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The injected active and reactive powers at bus-k (Pk and Qk)
are:
2
( )
Pk = GkkVk + Gkm cos δ km + Bkm sin δ km VkVm …...… (1)
2
( )
Qk = − BkkVk + Gkm sin δ km − Bkm cos δ km VkVm ….. (2)
2
(
Pm = GmmVm + Gmk cos δ mk + Bmk sin δ mk Vk Vm . (3) )
2
(
Qm = − BmmVm + Gmk sin δ mk − Bmk cos δ mk VkVm … (4)) (a) (b)
Where δkm=δk-δm=-δm ; Ykk=Ymm=Gkk+jBkk=Yko+Ykm and Fig.2 (a) SVC firing angle model (b) SVC total susceptance
Ykm=Ymk=Gkm+jBkm=-Ymk model
⎢ΔQ ⎥ = ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ΔV ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
The variables used in equations (4, 5) are:
P and Q are vectors of real and reactive nodal power
injections as a function of nodal voltage magnitudes V and
angles θ, and network conductances G and suceptances B.
Δ P=Pspec-Pcal is the real power mismatch vector.
Δ Q=Qspec-Qcal is the reactive power mismatch vector.
Δθ and ΔV are the vectors of incremental changes in nodal
voltage magnitudes and angles.
J is the matrix of partial derivatives of real and reactive . Fig.3 steady-state and dynamic voltage/current
powers with respect to voltage magnitudes and angles.
characteristics of the SVC
i indicates the iteration number.
SVC firing angle model is implemented in this paper. Thus,
III. MODELING OF STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
the model can be developed with respect to a sinusoidal
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is a shunt connected voltage, differential and algebraic equations can be written as
FACTS controller whose main functionality is to regulate the I SVC = − jBSVCVk ……………………………………… (6)
voltage at a given bus by controlling its equivalent reactance.
Basically it consists of a fixed capacitor (FC) and a thyristor The fundamental frequency TCR equivalent reactance XTCR
controlled reactor (TCR). Generally they are two π XL
configurations of the SVC. X TCR = ………………………….………… (7)
σ − sin σ
A) SVC total susceptance model. A changing susceptance
Where σ=2(π-α), XL=wL
Bsvc represents the fundamental frequency equivalent
And in terms of firing angle
susceptance of all shunt modules making up the SVC as
shown in Fig. 2 (a). π XL
X TCR = …………….……………. (8)
B) SVC firing angle model. The equivalent reactance XSVC,
which is function of a changing firing angle α, is made up of
( )
2(π − α ) + sin 2α
the parallel combination of a thyristor controlled reactor σ and α are conduction and firing angles respectively.
(TCR) equivalent admittance and a fixed capacitive reactance At α=900, TCR conducts fully and the equivalent reactance
as shown in Fig. 2 (b). This model provides information on XTCR becomes XL, while at α=1800, TCR is blocked and its
the SVC firing angle required to achieve a given level of equivalent reactance becomes infinite.
compensation. The SVC effective reactance XSVC is determined by the
parallel combination of XC and XTCR
π XC X L
X SVC = ………..….. (9)
X C ⎡⎣ 2 (π − α ) + sin 2α ⎤⎦ − π X L
Where XC= 1/wC
-10
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 2
XC X L X C + X LC (X )
, K 2 = LC . (14)
firing angle (degrees)
X LC = , K1 =
Fig.4 SVC equivalent susceptance profile XC - X L π πX L
The initialization of the SVC variables based on the initial Fig. 6 shows the TCSC equivalent reactance as a function of
values of ac variables and the characteristic of the equivalent firing angle in the range of 90-180°.
susceptance (Fig.4), thus the impedance is initialized at the
resonance point XTCR=XC, i.e QSVC=0, corresponding to
firing angle 1150 , for chosen parameters of L and C i.e. XL
=0.1134 Ω and Xc =0.2267 Ω.
Proposed SVC power flow model:
The proposed model takes firing angle as the state variable in
power flow formulation. From equation (10) the SVC
linearized power flow equation can be written as
(i )
(i ) ⎡0 0 ⎤ (i )
⎡ΔPk ⎤ ⎢ 2V 2 ⎥ ⎡Δθ k ⎤
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ k ⎡cos 2α − 1⎤ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ .. (11)
⎣⎢ΔQk ⎦⎥ 0
⎢⎣ π X L ⎣ ( ) ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎣ Δα ⎦
2( X + Xtcsc )
2
∂Btcsc 1 ⎛ ∂Xtcsc ⎞ ⎛ ∂Xtcsc ⎞ Fig.7 9-bus test system
=− 2⎜ ⎟+ 2⎜ ⎟
∂α
R +( X + X
2
))
tcsc 2
(
⎝ ∂α ⎠ R2 + ( X + X )2 ⎝ ∂α ⎠
tcsc ) Case I:
…………………………………………...…………….. (22)
∂X t csc SVC is connected to bus 8, the control aim to keep the
∂α
(
= −2C1 ( 1 + cos 2α ) + C2 sin ( 2α ) ϖ tan (ϖ (π − α ) ) + tan α )
voltage at that bus at 1.0 pu. The of values XC and XL are
⎛ cos 2 (π − α ) ⎞ chosen as 1.4 pu and 0.28 pu, firing angle is set initially at
+ C2 ⎜ϖ 2 − 1⎟ 1450, which lies on the capacitive region of SVC . The
⎜
⎝ cos (ϖ (π − α ) ) ⎠
2 ⎟
convergent is obtained after 6 iterations. SVC absorbs 21.86
…………………………………………………………. (23) MAVR from bus 8 in order to keep the voltage magnitude at
Also the elements of the added row in the modified Jacobean 1 pu, with final firing angle of 128.560 and BSVC equal to
matrix (18) -0.2186 pu. Table (1) gives the voltage magnitude and phase
P αtcsc ⎞ angle for all buses of the system with and without SVC.
