Development of Artificial Insemination Technique in World Including Pakistan. 2

Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1
Development of artificial insemination technique in world

including Pakistan
Artificial insemination (AI) was the first great biotechnology applied to improve reproduction
and genetics of farm animals. It has had an enormous impact worldwide in many species,
particularly in dairy cattle. The acceptance of AI technology worldwide provided the impetus for
developing other technologies, such as cryopreservation and sexing of sperm, estrous cycle
regulation, and embryo harvesting, freezing, culture and transfer, and cloning. New, highly
effective methods of sire evaluation were developed. The history of development of AI is
reviewed, particularly in dairy cattle, in which the impact on genetic improvement and control of
venereal diseases have been greatest. Other species briefly included are swine, horses, sheep,
goats, dogs, rabbits, poultry, and endangered species. Major landmarks in AI development are
cited, along with the people most closely associated with these developments. Many of these
pioneers helped to develop a new generation of reproductive physiologists and biotechnologists.
Introduction
Artificial insemination (AI), as practiced by bees and many other flying insects, has played an important
role in plant reproduction for a very long time. Use of AI in animals is a human invention and more
Hamza Khalidrecent. Undocumented tales exist of Arabs obtaining sperm from mated mares belonging to rival groups
and using the sperm to inseminate their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
2016-ag-7138
where facts are available to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
Section E1 chronologically. Much of the development of AI occurred before the 1980s when electronic networks
became available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
animal biotechnology applied to date include improved methods of male management and semen
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
Development of artificial
recent. Undocumented talesinsemination
exist of Arabs obtainingtechnique inmares
sperm from mated worldbelonging to rival groups
and using the sperm to inseminate their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
including where
Pakistan
facts are available to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
chronologically. Much of the development of AI occurred before the 1980s when electronic networks
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Artificial insemination (AI) was the tales
recent. Undocumented first great biotechnology
exist of applied
Arabs obtaining sperm to improve
from mated reproduction
mares belonging to rival groups
and genetics ofand
farm animals.
using It has
the sperm to had an enormous
inseminate impact
their own mares.worldwide in many
However, our species,
story starts with recorded history,
wherecattle.
particularly in dairy facts are
Theavailable to document
acceptance noteworthy worldwide
of AI technology achievements. Consequently,
provided the story
the impetus for is related
chronologically.
developing other technologies,Much
such of
as the development ofand
cryopreservation AI occurred before
sexing of the estrous
sperm, 1980s when
cycleelectronic networks
regulation, and became
embryoavailable, so earlier
harvesting, references
freezing, cultureare included.
and The
transfer, developments
and that highly
cloning. New, made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
reviewed, particularly in dairy cattle,tales
recent. Undocumented in which the
exist of impact
Arabs on genetic
obtaining spermimprovement and control
from mated mares of to rival groups
belonging
venereal diseases
andhave
usingbeen greatest.
the sperm Other species
to inseminate briefly
their own included
mares. are swine,
However, horses,
our story sheep,
starts with recorded history,
wherepoultry,
goats, dogs, rabbits, facts areand
available to document
endangered noteworthy
species. achievements.
Major landmarks in AIConsequently,
development theare
story is related
chronologically.
cited, along with the people mostMuch of theassociated
closely development of AI
with occurred
these before the Many
developments. 1980s when electronic networks
of these
pioneers helpedbecame available,
to develop a new sogeneration
earlier references are included.
of reproductive The developments
physiologists that made AI the most important
and biotechnologists.
Introduction
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Artificial insemination
recent.(AI), as practicedtales
Undocumented by bees
existand many obtaining
of Arabs other flying insects,
sperm fromhas played
mated an important
role in plant reproduction
and usingfor
theasperm
very long time. Use their
to inseminate of AIown
in animals is a humanour
mares. However, invention and more
recent. Undocumented
where tales
facts exist of Arabstoobtaining
are available document sperm from mated
noteworthy mares belonging
achievements. to rival the
Consequently, groups
story is related
and using the sperm to inseminateMuch
chronologically. their of
ownthemares. However,
development of our story starts
AI occurred withthe
before recorded
1980s history,
when electronic networks
where facts are available to document
became available, noteworthy
so earlier achievements.
references Consequently,
are included. the storythat
The developments is related
made AI the most important
chronologically. animal
Much of the development
biotechnology of AI
applied to occurred before
date include the 1980s
improved when of
methods electronic networks and semen
male management
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
animal biotechnology
recent.applied to date include
Undocumented improved
tales exist methods
of Arabs of male
obtaining management
sperm from matedand semen
collection, evaluation, preservation,
and using the spermand insemination.
