Application of Line Relays at

Dual-Breaker Terminals

Ilia Voloh General Electric

Bogdan Kasztenny formerly with General Electric

Presented at the 33rd Annual Western Protective Relay Conference

Spokane, WA, October 17-19, 2006
Blank Page
Ilia Voloh Bogdan Kaztenny
General Electric formerly with GE

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(a)
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DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
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COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

) +
9 - 1 59 8 (* (b)
CT-1 + CT-2 is the line
++ ( current only if the CTs are
accurate
Relay Measurement

( , "( + ) (( ! CT-1

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(
") !) + ! + +"
( ( ++ This measurement is not
(c)
++ (( " + ) " ! affected by the large
through current
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DIFFERENTIAL
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( + ( *
VT-1 LINE PROTECTION
+ 5 ( ! 8 * IED
79
(1)
+ * (1Φ)
50
BF
+ . * CT-1 TRIP/STATUS
25
(1)
+ ( ! (
CB-1

) ! (3Φ)
VT
+ * Σ 21 87
CB-2

TRIP/STATUS 25
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! CT-2 50

+ ! "( ) VT-2
BF
79
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(2)

• . ( - CLOSE

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) 1 * * +
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)
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• # $< ! # $ ") + $.*
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. + ( (( 6'*<7 , ( - ! ! "
+ ,

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PHASE IOC1 A PKP

4 + 9 <" + -
(a)
AND

BKR 1 A FWD
PHS DIR1 A BLK
+ ) )

(b)
PHASE IOC2 A PKP + $ * 59 < 8
+ ) *
AND

PHASE IOC4 A PKP BKR 1 A REV

PHS DIR1 A BLK 5 #$ # $<8 *

!
(c) BKR 1 A REV
BKR 1 B REV 5>C 0 ; 2 % 80! !( *
BKR 1 C REV ! + $ * " ( $
OR

BKR 2 A REV . + - ) *
BKR 2 B REV +
OR

CT SAT SUPV
BKR 2 C REV 0.75 cycle
+ - ! "
AND

2.5 cycle
BKR 1 A FWD
+
AND

BKR 2 A REV
BKR 1 B FWD + - + $ * 59 <)8
AND

BKR 2 B REV +
BKR 1 C FWD $ * (( + *
AND

BKR 2 C REV 0.25 cycle - ; + + *

OR

BKR 2 A FWD 0 cycle - !( )

AND

BKR 1 A REV + *
BKR 2 B FWD
! 0! !( !
AND

BKR 1 B REV
+ $ * " ( $
BKR 2 C FWD
AND

BKR 1 C REV - 9 < " ) *

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) + +
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++ + ( ( + - :

2
N −1
2 ⋅π ⋅ n
δ (k ) = x( k −n ) − X ( k ) ⋅ cos + Θ (k ) 5 8
n =0 N
, 5 8" ( ! ( ! 5 Θ) * !( !( - *
- + !5 8 + - - 5 8" ! + , !

2 #& $"'0 "#. !0$ + # &3 * + . "#. 0!4

! + ++ ! ( $ !*
( + + ! ( ( ) ) -
- + ++ ! . ( ) - !( ! (
, + ( , (
9 " ( 5 "! 8 + !! )* ! + ++ *
+ ( :

I LOC _ RE _ A = I 1 _ RE _ A + I 2 _ RE _ A + ... 5 8

, 5 8 (( ( + ( + ) ! ( "
(
 0 " ! + + ! ! +
+ - , :

(I LOC _ TRAD _ A ) 2
(
= max (I1 _ MAG _ A ) , (I 2 _ MAG _ A ) ,...
2 2
) 5'8

, 5'8 " ( ( ) " ! ) ! + *

9 A ( ( ) , 5 8 5'8
. " ( ! (( ++ + .
( ! 1( ") (
6 *&7 . ( + ( (" ( 5 " 8 ) ( 5 8. + - , *
!! :
• - * ! (( :

(
+ I LOC _ TRAD _ A )2 < B 2
. (I LOC _ REST _ TRAD _ A )2 = 2 ⋅ (S1 )2 ⋅ (I LOC _ TRAD _ A )2 5< 8

(I LOC _ REST _ TRAD _ A )2 = 2 ⋅ ((S 2 )2 ⋅ (I LOC _ TRAD _ A )2 − (S 2 ⋅ B )2 ) + 2 ⋅ (S1 ⋅ B )2 5<)8

• * ! (( :

