More Antiviral Chat

D GRANT Turriff AB53 Scotland \UK

Following on from

https://www.scribd.com/document/455751156/Repuposing-Drugs-With-Potential-Antiviral Effects-9

https://www.scribd.com/document/455758208/Lost-Cause-Drug

https://www.scribd.com/document/456392666/Antiviral-Gases

This is NOT medical advice but thinking about the COVID-19 pandemic from a non-medical
biochemical science (PhD in chemistry) perspective.

Single walled carbon nanotubules (SWCNTs) create oxidative stress in the lungs and diminish natural
antiviral defence mechanisms. (PMID 25497303; 26619783; 31328592). Could these nanoparticles be key
allies of the viruses which cause severe lung inflammation. The urban air putatively could contain arc
produced SCWNTs particles and carbon particles from vehicle exhaust via combustion of hydrocarbons (cf.
e.g. Chem Phys Lett 2000 313 217) may be enhancers of viral pandemics. Wearing of masks to stop intake of
such both during and between pandemics needs a more effective less intrusive air filter for those urban
environments which may contain SCWNTs.

Could COVID-19 also be combatted by the use of a potent entirely inorganic antiviral metal ion zeolite. Such
an antiviral agent should surely be applied to protective clothing, to smartphones during manufacture, to
indoor smooth surfaces and furnishings but also, critically, to the transport and other public space smooth
surfaces which may harbour highly infective viruses and be key players in generating a pandemic?

Could the viral infected smooth surfaces treated with zeolite doped with silver and copper ions
combat coronavirus and other viral epidemics which are transmitted not only directly by snoozing and
coughing but also indirectly by the viral attachment to numerous kinds of smooth (and not-so-smooth)
surfaces in hospitals and in public spaces in cities. Stopping such surface assisted viral infection, can, it seems
be afforded by Ag/Cu Zeolite; (cf. Bright KR et al Food & Environmental Virology 2009 1 (1) : 37 PMCID :
PMC7091263). This zeolite preparation is reported to efficiently deactivate coronaviruses and other viruses,
retaining broad spectrum antiviral properties when bonded to plastic and other surfaces (such as used in
personal protection gowns etc and on smooth surfaces present in urban public places and on which viruses can
retain their infectivity perhaps long-term). Future law? Zeolite-Cu/Ad antiviral surfaces : mandatory for all
public place smooth surfaces. A purely inorganic antiviral metal ion doped zeolite will likely (in contrast to an
organic antiviral) continue to be an antiviral for a long time.

There is a large literature on the use of zeolites as (non-toxic-to-humans) antivirals including incorporation into
textiles.

Keep cheerful: this also helps combat viral pandemics. Studies by Bennett MP et al. .e.g. in Altern Health Med 9 (2) 38-43
suggests that Mirthful Laughing could improve antiviral NK cell counts and thereby augment anti COVID-19 immune protection.

What else boosts antiviral NK cells?

Dietary Supplementation by Red Ginseng may slow the COVID-19

pandemic.
This could perhaps at least in part explain why South Korea has
weathered the COVID-19 storm better than other nations.
Red Ginseng is known to boost antivirus T and NK immune cell killing of numerous viruses (cf. PMID
27746682). Take note that: wrote in BuisnessKorea February 14 2020 an article by Choi Moon-hee
was entitled “Red Ginseng Enjoys Soaring Popularity as Immune System Booster against
Coronavirus”.

FURTHER CONTENT

1. Is COVID-19 Synergistic with HSV?

2. The antiviral LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN (LMWH) which might MITIGATE lung CYTOKINE STORM

2-1 Heparin-like polysaccharides from marine organisms have wide antiviral potential

2-1-1 Central Role of Glycans in Immunity

2-1-2. The immune system of bats allows high viral loading. Supports use of interferon therapy

2-1-2-1. Viral micro-RNA may target host interferon

2-1-3. Anti-allergy drug LEVOCETIRIZINE

Anti-allergy drug LEVOCETIRIZINE may be indicated to fight COVID-19 via pre-treatment

Mitigates acute lung injury/sepsis (Lipopolysaccharide induced via bacterial infections)

2-2. MORE ON HEPARIN-like substances as antivirals

2-3. More Silver Antiviral Vehicles. Silver Nanoparticles Chitosan

3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: are they relevant to countering COVID-19?

4. Blocking the Optimum pH for Viral Entry into Host Cells by Systemic use of Drugs is, in Principle a Highly Credible Anti-Viral Drug
Strategy.

4-1. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

4-2. Classical thinking about how blood ions and body fluid are regulated, however, may need to change.

4-3. EFFFECT OF AGE ON BLOOD VESSEL WALL HEPARAN SULPHATE SULPHATION.

4-4. COVID-19 FUSION WITH HOST CELLS.

4-5. ANTI-CANCER CLAIM OF CAESIUM CHLORIDE VIA INCRESSING BLOOD/tumour cell pH (PMID 6522424; 6522427 may
ENABLE Cs+ ION Therapy for COVID-19.

4-6. LITHIUM CHLORIDE is a potential anti-coronavirus agent

4-6-1. ALSO Try Rubidium Chloride and Tetramethylammonium chloride

Miscellaneous

5. Cationic Silica nanoparticles

5-1.Tamoxifen

5-2. Bis-cyclopentadienyl TiCl2

5-3. Antimony and Arsenic oxides (M2O3)

5-4..: Bis-cyclopentadienyl TiCl2

6. Ethanol

7. Phosphoric acid or malic acid

8. Mouth Hygiene. Cf. Taking false teeth out Poly-inorganic phosphate in plaque involved in mouth bacterial infection

9. Try 2-(2-butylethoxy) ethanol

10. HUMIC & FULVIC ACIDS AS BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIVIRALS

10-1. HUMIC ACID MIMETCs POLYACRYLIC ACID & POLYMETHACRYLIC ACID antivirals

11. Rubber stabilizers as potential antivirals

E.g. 2- Mercaptobenzamidazole, dilaurylthiopropionate and a range of hindered phenols.

