HISTORY

Animal husbandry an aspect of agriculture concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals
such as cattle, goats, sheep, hogs, and horses. Domestication of wild animal species was a crucial
achievement in the prehistoric transition of human civilization from hunting-and-gathering to
agriculture. The first domesticated livestock animal may have been the sheep, which was tamed
around 9000 BC in N Iraq. Around 6500 BC, domestic goats were kept in the same region; about 6000
BC the pig was domesticated in Iraq; by 5900 BC (and perhaps 3,000 years earlier) there were
domesticated cattle in Chad, while independently about 5500 BC there were domesticated cattle in SW
Iran; and around 3000 BC the horse was domesticated in Russia. Nothing is known of the early
development of husbandry; selective breeding for the improvement of livestock was already practiced
in Roman times. Continuing systematic development and improvement of domestic livestock breeds,
established in England following 1760 by Robert Bakewell and others, has been paralleled by
advances in animal nutrition and veterinary medicine.
CATTLE FARMING
Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, domesticated since at least the early Neolithic. They are
raised for meat (beef cattle), dairy products and hides. They are also used as draft animals and in
certain sports. Some consider cattle the oldest form of wealth, and cattle raiding consequently one of
the earliest forms of theft.

Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising
cattle in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most
common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry
practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical operations, vaccinations and hoof care, as
well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. There are also some cultural differences in
working with cattle- the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in
Europe cattle are controlled primarily by physical means like fences. Breeders use cattle husbandry to
reduce M. bovis infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid
concurrent disease.

Cattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, leather and they are less commonly used for conservation
grazing, simply to maintain grassland for wildlife – for example, in Epping Forest, England. They are
often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on
hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semi desert. Modern cows are more commercial than older
breeds and, having become more specialized, are less versatile. For this reason many smaller farmers
still favor old breeds, like the dairy breed of cattle Jersey.

In Portugal, Spain, Southern France and some Latin American countries, bulls are used in the activity
of bullfighting; a similar activity, Jallikattu, is seen in South India; in many other countries this is
illegal. Other activities such as bull riding are seen as part of a rodeo, especially in North America.
Bull-leaping, a central ritual in Bronze Age Minoan culture (see Bull (mythology)), still exists in
southwestern France. In modern times, cattle are also entered into agricultural competitions. These
competitions can involve live cattle or cattle carcases in hoof and hook events.

In terms of food intake by humans, consumption of cattle is less efficient than of grain or vegetables
with regard to land use, and hence cattle grazing consumes more area than such other agricultural
production when raised on grains. Nonetheless, cattle and other forms of domesticated animals can
sometimes help to use plant resources in areas not easily amenable to other forms of agriculture.

POULTRY

Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, as a
subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food.

More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their
eggs. Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers, whilst those farmed for eggs are called egg-laying
hens.[1] In total, the UK alone consumes over 29 million eggs per day. Some hens can produce over
300 eggs a year. Chickens will naturally live for 6 or more years. After 12 months, the hen’s
productivity will start to decline. This is when most commercial laying hens are slaughtered.[2]

The vast majority of poultry are raised using intensive farming techniques. According to the
Worldwatch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry meat, and 68 percent of eggs are produced this
way.[3] One alternative to intensive poultry farming is free range farming.

Friction between these two main methods has led to long term issues of ethical consumerism.
Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment and creates health risks, as well as
abusing the animals themselves. Advocates of intensive farming say that their highly efficient systems
save land and food resources due to increased productivity, stating that the animals are looked after in
state-of-the-art environmentally controlled facilities. A few countries have banned cage system
housing, including Sweden and Switzerland. Consumers can still purchase lower cost eggs from other
countries' intensive poultry farms

FISHERIES

Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by
some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the
"people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats,
purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a
combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.

A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture.
Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on
fisheries and aquaculture.

Fisheries are harvested for their value (commercial, recreational or subsistence). They can be saltwater
or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the
Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific, or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture
fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale/artisanal, and recreational.

Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but increasingly fisheries are farmed. Farming can occur in coastal
areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other
enclosures.
BEE KEEPING

Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, bee) is the maintenance of honey bee colonies,
commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect honey and
beeswax, to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are
kept is called an apiary.