of Triglycerides
4.2.4.1. Physical Properties
 4.2.4.2. Chemical Properties
4.2.4.2.1. Hydrogenation
4.2.4.2.2. Saponification
4.2.4.2.3. Acrolein Formation
4.2.4.2.4. Rancidity
4.2.5. Biological Waxes
4.2.5.1. Bees Wax
4.2.5.2. Spermaceti Wax
4.2.5.3. Carnauba Wax
4.3. Complex Lipids
4.3.3. Phospholipids
4.3.3.1. Phosphoglyceride
4.3.3.1.1. Lecithin
4.3.3.1.2. Cephalin
4.3.3.1.3. Plasmalogen
4.3.3.2. Sphingolipids
4.3.4. Glycolipids
4.3.4.1. Glucerebrosides
4.3.4.2. Galactocerebroside
4.4. Derived Lipids
4.4.3. Steroids
4.4.3.1. Cholesterol
4.4.3.2. Steroid Hormones
4.4.3.2.1. Adrenocorticoid Hormone
4.4.3.2.2. Glucorticoid Hormone
4.4.3.2.3. Mineralocorticoid Hormone
4.4.3.3. Sex Hormones
4.4.3.3.1. Testosterone
4.4.3.3.2. Estradiol
4.4.3.3.3. Luteinizing Hormone
4.4.3.3.4. Progesterone
4.4.3.4. Bile Acid and Bile Salt
4.4.4. Eicosanoid Derives Lipids
4.4.4.1. Prostaglandin
4.4.4.2. Prostacyclin and Thromboxane
4.4.4.3. Leukotriene
4.5. Uses of Fats and Lipids in the Body

5. PROTEINS 6 Hours

Value Aim/s

To make the student realize the importance of protein in the living system since they
are among the fundamental molecules of biology and are common to all life present on
earth today. They are also responsible for most of the complex function that makes life
possible.
5.2. Sources and Functions of Proteins
5.3. Classification of Proteins
5.3.3. According to Composition
5.3.4. According to Function
5.3.5. According to Shape
5.4. Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteina
5.4.3. Switterion
5.4.4. Classification of Amino Acids Based on Properties of Their R-Group
5.4.4.1. Non-Polar, Aliphatic Amino Acids
5.4.4.2. Polar, Aliphatic Amino Acids
5.4.4.3. Aromatic Amino Acids
5.4.4.4. Sulfur Containing Amino Acids
5.4.4.5. Imino Acid
5.4.4.6. Acidic Amino Acid
5.4.4.7. Basic Amino Acids
5.4.5. Classification of Amino Acids Based on Nutritional Importance
5.4.5.1. Essential Amino Acids
5.4.5.2. Non-essential Amino Acids
5.5. Cysteine: A Special Amino Acid
5.6. Peptides and Proteins
 5.7. Protein Structure
5.7.3. Primary Structure
5.7.4. Secondary Structure
5.7.5. Tertiary Structure
5.7.6. Quaternary Structure
5.8. Protein Denaturation

MIDTERM EXAMINATIONS

6. ENZYMES 6 Hours

Value Aim/s

To inculcate in the mind and heart of the students that in order to speed up the
chemical reactions in living system, a biological catalyst or enzyme is needed. Without
enzymes, our guts would takes weeks and weeks to digest our food, and our muscles,
nerve and bones would not work properly.
6.2. General Characteristics of Enzymes
6.3. Nomenclature of Enzyme
6.4. Classification of Enzyme According to the Type of Reaction they Catalyzed
6.5. Digestive Enzyme
6.6. Common Terms in Enzyme Chemistry
6.7. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
6.7.3. Enzyme and Substrate Concentration
6.7.4. Temperature
6.7.5. pH
6.8. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
6.8.3. Lock-and-Key Model
6.8.4. Induced-fit Model
6.9. Enzyme Inhibition
6.9.3. Competitive Inhibition
6.9.4. Non-competitive Inhibition
6.10. Enzyme Regulation
6.10.3. Feedback Control
6.10.4. Pro-enzyme/Zymogen
6.10.5. Allosterism
6.10.6. Protein Modification
6.10.7. Isoenzyme
6.11. Medical Uses of Enzyme