11-1. Zinc salts

12. BORAX and Boron (B) as Potential Antivirals

12-1. Antiviral rare earth borotungstate

13. Colloidal antiviral Metals USE OF HYOPHOSPHITE FOR PRODUCTION

14. X Chromosomes Confer Heightened Protection to Females over Males

15. Is DMF (Dimethylformamide) Anti-Viral.

16. DRACO what happened?

17. GALLIUM (Ga)

17-1 Indium. Also try: Scandium

18. Miscellaneous potential antivirals

18-1. Miscellaneous potential antivirals for COVID-19; Polypeptides similar to membrane spanning peptides

Baricitnib anti RA drug (U Southampton)

19. Herbicides in tap water MAY AUGMENT POPULATION SUSCE\PTIBILITY TO VIRAL including COVID-19 INFECTION

19-1. COULD THIS pro-viral intoxication, be COMBATTED?. by Melittin (bee venom)

19-2. More on potential ENVIRONMENTAL input into viral infection 1i

19-2-1. MILK and probiotics consumption IS A POTENTIAL ANTIVIRAL STRATEGY

19-2-2. More on NK cell status. Enhancement of NK cell numbers by Vitamin C

19-2-3. Stimulatory role of transient ozone exposure in human natural NK cell activities

19-2-3-1. Laughing

19-2-3-1-1. Earth magnetism and solar flare solar cycles & human health

19-2-3-2 Reiki

19-2-3-3 Acupuncture cf Lang BX Chinese Arch Trad Med and Pharm 2011 29(2) 411-2

19-2-3-4. Earthing cf. PMID 27055821

19-2-3-5. Herbs etc. cf. PMID 27055821

19-2-4. Stimulatory role of transient ozone (O3) exposure in human natural NK cell activities

19-2-5. CARBOHYDRATE-MEDIATED MODULATION OF NK CELL RECEPTOR : Influence of HEPARAN SULPHATE

19-2-6. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

19-2-7 BISPHOSPHONATEs

19-2-8. Spingosine-1 phosphate

Receptor SIP5 is required for targeting NK cells to specific inflammatory sites. Has therapeutic implications.

19-2-9. POLYINORGANICPHOSPHATE

19-2-10. Hydrogen sulphide

20. METHANE (CH4) therapy for acute lung injury etc.

21. Azoquinones and related compounds

22 Ginseng and polyacetylenes

23. Mushroom Antivirals

24. A Systemic Approach

25. Use of Osmolytes to assist viral removal by autophagy,

Trehalose into

x25.1. Cyclosporin A, B 9226

226. Gingenosides -2. 26More on ENVIRONMENTAL

227. Isatin beta thiosemicarbazone derivatives and methisazone

Other possible antivirals for use against COVID-19 include artemisinin

Concluding remarks. 0. METHANE (CH4) therapy for acute lung injury 9-2. More on ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. Effects on
NK Cells etc.

220. METHANE (CH4) therapy for acute lung injury

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.
Does COVID-19 Synergise with HSV?
More than half humans are believed to harbour Herpes HSV-1. Might this act synergistically
with coronavirus? Could allow discrimination between ore and less susceptible individuals?
HIV-1 is indicated to synergise with HSV-2. (Cf. Lancet Infect Dis 2008 8(8) 490.Perhaps
similarly with other viruses and HSV-1).
Selection for COVID-19 infection may depend on prior infection with HSVs. As with HIV
therapy anti-HSV therapy is possibly useful. HSV may disrupt the mucosal barriers which
could thereby assist COVID-19 entry. (HSV binds to Heparan sulphate and is inhibited by
heparan sulphate fragments or heparin or pentosan poly-sulphate, cf. PMID 196192).
Expression of at least part of the herpes virus genome is evidenced in arterial smooth
muscle cells (cf. Benditt EP PNAS USA 1983 80 6386-9) suggesting that age-associated
lesions which sequester herpes viruses may be involved in the aetiology of atherosclerosis
and other degenerative diseases. This could be part of how age helps virus infection making
older persons more susceptible.
Cf. Possible benefit of additional anti-atherosclerotic bisphosphonate therapy
might conceivably help counter associated herpes and herpes assisted multi-viral infection.
Cf. also Kramsch DM Aspen AJ Rozler LJ (1981) Atherosclerosis: prevention by agents not affecting abnormal levels of
blood lipids Science 213 1511-1512 {The apparent prevention of atherosclerosis in primates by the administration of
bisphosphonate which strips the calcified plaques from arterial walls might also indicate a separate potential therapeutic
strategy for COVID-19 via increasing NK cell counts via increased melatonin secretion putatively achievable after de-
calcifying the pineal gland by exogenous bisphosphonate therapy}.

[Cf. also Levy RJ Wolfrum J Schoen FJ Hawley MA Lund SA Langer R Inhibition of calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves
by local controlled-release diphosphate Science(1985) 238 190-192. [The di- or now more commonly called
bisphosphonate used , ethane hydroxy, diphosphonate (etidronate) exhibits similar anti-calcification activity to ‘intact’
heparan sulphate (Grant D et al 1989 Biochem. J 259 41-45)].
2.
THE POTENTIAL OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN (LMWH) TO MITIGATE CYTOKINE
STORM IN SEVERE COVID-19 PATIENTS, Shi C et al. medRχiv
doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.28.20046146.

(putatively via NK cell activation, cf. section 19-2-5.) {Inserted text

Elmiron may act similarly}.
Comparison of 21 patients who received LMWH with 21 control without the LMWH
showed that LMWH is a potential therapeutic drug for COVID-19, it reducing IL-6 and
beneficially altering lymphocytes.
The stopping of the inflammatory storm by heparin may be lifesaving?
The finding that heparin was anti-angiogenic and potentially dramatically anti-cancer
(when administered in vitro together with cortisol Folkman J eighties researches web) was
accompanied by the finding that this was not reproduced by a different brand of heparin.
The (possibly metal counterion present as ’contamination’ in small amounts of the good
heparin was however not successfully identified).
2-1.
Levocetirizine /Cetirizine
Mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury inflammation in rats.
May also apply to human cytokine storm arising from COVID-19 infection.
Cf. ANA Fahami et al. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018 ID 7019759
Which suggests that pre-treatment with this anti-allergy drug may stop sepsis related to
COVID-19 infection of the lungs.
(May work better with LMWH ?)