to inseminate theirDetection of estrus
own mares. and control
However, of starts
our story the estrous cycle history,
with recorded
in the female alsowhere
were facts
important. The development
are available of noteworthy
to document AI is a remarkable story ofConsequently,
achievements. tireless workers
the story is related
dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge,
chronologically. Muchtoofthe
thereplacement
developmentofof
fiction with facts,
AI occurred andthe
before the1980s
application thereof. networks
when electronic
Dairy cattle will became
be emphasized because
available, AI has
so earlier had the are
references greatest genetic
included. Theimpact in that species.
developments Other
that made AI the most important
species overviewed include
animal swine, horses,
biotechnology sheep,
applied goats,
to date dogs, improved
include rabbits, poultry,
methodsandofendangered species. and semen
male management
This review can only provide a taste of the important discoveries and developments associated with AI
Hamza Khalid
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including Pakistan
Introduction
and the people most involved.
recent. A more comprehensive
Undocumented overview
tales exist of Arabs of thesperm
obtaining technical
fromaspects
mated of AI are
available in manyand
of using
the books on AIto
the sperm and reproduction.
inseminate their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Early History of AI
Leeuwenhoek (1678) and his assistant, Hamm, were the first persons to see sperm, which they
called “animalcules.” Leeuwenhoek did not have an advanced formal education, so he did not
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
study Latin, therecent.
scientific language of
Undocumented theexist
tales day.ofHowever, he wassperm
Arabs obtaining a clever,
fromcapable individual
mated mares whoto rival groups
belonging
ground lenses so precisely
and using the(one still
sperm to exists today
inseminate with
their 270
own magnifications)
mares. However, ourthat sperm
story startswere
with recorded history,
where facts
visible. His published paperare(Leeuwenhoek,
1678)noteworthy achievements.
amazed, and Consequently,
perhaps amused, the story is related
the reigning
chronologically.
king of England, who regularlyMuch
read of the development
papers of the
submitted to AI occurred before the
Royal Society, 1980s when electronic networks
where
Leeuwenhoek’sbecame available,
paper was so earlier
published. references
Another are included.
century The developments
passed before that made AI the most important
the first successful
insemination was performed by Spallanzani (1784) in a dog, which whelped three pups 62 d
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
later. Spallanzani originally
recent. trained to
Undocumented be exist
tales a priest, but he
of Arabs had a great
obtaining sperminterest in natural
from mated mareshistory
belonging to rival groups
and pursued theand
latter.
usingHethewas a professor
sperm of natural
to inseminate history
their own in However,
mares. Pavia by the
our age
storyofstarts
25. He
whereand
collected, analyzed, factsclassified
are available to document
a large array of noteworthy
butterflies, achievements. Consequently,
shells, and other marine andtheland
story is related
chronologically.
animals. His abode was overrun Much
withofmany
the development
collections,ofsomewhat
AI occurred
to before the 1980s when
the consternation of electronic networks
relatives living became available,
there. But he used so these
earlierfor
references arecomparative
rigorous, included. Theobjective
developments that to
analysis made AI the most important
discern
much about animal physiology and characteristics of fitness. Another 100 yr passed before
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
Heape (1897) and others
recent. in several countries
Undocumented tales existreported
of Arabs that AI had
obtaining beenfrom
sperm usedmated
in isolated studies to rival groups
mares belonging
with rabbits, dogs, and horses.
and using Heape
the sperm was an outstanding
to inseminate reproductive
their own mares. However,biologist,
our story establishing
where
much of the basis for facts are availablebetween
the relationship to document noteworthy
seasonality andachievements.
reproduction.Consequently,
This led to the story is related
chronologically.
Cambridge becoming Much of
a world center forthereproductive
developmentstudies
of AI occurred before
(Marshall, the 1980sWalton,
Hammond, when electronic
and networks
students such asbecame
M. C. available,
Chang). so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
Modern Development of AI in Dairy Cattle
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
Phenomenal growth
recent.ofUndocumented
AI occurred in theexist
tales 1940s in the obtaining
of Arabs United States.
sperm The
fromprocedures
mated maresdeveloped
in the United States became
and using established
the sperm worldwide
to inseminate their (Salisbury
own mares. et al., 1978).
However, our In 1936,
story Brownell
where
was inseminating facts
cows in are
the available to document
Cornell herd (Sipher,noteworthy
1991), andachievements. Consequently,
other AI work was startedthe
in story
the is related
chronologically.
late 1930s in Minnesota Much of the
and Wisconsin. Indevelopment
1938, an AIofcooperative
AI occurredwas
before the 1980s in
established when
Newelectronic networks
Jersey, modeledbecame available,

after the Danishsosystem
earlier (Perry,
references are included.