⎛
( ) ( )
G G B
km = V 2 tcsc - V Vm ⎜ tcsc cos δ + tcsc sin δ ⎟
∂α k ∂α k km km
⎝ ∂α ∂α ⎠
Case II:
……………………………………………………….… (24)
( ))
P
km
∂δ
= -V V m -G tc s c s in δ
k km ( ).. (25)
+ B tc s c c o s δ
km (
SVC is connected to bus 6, to keep the voltage at bus 6 at
k 1.0 pu. The of values XC and XL are chosen as 0.293 pu and
0.059 pu, firing angle is set initially at 1250, which lies on the
magnitude and phase angle for all buses of the system with
SVC are given in table (1).
TCSC is connected between bus7 and bus8. The objective Fig.8 TCSC reactance-firing angle characteristics
control is increase the active power of that line to 80 MW.
The vaue of xL was chosen as 9.52 Ω i.e(0.25X) where X is
transmission line reactance and xc as 1.9 Ω respectively. With VI. CONCLUSION
these values there is only one resonant point at α= 139.750, In this paper steady-state firing angle models of SVC and
firing angle is set initially at 1460, which lies on the TCSC for power flow solution were developed and discussed
capacitive region of TCSC. After running load flow program in details. To demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of
Xtcsc is equal to -0.0319 pu and the final firing angle value is the proposed models, a Newton-Raphson method
149.0290 with 7 iterations. Table (2) gives power flow results incorporating firing angle model for SVC and TCSC was
of 9-bus test system with and without TCSC, while fig.8 developed for desired power transferred and bus voltage
shows reactance-firing angle characteristics. From table (2) profile improvement. Then the proposed models and
real power flow in line 7-8 at sending end increased from algorithm were implemented on 9-bus test system for
76.38 MW to 80 MW. different case studies. The results obtained show the
effectiveness and robustness of the proposed models;
Case IV: moreover the power solution using the Newton-Raphson
algorithm developed incorporating firing angle model
TCSC is connected between bus 9 and bus 8, the control aim possesses excellent convergence characteristics.
is to increase the real power flows in line 9-8 to 26 MW. The
of values XC and XL are chosen as 13.33 Ω pu and 2.67 Ω
with these values there is only one resonant point at α= ACKNOWLEDGMENT
139.750 ,firing angle is set initially at 1460, which lies on the
capacitive region of TCSC . After running load flow program The first author thanks Prof. S. J. Cheng for his valuable
Xtcsc is equal to -0.0439 and the final firing angle value is observations and suggestions. The research represented here
149.240, with 6 iterations. Table (2) gives power flow results, has been supported by Huazhong University of Science and
and reactance-firing angle characteristics are illustrated in Technology (HUST).
fig.8. From table (2) real power flow in line 9-8 at sending
end increased from 24.18 MW to 26 MW.
Table (2) power flow results of 9-bus test system with and REFERENCES
without TCSC [1] N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS: Concepts and
Line Technology of Flexible ac Transmission Systems”, IEEE Press, New
7-8 9-8 York, 1999.
Final firing angle value (deg) 149.03 149.24 [2] Enrique Acha et al., “FACTS: Modeling and Simulation in Power
Xtcsc (pu) -0.0319 -0.0439 Networks“, Wiley, 2004.
Compensation (%) -44.3 -43.6 [3] A.Edris, “FACTS technology development: an update”, IEEE Eng.
Rev.20 (3), 2000, pp.4-9.
Active power without TCSC(MW) 76.38 24.18
[4] R.Mohan Marthur and Rajiv K.Varma “Thyristor Based-FACTS
Active power with TCSC(MW) 80 26
controllers for electrical transmission systems“, Wiley, 2002.
[5] Kirschner L.; Retzmann D.; Thumm G.;” Benefits of FACTS for Power
System Enhancement”, Transmission and Distribution Conference and
Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, 2005 IEEE/PES, pp.1 – 7.
[6] Yan Ou; Chanan Singh,” Improvement of total transfer capability using
TCSC and SVC”, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2001.
IEEE , Volume 2, 15-19 July 2001, pp. 944-948.
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