2-1-1. Why heparin-like drugs are of possible central interest for alleviation of COVID-19
infection

Cf. An Apparent Central Role of

Glycans in Immunity
Including in adaptive immunity which recognizes glycated surface Ig receptors (+
analogous T cell phenomena)_
Cf. traditional “haem-agglutination” concept.
Enveloped viruses tend to be highly glycated.
IgF-Fc glycation likely determines immunity including to COVID-19 strains.
Likely sialic acid and other carbohydrate specificity of this virus and variation with strains.
[High level of antiviral oligosaccharides also seem to exist in human milk- need to probe
this for COVID-19].
For a general review of glycans see
Varki A Glycobiology 2017 27(1) 3-49 which gives a broad perspective (includes mention of
the heparan sulphate system without specifically mentioning that this may be a more
useful focus with which to develop antiviral therapeutics).
A related phenomenon involved in systemic sensing by heparan sulphates - evidence for heparan
sulphate involvement in flow sensing at the endothelium-blood interface was studied by

Siegel G Malmsten M Lindman B e.g. as reported in

Colloids and Surfaces A Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects (1998) 138 345-351 (Elsevier).

2-1-2. The immune system of bats allows high viral loading (putatively including with
COVID-19) which is thought to be via a dampening process of the STING interferon (IFN)
pathway; (Zhou P, Cell Host Microbe 018 DOI: 10.1016/jchom.2018.01.006; PMID
29478775) which may be indicated to combat COVID-19 via pre-treatment.
[Cf. mitigation or acute lung injury/sepsis (Lipopolysaccharide induced via bacterial
infections)]
Cf. anti-histamine anti-allergy drug
LEVOCETIRIZINE/Cetirizine.

2-1-2-1.
Viral micro-RNA
may target host interferon
cf. PMID 32038626
cf. also Ivashchenko A et al. research square
DOI.10.21203/rs.3.rs-19592/v1
might be able to combat COVID-19 via microRNA

2-2. MORE ON

HEPARIN-like substances as antivirals

Heparin-like polysaccharides from marine organisms have wide antiviral potential
Cf. Mycroft-West CJ, Yates EA and Skidmore MA, Biochem Soc Trans 2018 45 (4) 919-29.
htttps://doi.org/10.1042/BST20170404.

2-3. More Silver Antiviral Vehicles

In addition to Ag/Cu Zeolite can consider surface coatings with

Silver Nanoparticles on Chitosan (a heparin mimetic) shows influenza H1N1 antiviral

efficacy. Likely Ag-heparin/heparan likewise.
Could perhaps make a specific Ag NF LMWH to counter COVID-19.
Heparin contains a metallomic metal ion array. This is in keeping with the Williams-
Haraguchi hypothesis that biological fluids always contain a wide multi-element content
(somewhat resembling seawater). There is a tendency for the least abundant seawater
ions in biological fluids to concentrated at the heparin surface. This includes silver.
There also may be a need to use a silver nanoparticle spray to de-toxify COVID-19
contaminated paper and textiles. (Web info).

3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: are

they relevant to countering COVID-19?
ASPIRIN (acetylsalicylate) is a potential anti -numerous-viruses-drug as indicated by in vitro
assays. Combats flu viruses (PMID 27542891).
Trad aspirin type medication “ASKIT” sold for decades and used during winter flu. An old
Scottish brand remedy for common cold and flu web data indicates contains aspirin +
caffeine + aloxipin (Aluminium aspirin).
Aluminium, Indium and Platinum salt anti proliferative effects were considered at the start
of the research where cis platin became selected to be developed for combatting cancer
(testicular). Salts of these metals have because of their anti-tumour proliferation effects are
also expected to have potential antiviral activities.
‘Aluminium (Al) salts antiviral search revealed that using traditional Al (OH) 3 adjuvants for
pre-pandemic avian flu meta analysis (PMID 30061656) of n=2467 patients showed the
opposite effect from that anticipated: the Al adjuvants used apparently causing a diminution
of vaccine effectiveness (perhaps by eliciting Th2 rather than a supposed required Th1
immune response) in marked contrast to animal test results.
May have to re think the traditional paradigm relating to use of adjuvants to get a workable
COVID-19 vaccine.

4. Blocking the Optimum pH preferred by the Virus for Entry

into Host Cells by Systemic use of Drugs, is, in Principle, a
Highly Credible Anti-Viral Drug Strategy.
Adjusting the blood pH by oral drug intake is likely to be able to stop viral entry. Cf.
“Alteration of the pH Dependence of Corona Virus Induced Cell Fusion: Effect of Mutation in
the Spike Glycoprotein” Gallacher TM et al. J Virology 1991 65 (4) 1916-28; PMID 1848311.

4-1. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE and chloroquine were used to block the blood pH which assists
viral entry into the host cell (cf. “the COVID-19, like other COVID viruses will need the correct pH for
virus entry into host cell using the S spike protein mutation of which alters the required optimum pH
for this to happen”). The use of acid pH allows blood pH increasing drugs like NH 4Cl to stop viral
entry,

This salt which dissolved in water to raise its pH is believed to have been used traditionally for a
(hundred years?) for cold and flu). Needs to get tested on COVID-19.

Could perhaps work as a broad-spectrum antiviral approach if correctly administered. Use of (NH 4)Cl
tablets taken by mouth. (Pers. Info. in nineteen fifties how this drug seemed mysteriously to be the
most common all drugs given to patients with respiratory problems in a general hospital ward)

Chloroquine is also a blood pH ammonium chloride mimetic. This increases blood pH. This may stop
viral infection if this coronavirus needs a specific pH (e.g. acidic pH) to enter host cell via fusing with
the host membrane. Coughing and sneezing during the course of COVID-19 respiratory stress
aetiology is considered to diminish lung efficiency and this leads to increased blood CO 2 and
decrease in blood pH. Can also correct this with sodium carbonate.

4-2. Classical thinking about how blood ions and body fluid and nervous systems are regulated
by the kidney and adrenal parathyroid and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, however, may
need to change if new findings about the glycocalyx are correct. Newly discovered to apply to
mammals including humans PUTATIVE ROLE of GLYCOCALYX (and local sodium
storage system) AS A HIGH RANKING SYSTEMIC FUNCTION MANAGER. Previous hints of this basic sulphated
polysaccharide as a high ranking overlord system in aquatic invertebrates (Dietrich group 1983)

{Although not discussed here the adrenal hormone system and the immune system must surely also be tied
into this}.