1968). AnotherThe
onedevelopments that made
in 1938 followed AIstate
in the the most important
of New York (Sipher, 1991). The development of the New York Artificial Breeders,
Hamza Khalid
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Cooperative, Inc., currently
recent. Genex, Inc.,
Undocumented tales in Ithaca,
exist Newobtaining
of Arabs York made possible
sperm the close
from mated mares belonging to rival groups
collaboration between a farmer
and using cooperative
the sperm andtheir
to inseminate researchers andHowever,
own mares. extension
ourpersonnel
story startsatwith
Cornell
recorded history,
University. Thiswhere
was facts are available
a highly to document
productive noteworthy
relationship resultingachievements. Consequently,
in the experimental the story is related
insemination
of hundreds of chronologically.
thousands of cowsMuch
andofpublication
the development of AIthan
of more occurred before thepapers
100 research 1980s(Foote,
became available,
1998) on sire selection, testicularsoevaluation,
earlier references
semenare included. The
collection, developments
evaluation that made AI
and processing; andthe most important
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
fertility testing.recent.
The present status oftales
Undocumented AI in many
exist countries
of Arabs has been
obtaining spermsummarized recently
(Malafosse andand
Thibier, 1990;
using the Foote,
sperm 1999). their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
to inseminate
Semen Evaluation
became
The most widely available,
used test so earlier
of sperm qualityreferences
from theareinitial
included. Theofdevelopments
stages that made
AI development until AI
thethe most important
present time hasanimal
been biotechnology
the assessmentapplied to date include improved methods of male management and semen
of the proportion of normal, progressively moving sperm
Hamza Khalid
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including Pakistan
Introduction
(Anderson, 1945; Maule,
recent. 1962; Salisbury
Undocumented et al.,
tales exist of 1978). Thus, a good
Arabs obtaining spermmicroscope
from mated is the key.
mares In to rival groups
belonging
addition to examining sperm
and using with to
the sperm brightfield
inseminatemicroscopes, differential
their own mares. However,interference contrast
our story starts with recorded history,
where facts
microscopes, multiple are available
stains, to document
flow cytometry, and noteworthy achievements.
computerassisted sperm Consequently, the story
analysis (CASA) haveis related
chronologically.
contributed to improved Much of the
quantification development
of sperm motionof(Graham,
AI occurred before
1978; the 1980s
Salisbury etwhen electronic networks
al., 1978;
became
Pace et al., 1981; available,
Garner so earlier
et al., 1997; references
Foote, 1998).are included.
With frozenThe developments
semen, that
evaluation ofmade AI the most important
post-thaw
survival became important. The ability to evaluate the acrosomal status of sperm was enhanced
Hamza Khalid
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including Pakistan
Introduction
by the work of recent.
SaackeUndocumented
and Marshall tales
(1968).
existTechniques used forsperm
of Arabs obtaining evaluating sperm
from mated morphology
have been reviewed by Barth
and using and Oko
the sperm (1989). Ejaculate
to inseminate volume
their own mares. and sperm
However, our concentration
story starts withare the history,
recorded
where
two other critical facts are available
components of sementoevaluation
document noteworthy achievements.
because they determine Consequently,
the number ofthe story is related
sperm
chronologically.
obtained. Volume originally wasMuch of the development
measured in graduatedofcontainers.
AI occurredVolume
before the 1980s
today wheniselectronic networks
often
became
determined more available,
accurately so earlierassuming
by weight, referencesthat
are the
included. Thegravity
specific developments that madesemen
is 1.0. Stallion AI the most important
was weighed years ago (Nishikawa, 1959). Rapid optical density methods for measuring sperm
Hamza Khalid
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including Pakistan
Introduction
concentration have replaced
recent. tedious tales
Undocumented hemocytometric
exist of Arabsprocedures. Fertility
obtaining sperm fromof sperm
mated is the
ultimate test of and
sperm quality.
using Often
the sperm it is not possible
to inseminate to mares.
their own measure fertility,our
However, sostory
many testswith
starts of semen
recorded history,
where
quality in addition to facts are available
motility to document
and morphology, noteworthy
such achievements.
as the hypoosmotic Consequently,
swelling the story
test, mucous oris related
gel penetration,chronologically.
and integrity ofMuch of the have
the DNA development of AI occurred
been correlated before the
with fertility 1980s when
(Graham, electronic networks
1978;
became1998,
Saacke, 1981; Foote, available, so earlier
1999). references
Competitive are included.
fertilization The developments
(Beatty, that1981;
1960; Saacke, madeDziuk,
AI the most important
1996; Foote, 1998) with mixed sperm offers an efficient way to rank the fertility of males either
Hamza Khalid
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including Pakistan
Introduction
using in vitro fertilization tests or tests
recent. Undocumented with
tales animal
exist insemination.