(
+ I LOC _ TRAD _ A )2 < B 2
. (I LOC _ REST _ TRAD _ A )2 = 43 ⋅ (S1 )2 ⋅ (I LOC _ TRAD _ A )2 5< 8

(I LOC _ REST _ TRAD _ A )2 = 43 ⋅ ((S 2 )2 ⋅ (I LOC _ TRAD _ A )2 − (S 2 ⋅ B )2 ) + 43 ⋅ (S1 ⋅ B )2 5< 8

. ( ( + ! ! + + ! , 5 8 ! +
6 *&7 . ( !) !
( + 1 ) ! ( :

I LOC _ RESTRIANT _ A = (I LOC _ REST _ TRAD _ A )2 + MULTA ⋅ (I LOC _ ADA _ A )2 5 8

. ! ( !( + " ( ) *
$. +
+ ) , 5 * 8 ) +* - - " + -
( :

I LOC _ RE _ A , I LOC _ RE _ B , I LOC _ RE _ C , I LOC _ IM _ A , I LOC _ IM _ B , I LOC _ IM _ C , I LOC _ RESTRIANT_ A , I LOC _ RESTRIANT_ B , I LOC _ RESTRIANT_ C 5&8

2 0$ "// # "0$0#' & 0"# + # &

. ! - ++
+ ++ !
+ " ! + * +* ! ! . +*
! + + + +* - - " - )
+ * - ( + "- ( " 1 (
- - . !( ) ( ( ( ( *
, + * ,
 . + - , !) +* + * ! ! :

(
I LOC _ PHASOR _ RE _ A = 0.5 ⋅ I LOC _ RE _ A( present) + I LOC _ RE _ A( previous) ) 5A 8

(I LOC _ PHASOR _ RESTRAINT _ A )2

[
= 0.5 ⋅ (I LOC _ RESTRAINT _ A( present ) ) + (I LOC _ RESTRAINT _ A( previous ) )
2 2
] 5A)8

, 5A)8 G , 5A)8 (( 1 ! , 5A8 (( ) !

" ( " ! (
= 1" ++ :

I DIFF _ RE _ A = I LOC _ PHASOR _ RE _ A + I REM 1 _ PHASOR _ RE _ A + I REM 2 _ PHASOR _ RE _ A 5@ 8

(I REST _ A ) = (I
2
LOC _ PHASOR _ RESTRAINT _ A ) + (I
2
REM 1 _ PHASOR _ RESTRAINT _ A ) + (I
2
REM 2 _ PHASOR _ RESTRAINT _ A )
2
5@)8

(( , + ) (( 6 *&7:

S A = (I DIFF _ A ) − P 2 + (I REST _ A )
2
( 2
) 5B8

> + + " " ( ( ( + 5

( ) ( - !! ) + , 5<88 )
, " ! + ( *

22 0 + 0 "# !"#
. ! ) * !! $. - ( + ! .
+ + 5 8) ! $. "( ! + 5 8"-
- + 1
) ++ " ! ( ! ( +
!( + ! ( + 5 8
( + ! + (a)

. ! ( ( ( ( + - : I1 I2 I3 I4

MULT A = max (MULT1 A , MULT2 A ) 5 ?8

LINE

I1+I2+I3+I4
. + !( ) "
. !( !
+ ! + ) *
* * + ! (b)

. !( ) ! * I1 I2 I3 I4
" ! ) !
( + !( + ! !
I4 = I1+I2+I3
) "- - * In the worst-case, with no
restraint from the remote
! . !( ! + terminal, the maximum local
current (most likely the fault
) - ! + current) becomes the
restraint