THIS could affect how drugs to combat COVID-19 via adjusting blood pH might be sought.

A major role of the side chain sulphated polysaccharide side chains of the heparan sulphate proteoglycans is
played in osmolality etc. Regulation not just in the kidney. Cf. RGHO Engberink PMID 31365577. This
impacts on theoretical considerations regarding how the COVID-19 entry to the hosts cell. The
blood pH and Na+ and other ions and small molecules (CO2, HCO3- including H+) is potentially
affected by the glycocalyx quality. This impacts on blood pressure etc. The length of the heparan
sulphate side chains of heparan sulphate proteoglycans which line the blood vessel walls has
become centre stage in the new theory systemic regulation of blood. This process affects viral entry
into the host cell which therefore is part of the heparan sulphate systemic control system.

4-3. EFFFECT OF AGE ON BLOOD VESSEL WALL HEPARAN SULPHATE SULPHATION.

A systematic age-related alteration in the HEPARAN SULPHATE sulphation pattern and integrity
[which impacts on major ions pH and body fluid volumes (Feyzi E et al., J Biol. Chem 1998 13395-8
PMID 9593669) could be part of the reason why COVID-19 selectively more seriously affects older
persons

4-4. COVID-19 FUSION WITH HOST CELLS. A common mechanism with all enveloped viruses?
Allows HSPG biochemistry to be adapted to block virus entry.

cf. PMID 15609500 (accessed from info stream starting with: ”Na 2CO3 to control pH and fight COVID-
19” in Drug Target Reviews web where blogger’s suggestions included drinks to increase blood pH,
who are thanked for their contributions).

The common fusion mechanism may include the virus host cell heparan sulphate proteoglycan or
poly-sialic acid sialylated protein interaction which can be blocked by heparin

Cf. “The 2019 coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) surface protein (Spike) S1Receptor Binding Domain
undergoes conformational change upon heparin binding” Courtney Mycroft-West et al.

2020.02.29.291093v1.full(1) [Archiv is not peer reviewed].

Heparan sulphate host involvement is believed a common factor in virus entry. Blocking this may
stop infection. Cf. researches relating to HIV infections cf. PMID 8856366. Additional mechanisms by
which heparin inhibits viral entry and viability are also likely cf. PMID 1207292.

The abovementioned (Engberink et al. 2019 PMID 31365577).

) role of cell surface heparan sulphate mechanism in controlling blood ions putatively also includes
the pH; i.e. as well as controlling Na+ concentration in blood, heparan sulphate controls she H +/OH-
balance. Also CO32- and HCO3- and phosphorus oxy-ions.

Also toxic particles such as amyloid and bits of foreign nucleic acid chains. Bits of viral RNA etc.
May be why heparin like drugs counter (all?) enveloped virus infections. May be, like the mode of
viral entry a general wide mechanism antiviral (and anti-other-class-of- pathogen) action which is
applicable to all enveloped viruses. A basic-for-health phenomenon.

Re-stating. Heparin seems to combat all enveloped viruses because it upregulates heparan sulphate.

A more primitive function of poly-anionics allows viruses to be surrounded and deactivated e.g. by
simply engulfing them.

Adding a small amount of the Heparan Sulphate mimetic Heparin to pH 5.5. distilled water caused
the pH to re-adjust to 7.3. This accords with a fundamental role of pH buffering by cell surface
heparan sulphate. To properly combat the COVID-19 virus likely need good quality heparan sulphate
at the cell surfaces etc., not degraded-by-age-etc. Intact fully N-sulphonated heparan sulphate
chains are needed to accomplish this. Heparan sulphate biosynthesis meets a fairly quick turnover
and responds in cell culture experiments to dietary components such as inorganic ions and
ascorbate. Na+ etc., also heparin. The ability to re-boot heparan sulphate biosynthesis or to
enhance it by exogenous admin. may be a key way of improving host resistance to viral infection.

4-5. ANTI-CANCER CLAIM OF CAESIUM CHLORIDE VIA INCRESSING

BLOOD/tumour cell pH (PMID 6522424; 6522427 may ENABLE Cs+ ION Therapy
for COVID-19. Cf . PMID 6522427.
Later report PMID 23841836 suggested that CsCl anticancer treatment was inappropriate as it could
create a life-threatening heart rhythm disturbance. However perhaps should first of all try LiCl.

Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on porcine epidemic diarrheal virus PEDV, Li et al PMID 29547727

Res Vet Sci 2018 DOI:10.1016/ivsc.2018.03.002.

4-6. LITHIUM CHLORIDE is a potential anti-coronavirus agent for

infectious bronchitis coronavirus (Li et al. 2009).

Is this where the pH is decreased to inhibit viral entry or is it evidence that chloride sales
irrespective of the cation are anti-viral perhaps via generating hypochlorite or
perchlorate?
As it has been reported to inhibit coronavirus,

cf. PMID 2842936.

4-6-1. ALSO Try

Rubidium Chloride and

Tetramethylammonium chloride.
5. Cationic Silica nanoparticles (As used in food processing)
Have intrinsic antiviral (as well as antibacterial) properties. {Cf. Malmsten M, Soft Matter 2011 (19)

May potentially be useful, as heparin adducts, to combat COVID-19.

(May also get trapped in human tissues e.g. gut with possible pro as well as antiviral effects)

Key interaction of interest for antiviral activities. Bind strongly to heparin/heparan sulphate

(Conventional silica nanoparticles are found to inhibit macrophage pro-inflammatory heparan

sulphate damaging activities).

5-1.
Cf. PMID 32275914. Exogenous IFNα vapour ant-COVI-19 treatment
Immune System & Endogenous antiviral IFN α strategy. IFNβ1

Cf. also https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00343

[which does not discuss possible glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan link (cf. PMID 31365577) to blood pressure etc.] but

Shows complex blood pressure etc. interplay Ca channels NO and reading elsewhere how exogenous cytokine might help viral defence.

Oxytocin and blood pressure PMID 12436943.

Endorphin and blood pressure PMID 8085171.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Cf. Diltiazem PMID 30941148
Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate reduces mortality of
COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Zhang L medRχiv. Doi.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20047134
May save lives.

5-1-1. Other channel blockers

A potent possible drug design for antivirals; cf. HSV-1 and ACV resistant HSV

Tamoxifen and 5 nitro-2(3-phenyl-propylamine) benzoic acid

May also act via pH control.

