List of irregular verbs A arise, arose, arisen awake, awoke, awoken be, was, been bear, bore, born beat, beat, beaten become, became, become begin, began, begun bend, bent, bent bet, bet, bet bite, bit, bitten blow, blew, blown break, broke, broken bring, brought, brought build, built, built burn, burnt, burnt buy, bought, bought c can, could cast, cast, cast catch, caught, caught choose, chose, chosen come, came, come cost, cost, cost cut, cut, cut D dare, dared, dared deal, dealt, dealt dive, dived (dove), dived do, did, done draw, drew, drawn surgir, levantar-se acordar, despertar ser, estar, existir suportar, dar a luz fbe born - nascer) bater tomar-se, vir a ser comecar curvar-se apostar morder soprar, ventar quebrar, partir trazer construir queimar comprar poder, ser capaz de langar ~~ apanhar, agarrar escolher vir custar cortar ousar, atrever-se tratar com, negociar merguthar fazer arrastar, desenhar dream, dreamt (dreamed), dreamt (dreamed) drink, drank, drunk drive, drove, driven dwell, dwelt, dwelt sonhar beber conduzir, guiar carro habitar, residir eat, ate, eaten fall, fell, fallen feed, fed, fed feel, felt, felt fight, fought, fought find, found, found flee, fled, fled fly, flew, flown forbid, forbade, forbidden forget, forgot, forgotten forgive, forgave, forgiven freeze, froze, frozen get, got, got give, gave, given go, went, gone grow, grew, grown H K hang, hung, hung have, had, had hear, heard, heard hide, hid, hidden hit, hit, hit hold, held, held hurt, hurt, hurt keep, kept, kept know, knew, known lay, laid, laid lead, led, led learn, learned {learnt}, learned (learnt) leave, left, left comer cair alimentar, dar de comer sentir lutar encontrar, achar fugir voar, viajar de avido proibir esquecer perdoar congelar arranjar, conseguir dar ir crescer suspender, estar pendurado, enforcar ter ouvir esconder bater, acertar segurar ferir conservar, guardar saber, conhecer por, colocar guiar, levar a, fazer com que aprender deixar, abandonarlend, lent, lent let, let, let lig, lay, lain light, tit, tit lose, lost, lost make, made, made may, might mean, meant, meant meet, met, met mistake, mistook, mistaken Q quit, quit, quit P pay, paid, paid put, put, put read, read, read rid, rid, rid ride, rode, ridden ring, rang, rung rise, rose, risen run, ran, run say, Said, said see, saw, seen seek, sought, sought sell, sold, sold send, sent, sent auyei0-21 emprestar deixar, permitir Jazer, estar deitado acender, incendiar perder fazer, fabricar, construir poder ter licenca, ser possivel) querer dizer, significar encontrar [alguém], conhecer enganar-se abandonar, desistir, despedir-se pagar pér, colocar ler tvrar-se de, libertar [= to be rid off montar, andar a cavalo, andar de bicicleta tocar (campainha, sino} erguer-se, levantar-se correr dizer ver procurar vender enviar, mandar set, set, set shake, shook, shaken shine, shone, shone shoot, shot, shot show, showed, shown shut, shut, shut sing, sang, sung sit, sat, sat sleep, slept, slept smell, smelt, smelt speak, spoke, spoken spend, spent, spent spoil, spoilt, spoilt spread, spread, spread stand, stood, stood steal, stole, stolen strike, struck, struck sweep, swept, swept swim, swam, swum T take, took, taken teach, taught, taught tear, tore, torn tell, told, told think, thought, thought throw, threw, thrown U understand, understood, understood w wake, woke (waked), woken [waked] - wear, wore, worn weep, wept, wept wet, wetted (wet), wetted [wet] win, won, won write, wrote, written List of irregular ver 6r, colocar abanar, sacudir [to shake hands - apertar as maos) brithar disparar, dar tiros mostrar fechar cantar estar sentado dormir cheirar falar gastar estragar espalharl-se) estar de pé roubar bater (horas), fazer greve varrer nadar tomar, pegar ensinar rasgar dizer, contar pensar langar, atirar compreender acordar, despertar usar, vestir chorar molhar ganhar, vencer escrever 321simple Present simple [I study) ~Ac3o habitual ou repetida Ex.:! go to school on foot. -Situagdes imutaveis ou permanentes Ex.: The earth moves round the sun. ~Planos futuros relativos a viagens, espetdculos e hordrios Ex.: When does the show begin? The show begins at 12:30. -Em ligacao com certas expressdes de tempo: frequently always every day generally often once a week