. + ! ( + - :
0 ( 0 + ! 9 A . ++ + ! !*
. ) +* ! : H " H " ! + 5 8.
'H " <H ! * 5 I ) ! 1! !
5)8 . 1 +
" "' <8 - * - +
 0 ( $ - 1 :
I X _ RE = I k _ RE 5 8

I X _ IM = I k _ IM 5 )8

I Y _ RE = I1 _ RE + I 2 _ RE + I 3 _ RE + I 4 _ RE − I X _ RE 5 8

I Y _ IM = I1 _ IM + I 2 _ IM + I 3 _ IM + I 4 _ IM − I X _ IM 5 8

. J* ! 1! ! ! . K* ! + *
) ! 1! ! = + - + + ! ! ! J I*K +
$. 4 $. ++ ") ! (( 1 ! +(
0 (' $ ! ( + - :

+ I X > 3 pu & I Y > 3 pu 5 8

+ abs(angle(I X , I Y )) > 90 o 5 )8

5
MULT := abs (angle(I X , I Y )) ⋅ 5 8
180 o
MULT := 1 5 8
MULT := 1 5 8
, 5 8 +) 5 ! 1! ! ! " ! + *
8 + $. + " + -
+ B? " ! ( ?? +
B? " ! ( ( ( ++ ! 1! ! +
?? + 1 +(
. ! ( (( 1 ! ( ") + "
( ! + " ! -
+ ( ! + " + !) + ! +
. ! ( + +
9 @ (( + - ! + 1 !( *
+ ( " ! ) ! + . ! *
) $." + ! ( ) ! ( 1 !( " .' !
$. + - + . $. - 3 (
) + ! C - " ! - + ! ( ) ++ + *
! " - ! (

5
. ( ( ( ( (( + ( + ) * * * + ((
!( ) !( ! ! ( $. *
+ ) * * * + !
++ ! ) ) + ) * * * + (( ")
+ (( - ( + ( + ( ! + .
( ( ( ( + ++ ( -
- ) - ! + . ( $. "
!( * , ! + (( (( - ( - + ! 6@7
. ) ! !( ! 6<7- + * ++ 1(
6
67 > ) * B@A " ?? " "
67 "; 0 ( " $ !() " > "E9 ; # > %! 0 *
F" !" # $ % &' ( "0( "4 "# ) <* &" ???
6'7 > ) * B@B " ?? ") *& ) & "
6<7 > ) * BB< " ?? "*+ *& ) &(( & "
67 ! " 1 "4 > ! "E = - (( $ ; ++ > + . ! % F"
, & $ & ( , - &' & & & "> ! "= C "# ) * '" BB@
6&7 ! " 1 "4 > ! " 0 " K "E; $ ; ++ 0 !F"D 0 > @?B ?< "
0 ( " BB@
6A7 " "C "L 9 "E$ ; ++ 2 $ ( - $ !! $ !! F"
> . #) ' / & & ( " ! !" ( *@" ??<"(( @ *<
6@7 " $ !() "E!( % $ ; ++ > 2 2 + *M . ((
. + ! F"D 0 > & @ B <<"; A" ??<

(a)

ILOC = 6 pu ILOC = 7 pu
2 pu

5 pu
ITRAD = 4 pu ITRAD = 5 pu
4 pu

2 pu
This CT should carry 19pu.
ITRAD = 15 pu

ILOC = -9 pu

For illustration 15pu is

assumed to reflect CT
saturation error causing a
spurious differential current
of 4 pu.

T3

6 pu -15 pu

(b)

T1 M1 = 1 (2pu vs 4pu) M1 = 1 (2pu vs 5pu) T2

M2 = 5 (6+7pu vs -9pu) M2 = 5 (7+6pu vs -9pu)
M = max(1,5) = 5 M = max(1,5) = 5
2 pu

5 pu

6 pu 7 pu
4 pu

2 pu

All three terminals apply the

multiplier of 5 to further
increase the traditional
restraint driven by the local
value of 15pu at T3
-9 pu

M1 = 5 (6pu vs -15pu)
T3 M2 = 5 (-9pu vs 6+7pu)
M = max(5,5) = 5
6 pu -15 pu

9 @ 1 !( + 5 8 ! ( + $.
! 5)8