5-2. Bis-cyclopentadienyl TiCl 2

shows anti-viral activity against a range of enveloped DNA and RNA including influenza viruses

(PMID 6277097).
5-3.
Antimony and Arsenic oxides (M2O3) have, it is reported, excellent antiviral
activities against bacteriophage model system. Charan N et al. Der Pharma Chemica 2012 4 (2) 687-9.

6. Ethanol
Has a broad spectrum antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses.

A lower amount of ethanol can be used if, additionally there is present a range of higher molecular weight alcohols plus PHOSPHORIC acid

Cf. PMID 16307826.

7. Phosphoric acid
or malic acid

find use in creating an antiviral and antibacterial (silver particle afforded) surface

US Pat Application 2018 0255774

Se e.g. US Pat 8034844B2 for a good overview of antiviral surface coating concepts

8. Mouth Hygiene
Taking false teeth out overnight decreases change of influenza by half. Japanese research reported on Daily Express web site. This may
involve:

poly-inorganic phosphate in plaque involved in mouth bacterial infection and wider infection may include viruses.

8-1. Solvents with antiseptic activity may increase antiviral drug (e.g. acyclovir or AZT) activity
(food additive use) may be able to do this.

9. Inhibition of viral nucleic acid assembly.

Large database includes Ribavarin, Tenofovir,
Foscarnet (Forcavir (HO) P(O)-CO.OH) 2

Cf. Ambos cards. Ambos.com/us/knowledge/Antiviral agents.

Therapeutics against Hepatitis B, C Herpes
Also Methylenecyclopropyl nucleosides PMID 22607883..

10. HUMIC ACIDS

The most abundant biopolymeric anionic substance class in
the biosphere with putative antiviral properties are humic
acids, which are extractable from geological deposits as well
as from soil organic matter (humus) [with aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution from which addition of hydrochloric acid
separates out fulvic acid as supernatant. Achard 1786].
While nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw the
beginnings of an understanding of the other major
biopolymers the humic polymers remained elusive. Until
recently or perhaps even today the chemical structures of
humic and fulvic acid were thought to contain lignin
degradation products (Schnitzer 1970).
*Synthetic humic acid* which are obtained from plant
phenols show a promising broad-spectrum antiviral
activity (including anti-HIV, -RSV and-influenza A and B.
However, the anti-inflammatory effects of such humic
polymers may make these drug types prophylactic
agents rather than overt viricides.
NMR (including MAS NMR) showed a more aliphatic character of humic acid. Fulvic like polyacrylic acid- mimetic.

Humic substances may also be extracted from humus with DMSO-HCHO [Dimethyl sulphoxide-formic acid (Tinsley & Parsons). These two
solvent molecules form a complex. Both have, by themselves, some antiviral properties. The humic extracts thus obtained likely have
augmented antiviral properties via adsorbed antiviral solvent molecules.
10-1.
HUMIC ACID MIMETCs POLYACRYLIC ACID &
POLYMETHACRYLIC ACID are potent antivirals
Cf. PMID 5725320.

These are ‘clean’ chemicals. Potent broad antiviral activity needs updated looking into forCOVID-19 I.p. injection of solution of these
highly potent man-made macromolecules.

They are also dramatically good at in vitro (as well as in vivo) at inhibiting of seeded CaCO3 crystallization. (Especially powerful anti-
calcification agents are humic-FULVIC acids. Several orders of magnitude better than Heparin, Pyrophosphate or Poly-inorganic Phosphate,
Inositol Phosphate or Bisphosphonates. (The human activity induced release of terrestrial fulvic acids into the marine environment is a
possible trigger of anthropogenic climate change. May greatly outperform fossil fuel as a trigger. May also aid pandemics both directly
and indirectly because of damage to natural atmospheric composition homeostasis which affects biota as a whole which includes viruses.

11.
Rubber Stabilizers and Additives as Potential
Antivirals
These are available in high tonnage amounts if required.

E.g. 2- mercaptobenzamidazole, dilaurylthiopropionate and a range of hindered phenols.

mercaptobenzamidazole, dilaurylthiopropionate and a range of hindered phenols.

Cf. vulcanization accelerator (2,2 ´-dithiobisbenzothiazole).

11-1. Zinc salts (e.g. used in tyre manufacture)

In the developing world it is claimed that Zn supplementation improves patient outcome for RSV infection of lower respiratory tract.

In vitro studies of Zn (acetate lactate and sulphate) salts showed (PMID 14982765) these salts to possess distinct anti-RSV viral activities.

Need to test Zn salts (including dietary supplementation) for COVID-19.

Concept of zinc agent against common cold viruses PMID 15496046.

Zinc may attach to ICAM-1 so exerting an antiviral effect.

Zinc oxide particulates seem to create antiviral hydrogen peroxide at its surface.
12. BORAX and Boron (B) as Potential Antivirals
Borax (sodium borate, a mineral, low in some soils) Is believed to have potent antiviral and antifungal but less potent antibacterial activity.

Claimed that artificial fertilizer use diminishes B content of foods.

Boron occurs consistently in heparin. May be part of why heparin is antiviral.

Thought that Boron is to parathyroid what Iodide is to thyroid.

12-1.
Antiviral rare earth borotungstate: PMID 11227994.
ARE the following compounds Anti-COVID-19?

Heteropolyacids & Isopolyacids (POLYOXOMETALLATES [POMs] are general broad spectrum antivirals.

Cf. “Antiviral activity of mixed-valence rare earth heteropoly blues against influenza virus in mice”. The acute
and accumulated toxicity of the rare earth borotungstate heteropoly blue HPB-2,

Ce2H3[BW9(VI)W2(V)Mn(H2).O39].12H2O is active against influenza virus in mice (Liu J Dec 2000 Antiviral
Chemistry & Chemotherapy 11(6) 367-72; DOI:10.1177/095632020001100603). PMID 11227994.

Cf. also anti-RNA virus activities of polyoxymetalates (POMs) PMID 16737794.

Cf. also PMID 24878685 (Cs2K4Na[SiW9Nb3O40] has broad antiviral including anti-influenza -A, -B , HSV-1,-2, HIV-
1 and HBV mainly due to the POM localization on the cell surface; cf. similar findings PMID 12767474; Keggin
POMs PMID 29772712, cf.12016890.