usually sometimes _several times rarely Ex.: We go to the gym once a week. They often visit their grandparents. Present continuous {1am studying) + Acdes que acontecem no momento em que se fala Ex.: The telephone is ringing. + Situacdes temporarias de mudanca Ex.:/ am working in a factory for the time being. Itis getting colder = Projetos pessoais num futuro préximo Ex.: She is arriving in Lisbon next Saturday. + Em ligagao com certas expressies de tempo: now at the moment at present at this moment Ex.: They are going to the gym now. They are reading comic books at the moment. Usa-se 0 present simple e nao o present continuous com os seguintes verbos: Verbs Verbs Verbs of ofthinking of feeling perception think want see believe wish hear agree like notice understand love know hate remember forget Verbs of Reporting Other possession —_verbs. verbs have say cost own ask weigh belong tell seem answer appear need 101Present continuous ‘Ss —) «present participle (-ing form) Affirmative Interrogative Negative Jam eating (eu estou 2 comer} 1am not eating You are eating Are you eating? You are not eating He — [~ he 4 He — She —|— iseating Is she —} eating? She —1- isnoteating ae it t = We are eating Are we eating? We are not eating You are eating Are you eating? You are not eating They are eating Are they eating? They are not eating 1054Past simple *° O past simple exprime acées situadas no passado. * Aparece ligado as seguintes expressdes de tempo passado: yesterday; las Saturday; last week; last month; two days ago [ha dois dias]; long ago (ha muit tempo); a month ago; three years ago; etc. Regular and irregular verbs Regular to like > liked to work, > You worked to live ——————> He lived to play > We played to study > They studied Interrogative | work? you study? ia he/she/it | soeak? we you eat? they swim? Irregular tospeak | ———___» to write to eat to drink to swim Yee Y Negative i You He/She /It We You They didn’t Ispoke You wrote Heate We drank They swam work study speak eat swimPast Continuous e Usa-se para descrever acdes prolongadas ou agées simultaneas, no passado. e Forma-se com o Past Simple do verbo to be e o gertindio do verbo principal. ea ee Mane nee Row nien | twas | wasn't Was | Iwas. wasn't. You were You weren't Were you you were, you weren't. He was He wasn’t Was he he was. he wasn't. She was : ‘She wasn't . | Was she she was. she wasn't. eating. eating. | eating? | Yes, No, It was It wasn’t Was it it was. it wasn't. We were We weren't Were we we were. we weren't. | You were You weren't Were you you were. you weren't. | They were They weren't Were they _ they were. they weren't. | Connectors: . When - quando: usa-se geralmente com o Past Simple. While — enquanto: usa-se geralmente com o Past Continuous.4Present perfect Affirmative Negative Interrogative Ihave eaten [haven't eaten Have | eaten? You have eaten You haven't eaten Have you eaten? He — He — he She —+— haseaten She —{— hasn'teaten Has ‘she + eaten? t 4 to it We have eaten We haven't eaten Have we eaten? You have eaten You haven't eaten Have you eaten? They have eaten They haven't eaten Have they eaten? > Opresent perfect 6 um tempo composto: verbo auxiliar have no present simple + participio passado do verbo principal, Ex: | have worked. (Eu tenho trabathado) She has cooked. (Ela tem cozinhado.} They have seen. (Eles/Elos tém visto.)Verbs - Verb tenses - Present poriect continuous WA 18. You will never forget it after you ____/learn] it properly. 19. Now that you ____ [win] the lottery, what are you going to do? 20.After you ___(drink] that whisky, you will never want to drink any other. nt perfect continuous Has + + been + present participle (-ing form) Have Ex.: / have been sleeping. You haven't been steeping welt lately. She has been waiting for you. He hasn’t been waiting for her. Have they been working hard? Has it been working without any problems? O present perfect continuous emprega-se: * nos mesmos sentidos em que se usa o present perfect e com os mesmos advérbios e expressdes adverbiais, para exprimir algo que esta a acontecer no momento em que se fala; Ex.: / have lived here for six months. | have been living here for six months. * principalmente com verbos que exprimem uma acdo que dura e se prolonga no tempo, tais como: expect live stand rest learn sit stay wait lie sleep study work4 Past perfect Affirmative Negative | had worked I hadn't worked i had worked You hadn't worked Interrogative Had | worked? Had you — He se + had worked She - hadn’t worked Had {: she + works It ita had worked We hadn’t worked You had worked You hadn't worked They had worked They hadn’t worked > © past perfect 6 um tempo composto: verbo auxiliar have no Principal, &x: | had danced. (Eu tinha dangado,) She had smiled. (Ela tinha sorrido.) They had crossed. (Eles/Elas tinham atravessado.) 