7.0 NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 6 Hours

Value Aim/s

To have a deeper appreciation on the ability of the living cells to produce exact
replicas of themselves since the nucleic acid are the molecule within the cell that makes
up DNA and are responsible for these amazing capabilities.
7.1 Molecules of Heredity
7.2 Component of Nucleic Acid
7.2.1 Bases
7.2.1.1 Pyrimidine Bases
7.2.1.2 Purine Bases
7.2.2 Sugar
7.2.2.1 Ribose
7.2.2.2 2-Deoxyribose
7.2.3 Phosphate (Phosphoric Acid)
7.3 DNA Structure
7.3.1 Primary Structure of DNA
7.3.2 Secondary Structure of DNA
7.3.3 Higher-Order Structure of DNA
7.4 RNA Structure
7.5 Classes of RNA
7.5.1 Messenger RNA (mRNA)
7.5.2 Transfer RNA (tRNA)
7.5.3 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
 7.5.4 Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)
7.5.5 Micro RNA (miRNA)
7.5.6 Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
7.6 DNA Replication
7.7 Overview of Protein Synthesis
7.7.1 Translation
7.7.2 Transcription
7.8 Genetic Code
7.9 Common Genetic Disorder

8.0 THE SPECIFIC CATABOLIC PATHWAY

Value Aim/s

To highlight to the students the importance and value of energy. Everything that we
do requires energy, from sitting to walking and running and even sleeping.
8.1. Overview of Metabolic Reaction
8.2. Digestion of Food
8.2.1. Carbohydrates
8.2.2. Proteins
8.2.3. Lipids
8.3. Glycolysis
8.4. ATP Yield from Complete Glucose Metabolism
8.5. Glycerol Metabolism
8.6. β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
8.7. Catabolism of the Nitrogen of Amino Acids
8.7.1. Transamination
8.7.2. Oxidative Deamination
8.7.3. Urea Cycle
8.8. Catabolism of Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids
8.9 Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism
8.9. Catabolism of Heme of Hemoglobin Molecule

9.0. COMMON CATABOLIC PATHWAY 6 Hours

9.1. The Role of Mitochondria in Common Catabolic Pathway
9.2. Principal Component of Common Catabolic Pathway
9.2.1.High Energy Phosphate Compound
9.2.1.1 Adenosinemonophosphate (AMP)
9.2.1.2 Adenosinediphosphate (ADP)
9.2.1.3 Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP)
9.2.2.Co-Enzymes
9.2.2.1.Nicotinemide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
9.2.2.2. Flavin Adenine Dinuclotide (FAD)
9.2.3. Co-enzyme A
9.3. The Citric Acid Cycle
9.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Electron and H+ Transport Chain
9.5. Energy Yield During Common Catabolic Pathway
9.6. Conversion of Chemical Energy to Other Forms of Energy
9.6.1. Conversion to Other Form of Chemical Energy
9.6.2. Electrical Energy
9.6.3. Mechanical Energy
9.6.4. Heat Energy

10.0 CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION: Neurotransmitter and Hormone 6. Hours

Value Aim/s

To let the student understand that normal body function is dependent in the proper
coordination of cell in different parts of the body. For the different cells and organ of
the body to be properly coordinated chemical communication is important. The
chemical communication between different cells and different organs play a role in the
proper functioning of the bodies.
10.1. Receptor Molecules
10.1.1. Types of Receptor Molecule
10.1.1.1. Membrane-bound Receptors
10.1.1.2. Intracellular Receptors
 10.2. Chemical Messenger
10.2.1. Neurotransmitter
10.2.1.1. Cholinergic Neurotransmitter
10.2.1.2. Control of Cholinergic Neurotransmitter
10.2.1.3. Amino Acid Neurotransmitter
10.2.1.4. Adrenergic Neurotransmitter
10. 2.1.5. Mechanism of Action of Adrenergic Neurotransmitter
10.2.1.6. Peptidergic Neurotransmitter
10.3. Drugs Affecting Nerve Transmission
10.4. Diseases Associated with Neurotransmitter
10.5. Steroid Messenger: Hormones
10.5.1. Endocrine Gland, Hormones Secretion, and Effect on Target Cells/organ
10.5.2. Regulation of Hormone Secretion