Cf. also 24420711; 31560142; 30155068; 18087283.

13.
More on Colloidal Antiviral Metals
USE OF HYOPHOSPHITE FOR their PRODUCTION

K2PtCl4 + NaH2PO2 → colloidal Pt. Potentially antiviral as is the starting mix.

Cf. Mechanism of the autocatalytic reduction of Ni (ions) by hypophosphite ion Chem Abs 62 3646b

Cf. wide-ranging reviews by C Guyon et al RSC Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry C50B01032B pdf

Hypophosphite is a putative direct antiviral.

14. X Chromosome products protect against COVID-19

Can use hormones and proteins which in females confer viral immunity

(Administer female sex hormones to men afflicted with COVID-19?) Administer drugs used for prostate cancer?)

X-Chromosomes Confer Heightened Protection to Females over Males

Cf. Schurz H et al. Hum Genomics 13 art No 2 (2019) PMID 30621780

Seen on BBC Scotland TV 16/4/20 Istvan [au?](scientist’s report).

Females have two sets of the X-chromosome. This heightened number allows key immune system proteins TLR-7 and ACE-2 (likely) to
combat COVID-19 more effectively in women. Men are more vulnerable to fatal COVID-19 infection.

THR-7 is required for effective adaptive immune prevention of persistent viral infection PMID 22704624.

Estrogenic antiviral admin to men?

Cf. Use of zebrafish to probe vertebrate sex dependent antiviral response: Cf. PMID 26133072.

15. Is DMF (Dimethylformamide) Anti-Viral?

DMF and DMSO (dimethylsulphoxide) are common industrial solvent of relatively low toxicity. Both were found also to cause transformed
cells to differentiate hence this is a potential anticancer drug.

An argument can be made that we should consider cancer drugs as potential antivirals in the COVID-19 context.

DMSO is also antiviral.

DMF is stated to be antiviral PMID 18236775.

Should chase this.

16. DRACO (Double Stranded RNA

Activated Caspase Oligomerization)
MIT Research Aug 10 2010 Very Broad Spectrum Anti-Viral : DRACO anti-long chain viral RNA decoy ploy).

Seems to have stalled.

Cf. also National Geographic News Aug 23 2011

17. GALLIUM (Ga)

Ga is believed to be anti-cancer. Also, anti-viral. E.g. Kratz 1992 Polyhedron 11(4) 487-98 paper where a range of Ga complexes were
compared relatively favourably with AZT.

Gallium-curcumin complex is anti-HSV-I (a Cu complex is also anti-viral but less effective than the Ga complex; curcumin, a derivative of
turmeric is also anti-viral but is less effective than when present as metal (Ga or Cu) complexes; (Zandi K Nat Prod Commun 2010 5 (12)
1935-8).

[Ga like B, occurs relatively abundantly (20ppm) in some (rare) heparins and may increase their anti-cancer and anti-viral efficacy]. [Such
heparins might have an enhanced anti-COVID anti-IL-6 efficacy?].

Also try:

17-1. Indium.

Cf. 111InCl3- Heparin complex; Chem Abs 97 168966w (Millbraith et al. Eur Pat Appl. EP 55029)
18. Miscellaneous potential antivirals for
COVID-19.
Polypeptides similar to membrane spanning
peptides.
Claimed to be potent broad spectrum antivirals
Cf. US 8748566B2

E.g. Basic amino acid ends-AAVALLPAVLLALLALLAP- basic amino acids

Cf PMID 26492266

Other
{-N([CH2)2]2CO(CH2)2NMe(CH2)2NMe(CH2)2CO}x-heparin complex Ferracini et al. 1981

Antiviral?

Poly-Formaldazine: antiviral?

19.
COMPROMIZED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRUS
INFECTION BY endocrine disrupting
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
in ground and tap water
MAY AUGMENT POPULATION SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VIRAL including COVID-19 INFECTION

This may explain the Wuhan and Lombardy COVID-19 Hotspot.Atrazine and other endocrine disrupters in low concentration may be responsible for the dramatic decline in
frog populations as well as augmented human population susceptibility to viral infection

Cf. Negative effects of low dose atrazine on the development of effective immunity in Frog Virus 3 infected Xenopus, PMID
24984115; may also apply to human populations.

Atrazine is banned in the EU but still shows up.

How to combat this:

Need focussed research.

Are those most susceptible to COVID-19 infection also those most intoxicated by ultralow concentrations of or analogous-to-atrazine
substances [List of target compounds cf. e.g. Ngugen JV et al J Anal Toxicol 2007 31 181] (e.g. in food or water) ?

Cf. Wang A et al. “A nationwide study of the occurrence and distribution of atrazine and its degradation products in tap water
and groundwater in China”: Chemosphere March 2020 252 126533, PMID 32217410. Rural areas showed, surprisingly one third the
amount of atrazine compared to urban areas. Maybe in Wuhan atrazine is too high? As in much of the urban Canada (Toronto) and US.
The US map shows highest agro pollution in Midwest but also in Eastern Seaboard around highly population density areas.

Although Atrazine was banned in the EU some may persist and other endocrine disrupting agricultural chemical which are used in the EU
may cause similar negative animal health effects. Maybe viruses are using this to infect humans. Notably Lombardy, a COVID-19 hotspot
seems highly polluted agriculture water related as indicated by an EU map WISE-SOE-Groundwater.

Should immune-system-damaging-herbicide-free-food and bottled water be a public health target during COVID-19 pandemic?

19-1. COULD THIS pro-viral intoxication BE COMBATTED THERAPEUTICALLY e.g.

by
Melittin (bee venom)
Cf. PMID 23261846.

Using melittin-loaded immunoliposomes provokes augmented immune response.

----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----

19-2. More on ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. Effects on NK

Cells etc.
The pro-cancer effects of environmental pollutants putatively is related to the diminution of NK and T cell activity.

In COVID-19 infection disease there is a functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes which is correlated with disease progression, Zhang
et al. NEJM 382 721-3 (2020).

Cf. also ‘Urbanization and anticoagulant poisons promote immune dysfunction in bobcats’ PMID 29343604.