132 Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked? Past simple + participio pasado doee 7 Em inglés, podemos referir-nos ao futuro de varias formas: * future simple (com will / shall} * be going to + infinitive * present continuous 0 future simple forma-se com o auxiliar will (ou shall para a 1.9 pessoa do gular e plural) + infinitivo sem to, Affirmative Negative Interrogative will ‘ Shall I/we go? 1 0 t es een ‘ies Uwe [ne go he shan't . He will afr she + go? You will go He it They You te won't go They Na interrogativa, na 1.° pessoa do singular e do plural utiliza-se shall (Shall | do...? Shall we do...2) e nunca will (Will | do...? Will we do...) O future simple emprega-se para exprimir: »° simples previsdes: The weather will be better tomorrow. © promessas e oferecimentos: /'ll help you. Ill carry it for you. © pedidos delicados e formais: Will you fetch my cardigan, please? Adverbs with future meaning: soon / shortly / tonight / tomorrow / next week (month, year) /in a few minutes (days, weeks, months} / by next week, by two o'clock...in Personal pronouns / Possessive adjectives / Possessive pronouns eee nn Pe Aer fed adjectives Penis) Vv Me My - Mine You You Your Yours | He Him His His She Het Her Hers It tt Its Its we =Stiéd(|ss our Ours You You Your Yours They Them Their [TheirsPassive voice Subject + auxiliary verb (to be] + main verb (past participle) Ex.: Water is drunk by everybody. * Avoz passiva constrdi-se com o auxiliar to be e o participio passado do verbo principal. Ex.: The house is cleaned every Saturday. * O sujeito da ativa transforma-se no agente da passiva Ativa The mechanic repaired the car. Passiva > ‘The car was repaired by the mechanic. © Normalmente usamos by para introduzir 0 complemento agente da passi (que designa o executante da acao). Noc6es a fixar « Avoz passiva nao é virar a frase do fim para o principio. - $6.0 sujeito e o complemento da ativa mudam de posicao na frase. - Avoz passiva pretende dar énfase ao complemento, transformando-o em sujeito. © tempo verhal do auxiliar to be tem de corresponder rigorosamente ao tempo verbal do verbo principal da frase ativa. - O agente da passiva sé aparece expresso quando isso se reveste de especial importanci= ou interesse. Normalmente, apenas se subentende, sendo simplesmente omitido. 4 Passive tenses Podemos formar a voz passiva em todos os tempos e modos: Tense Example Infinitive to be washed (ser lavado) Present it is washed (6 lavado) Past it was washed (foi lavado) simple Future it will bé washed (sera lavado) Conditional it would be washed (seria lavado)Conditional Present Past Future Conditional continuous perfect simple perfect continuous Example - it is being washed (est a ser/sendo lavado) it was being washed (estava a ser/sendo lavado) it will be being washed (estaré a ser/sendo lavado) it would be being washed (estatia a ser/sendo lavado) it has been washed (tem sido lavado) it had been washed (tinha sido lavado) it will have been washed (ter4 sido lavado) it would have been washed (teria sido lavado) it has been being washed (tem estado a ser lavado) it had been being washed (tinha estado a ser lavado) it will have been being washed (tera estado a ser lavado) it would have been being washed (teria estado a ser lavado)pessive woco No aget QL agent ‘D agente da passiva é geralmente omitido quando 0 sujeito de sts Sar=S=u= caracter vago ou indefinido, ndo se tornando, pois, necessario express=° Bar a acao foi realizada. =0 agente da passiva é, geralm: seguintes palavras: one, they, people. ‘ente, omitido quando o sujeito for wi you, nobody, someone, everyone, no_one. Ativa ) People discuss politics everywhere. Passiva » Politics are discussed everywhere. (no agent}