FINAL EXAMINATION

VIII. GRADE COMPUTATION

Lecture 70%

Attendance 5%
Class Participation 10%
Quizzes 35%
Midterm Exams 25%
Final Examination 25%

Laboratory 30%

Attendance 5%
Laboratory Activity 10%
Assignment/Projects 10%
Quizzes 25%
Midterm Exams 20%
Final Exams 20%

IX. TEACHING METHODOLOGY/STRATEGIES/TECHNIQUES

Lecture/Discussion
Slide Projections/Power Point Presentation
Board Work/Seat Work

X. CLASSROOM POLICY

1. Students must always be in complete uniform both in lecture and laboratory classes.
Students not in complete uniform will still be allowed to attend the class but
corresponding point will be deducted from their class participation or corresponding
sanctions will be given.
2. Attendance will be checked twice every meeting; 15 minutes after the regular
scheduled time and 10 minutes before dismissal. Student who will come to class 35
minutes late will be marked absent. Cutting classes will be counted for two absences.
3. Students who accumulated more than 20% of unexcused absences from the total
number of hours for the whole semester (18 hours for 5 units or 14 hours for 3 units)
will be dropped from the roll. Absences due to illness must be supported with medical
certificate from the university clinic for it to be considered as an excused absent.
4. 15 to 20 items short quiz will be given every meeting. Long exams of 50 – 60 items
will be given every after chapter has been discussed. No special exams will be given
to those student who are absent during the day that the quiz/exam was given unless
his/her absences is excusable.
5. Student who will be caught cheating during examinations, violating the university
policies, and if proven to show disrespect to their instructor/professor will be
subjected to disciplinary action.
.

XI. EVALUATION

Chapter Examination/Short Quizzes

Periodical Exams (Mid-term and Final Exams)
Graded Recitation

XII. TEXTBOOK

F. A. Bettelheim, W.H. Brown, and Mary K. Campbell (2008), Introduction to Organic and
Biochemistry ,6th edition. Books/Cole, Thomson Learning Asia, Singapore.

IX. REFERENCES

Mary K. Campbell and Shawn A. Farrel (2009), Biochemistry, 6th edition, Thompson
Brooke/Cole, Belmont, California, USA.

L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson, and M.M. Cox (2000), Principles of Biochemistry ,

2nd edition. Worth Publisher, New York

J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer (2002), Biochemistry , 5th edition. W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York

R. H. Garrett and C.M. Grisham (2010). Biochemistry.4th edition. Brookes/Cole, Boston Ma,
USA

Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall (2012).Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th

edition.W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA.

L.A. Moran, H.R. Horton, K.G. Serimgeour, and M.D. Perry (2012).Principles of
Biochemistry.5th edition.Pearsons, New York. USA.
Philip W. Kuchel and Gregory R. Ralston, (2012), Schaum’s Easy Outlines in Biochemistry,
1st edition. McGraw Hills, Chicago.

Robert K. Murray, et al, (2009). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th edition. McGraw
Hills, New York.

Robert Switzer and Liam Garrity (2007).Experiemntal Biochemistry; Theory and Exercises
in Fundamental Methods. 3rd edition.Brookes and Cole. San Francisco, Ca. USA.

G. I. Sackheim and D. D. Lehman (2002), Chemistry for the health Sciences , 5th edition.
Printice-Hall, Inc. New Jersy

R. R. Seeley, T.D. Stephens, and P. Tate (2007), Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology , 6th
edition. McGraw Hills, New York.

Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funks & Christine L. Case (2005).Microbiology: An

Introduction, 9th edition, Addeson-Wesley Longan, Inc, New York, USA.

Merle N. Tonog (2008); A Work/Textbook in General Chemistry (with teaching and learning
style application), Printsmart, Catarman, Northern Samar.

University of the Philippines (2006), CHEM C6 – Chemistry of Biomolecules.University of

the Philippines, OPEN UNIVERSITY.

University of the Philippines (2003), BIO C – Physiology.University of the Philippines, OPEN

UNIVERSITY.