Effect of in vitro exposure to low levels of organotin and carbamate pesticides on human NK cell cytokine function PMIS 15526271 shows

agro-chemicals potentially cause disease promoting (viral infection and cancer) loss of cytotoxic function.
Cf. also e.g. PMID 12732457; 18670896; 21859362; 24357260.

Effects of in vitro tumour effect of warfarin and heparin PMID 15183;845.

Epidemiological studies indicate e.g. pollution by PENTACHLOROPHENOL

(a derivative of HEXACHLOROBENZENE a product of structural reorganization of chlorinated molecules (during common combustion
processes including municipal waste incineration).

correlates with increased incidence of cancers. This can be analogous to viral infection. Both are subject to NK and other immune cell
activity related prevention.

Cf. Historical long-term exposure to pentachlorophenol → increased risk of cancer, PMID 23621243; cf.
18589595; 25138560; 28094052; 23315091.

Cf. also PMID 22912977.

Forest vs. Urban air effect studied on NK cell activities. The urban air is
detrimental; (small cohort study Taiwan) PMID 29662662.
May explain prevalence of COVID-19 between different districts.

Cf. FDA accepts IND for NK Cell Therapy CYNK-001 to treat patients with COVID-19.

19-2-1.
Fermented MILK consumption IS A POTENTIAL ANTIVIRAL STRATEGY for habitual smokers and perhaps others putatively
augments antiviral NK cells which can be correlated inversely with the number of cigarettes smoked (n=99 vs controls study PMID
15749143 however the damaging effect of smoking seems to be countered by dietary factors cf.

EFFECTS OF SMOKING on loss of antiviral NK cells is reported to be COUNTERED by fermented MILK consumption PMID
15749143. i.e. by a probiotic drink.

Intake by fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei restored NK cell numbers which had been dose dependently decreases by
smoking.

THIS MEASNS THAT MILK as well as other beneficial dietary factors which impact on NK cell numbers IS A POTENTIAL ANTIVIRAL
therapeutic help; including useful for public health anti-COVID-19 STRATEGY especially for habitual smokers and city dwellers and also
perhaps for others and putatively includes protection against COVID-19 infection since this is likely to be NK cell number related.

Cf. PMID 11114680. Lifestyle, Vitamin C and beta carotene likewise.

Lifestyles and mental health associated with NK numbers PMID 11327395; 1279663; 1359211.

19-2-2.
More on NK cell status
Enhancement of NK cell numbers by Vitamin C: PMID 9248859 and by Beta Carotene PMID 9665110 and

PROBIOTICs.

Further references to NK cell and related.

Review PMID 21329566, cf. 18341756; 15316583; 22142891; 11472399, 11117911; 12053032; 11285195; 11506196; 11349931;
11114680; counter evidence: 21430250;

Also note beneficial effect of humour. Need comedians to work overtime during a pandemic

19-2-3. Stimulatory role of transient ozone (O3) exposure in human natural NK cell activities
Kucksezer UC Immunol Invest 2013 Sep 43 (1); DOI.10.3109/08820139.2013.810240

PMID 24063543.

19-2-3-1.
Mirthful laughing increases NK activity (Bennett MP et al .l Altern Health Med 9 (2) 38-43); eCAM 2009 6 (2) 159-64. Cf. also

19-2-3-1-1. Earth magnetism and solar flares may impact on human health.
PMID 21391821 presents evidence from cervical smear tests of a solar cycle correlation.

Can perhaps also suspect possible viral pandemic links to incoming radiation periodicities. This means that radiation protection could
also be anti-viral.

19-2-3-2. Reiki PMID 12652880.

19-2-3-3. Acupuncture helps conventional therapy against influenza H1N1 cf. Lang BX Chinese
Archives of Trad Med and Pharm 2011 29(2) 411-2;

Anti-viral interferon is increased by acupuncture.

19-2-3-4. Earthing cf. PMID 27055821.
19-2-3-5. Herbs etc. for the treatment of influenza cf. PMID 27055821.
19-2-4. Faraday Cage environment improves outcome of (chelation and other?)
therapies {alternative theraymfo autism Australia old web report read years ago}.
(Conceptof Benefit of Faraday Cage is based on hypothesis that extraneous RF fields
deplete tissue protection mechanisms).
There have been a large number of attempts to investigate roles of EMF pollution on
heath. Melatonin pineal gland may be impaired (Swiss railway workers cf. PMID
25811025. Overall there is no consensus about possible harmful or beneficial effects.
Intuitively should expect some deleterious effect.
Plant experiments seem to confirm ‘proof of concept’ (cf. PMID 19704547) but plants may
not be good models for animals. Bacteria however should perhaps be expected to
respond to extraneous (anthropogenic) electromagnetic fields. Viruses?

19-2-5. CARBOHYDRATE-MEDIATED MODULATION OF

NK CELL RECEPTOR : Influence of HEPARAN SULPHATE
(cf. HSPG: heparan sulphate proteoglycan)

PMID 25077071 Brusilovsky M et al.

Main function of NK cell receptor (NKR) and HS interaction is regulation of receptor formation via NK cell surface expression of its own
HSPG may explain

how HSPG and LMWH etc inhibit tumour proliferation and metastasis and also

inhibit virus infection/proliferation via modulation of NK cell activation via K1R2DL4 etc. , Nkp44, 48 and 36; additionally to IFNγ
sensitization of NK cell stimulation and specification and NKR mAbs. Exogenous HS blocks interactions between NKR and target.

Cf. 29-Color Flow Cytometry Unravels Human Liver NK Cell Repertoire Diversity: Front Immunol 19 Nov 2019 PMID 31798596. Goes
beyond CD556 bright and dim. Complex pattern recognition.

19-2-7.

BISPHOSPHONATES
N-Bisphosphonate Zoledronic acid activates NK cells in a manner that defines antigen-
presenting cells PMID 21673342.
19-2-8.
Spingosine-1 phosphate
Receptor SIP5 is required for targeting NK cells to specific inflammatory sites. Has therapeutic
implications;

PMID 17965715.

19-2-9. POLY INORGANIC Phosphate

There since the start of life. Believed to bind and allow RNA entry to cells . Therefore
must surely be relevant to single strand RNA virus control
Occurs with polyβhydroxybutyrate and Ca”+ (plus likely metallome similar to other poly-
anionics.) This complex seems a potential antiviral.
No Literature yet about being a potential antiviral drug system from it however.

19-2-10.

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
H2S and H-SnS-H system S-S-S cation radical and cysteine
sulphydration systems.
Known antiviral effects.
Slow release “H2S” agent GYY4137 (producing polysulphides)
significantly reduced replication of all tested (Ortho-, Filo-, Flavo-
and Bunya-virus RNA virus families). Bozhanov N, SciRep 7 Art No
41025.
Cf. PMID 29747463; 28740991.
Should be tested on CVOVID-19.
Likely there form the start of life.

H2S also connects to NK cell activation initially apparently negatively but more complex as H 2S putatively regulates HSPG via Golgi
protection. Too low H2S causes HSPG error.
20.
METHANE (CH4) therapy for acute lung injury etc. concept (animal experiments.)

X Jia et al. Oxid Med Cellular Longevity 2018 id 1912746

Cf. prior interest in gaso-transmitters NO, CO and H2S.

CH4-rich saline or inhalation 21%O2 +2.5% CH4 is safe for rodent exptl. use.

21. Antiviral? Azoquinones and related compounds Cf Moore HW Chem Soc Rev 1973 2 (4) 415-55
Iminosugars cf. PMID 12570863

22.
Ginseng polysaccharides and polyacetylenes
[This research trendline started off with “therapeutic fungus in rotting carrot”

Sclerotonic rot in carrot . Carrot component reduces cancer risk Science Daily Feb 18 U of Newcastle Natural pesticide falcarinol
reduces the risk of cancer by a third.]

The connection with viruses is that anti-cancers are anti nucleic acid replication so tend
to be antiviral.

Cf. PMID 2810509.

Literature search term starting point “Carrot juice NK cells”
Brings up PMID 14520020 and pathway to studies centred on
β-carotene and lycopene.
Carotenoid-rich vegetable modulation of T lymphocytes PMID 10673911. Immune
function restoration of T cell function in low carotenoid diet affected animals was restored
by ‘carotenoid diet’ but the chemical nature of the active ingredients still remains to be
determined.
PMID 31487780 Discusses apo-14/-carotenic acid (as a novel endogenous bioactive
substance) and all trans retinoid acid (ATRA) as an activator of retinoic acid receptor.
[Insert text starting from search term “retinoid acid heparan sulphate Rosenberg” brings
up JBC 273 27991: retinoic acid and cAMP dramatically increase 3-sulfotransferase -1
which increased anticoagulant sequence containing heparan sulphate chains].
This kind of heparan is better at inhibiting pineal gland calcification.
Search term “pineal gland retinoic acid heparan Rosenberg”. Retinoic acid connects with
alteration of heparan sulphate biosynthesis (putatively beneficial as regards countering
viral infection). Melatonin (from the pineal gland and elsewhere) counters viruses via

-
increasing NK cells (as well as modulating the oxidative anti pathogen chemicals to

stop them damaging tissue) [cf. PMID 24090288 cf. 20696138].

Pineal gland calcification is associated with ageing.

Maybe with heparan sulphate becoming less effective as an anti-scale agent. If so
improving heparan sulphate with diet could help. Also the ability of exogenous anti-scale
agents which are able to remove arterial plaques (cf. PMID 29133976) (oil-well de-scaling
agents which also find large medical use: bisphosphonates e.g. for removal of high blood
Ca2+ in final stage cancer and in stopping bone osteoporosis.
Maybe bisphosphonate therapy can de-calcify the pineal gland can thereby increase the
anti-viral melatonin production. [Test of use of combined bisphosphonate and antiviral
drug therapy is warranted]
{Since melatonin is able to stop self harm via immune antiviral actions the upgrading of
pineal gland melatonin production should hinder the road to sepsis and heightened
COVID-19-mortality}.

23. Mushroom Antivirals

Mushrooms (e.g. Reishi) can boost NK cells e.g. PMID
12916709; 26770080 in an anti-cancer setting and putatively also in an anti-viral setting.

24.
A Systemic Approach to the Study of Immunity - Antiviral
Agents PMID 30103545.
Might be beneficially used for selecting mixed drug therapy from choice of ca.
800 prior known antivirals.
25.
Use of Osmolytes to assist viral removal by autophagy
Trehalose; PMID 29237845.
Trimethylamine oxide [TMAO] might also be usefully tried
25-1. Cyclosporin A, B Viral Infection (tied to heparan
sulphate biochemistry).
Cyclosporin AX inhibits hepatitis virus replication and reported IFNα
expression PMID 21040279.

26. Gingenosides stimulate endogenous production of NO in rat

kidney; Han SW Kim H (1996) Int J Biochem Cell Biology 18 (5) 573--
580
27. Isatin beta thiosemicarbazone derivatives and methisazone
PMID 232050; 4373528.
N-methyl isatin beta thiosemicarbazone PMID 4403172.

Antimalarials with broad spectrum antiviral activity for

possible use against COVID-19 include

Artemisinin, PMID 18699744, cf. 16122816

16902856 15658867 24316259 31963209; 31936284
31882748.
Novel Antivirals
GRAPHENE OXIDE: cf. PMID 26370151.
Hydroxamide antiviral (?) cf. PMID 19207469.
Pioglitazone improves antiviral responses to peginterferon α-2b/ribavirin: PMID 19919569
Ethyl jasmonate (plant virus related); adaptable for humans?.
More Small molecule antivirals revealed from search term
“acetone antiviral”
Antiviral effect of acetone [(CH3)2C=O] PMID 5698685.
Pyrimidine derivatives trimethinium salts 4859485.
Mannich base isatin betathiosemcarazone derivatives 396195.
Cyclosporin A inhibits hepatitis C replication via IFNα; PMID
21040279.
A vigorous scientific follow up on antivirals could help save
Western Civilization. N.b. Red Ginseng contains possible anti-
COVID-19 drugs e.g. polyacetylenes and antiviral immune-system-
boosting polysaccharides.
Cf. also. Rare earth element polyoxymetalates may, following
further research (or even without this) be suitable anti-viral agents
to test for COVID-19; cf. e.g. PMID16737794; 11227004;
31453779 and cf. Luo J et al Eur J Inorg Chem 2019 3-4 380-6.
These polyanions seem to mimic heparin/heparan sulphate (well
established antivirals).