of Arabs However,
obtaining sperm it is not
from mated generally
feasible to mix and
semen in the
using commercial AI. For commercial
sperm to inseminate AI, an
their own mares. inexpensive
However, method
our story startsofwith recorded history,
wherebased
estimating fertility, facts on
are cows
available
not to document
returning fornoteworthy achievements.
insemination, Consequently,
was developed the story is related
as an essential
chronologically.
component of the Much of the development
AI program (Thompson of AI
and Salisbury, occurred
1947). Thisbefore
made the 1980s the
possible when electronic networks
becameof
comparing of fertility available, so earlier references
bulls, inseminators, semenare included. procedures,
processing The developments that made
and even herd AI the most important
performance under practical field conditions. It provided a remarkable new system of recording
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
breeding efficiency.
recent.Others had argued
Undocumented talesstrongly
exist of for using
Arabs pregnancy
obtaining spermdiagnosis,
from matedbut this belonging
mares clearly to rival groups
involved few cows, was the
and using performed
sperm tosporadically, andown
inseminate their didmares.
not provide for our
However, centralized collection
and evaluation where facts
of data. Theareefficiency
available to
of document noteworthy
the nonreturn methodachievements. Consequently,
for monitoring fertility is the story is related
reduced
chronologically.
today because of Muchof
multiple suppliers of semen
the development of AIfarms
to individual occurred
andbefore the 1980s
withinherd when electronic networks
inseminators.
Semen Extenders, Semen
animal Cooling,applied
biotechnology and Extension Rateimproved methods of male management and semen
to date include
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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including Pakistan
Introduction
Initially the most important
recent. problemtales
Undocumented to resolve
exist ofwas a method
Arabs to sperm
obtaining store semen longmares
from mated enough for
shipment and use
andinusing
the field. The to
the sperm first major improvement
inseminate in the
their own mares. AI procedure
However, our storyinitiated in the
where
United States was thefacts are available
development of to document noteworthy
a yolk-phosphate semenachievements. Consequently,
extender (Phillips the story is related
and Lardy,
chronologically.
1940). Salisbury Much of the
et al. (1941) improved thedevelopment of AI occurred
media by buffering before
the egg yolkthe 1980s
with whencitrate.
sodium electronic networks
Sperm survivalbecame
at 5°C available,
permittedsouse
earlier
of thereferences
semen forareup
included.
to 3 d, The
and developments that made
the citrate dispersed AIfat
the the most important
globules in egg yolk, making sperm visible for microscopic examination. This semen extender
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
was used worldwide
recent.for cattle. Glycerol
Undocumented taleswas
existadded later
of Arabs for cryopreservation
obtaining of bull
sperm from mated sperm.
mares The to rival groups
belonging
next major stimulus to AItheofsperm
and using dairytocattle was antheir
inseminate improvement
own mares.of about 15%
However, in fertility
our story resulting
where facts
from a better method are available
of initially to document
protecting noteworthy
sperm from achievements.
cold shock Consequently,
(Foote and the story
Bratton, 1949) andis related
chronologically.
the control of some Much ofby
venereal diseases thethe
development
addition ofofantibiotics
AI occurred(Almquist
before theet
1980s when electronic
al., 1949; Foote networks
became
and Bratton, 1950). Theavailable,
Cornellso earlier references
extender (Foote andareBratton,
included.1950),
The developments thatantibiotic
containing the made AI the most important
mixture of penicillin, streptomycin, and polymyxim B, was used for many years as the standard.
Hamza Khalid
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Many years were required
recent. to eradicate
Undocumented theexist
tales diseases from
of Arabs bulls. During
obtaining that mated
sperm from time inmares
vitrobelonging to rival groups
treatment of semen with the
and using antibiotics
sperm toprevented
inseminatetransmission of several
their own mares. diseases.
However, our storyAntibiotics
starts with are
recorded history,
still included aswhere facts areprotection
“insurance” available toagainst
document noteworthy
possible achievements.
contamination. ThisConsequently,
treatment ofthe story is related
semen
chronologically.
was worth hundreds of millionsMuch of the development
of dollars of AI occurred
to the dairy world. before
No patents the filed,
were 1980sand
neither
became
Pennsylvania nor available,
Cornell so earlier
received references areThe
any remuneration. included.
rewardThewas
developments that made AI the most important
service to agriculture.
Growth of AI was now ensured, because dairies using only AI eliminated venereal diseases,
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
reduced embryonic death,
recent. and achieved
Undocumented taleshigh
existfertility.
of ArabsWith AI expanding
obtaining sperm fromrapidly, demands
mated mares for to rival groups
belonging
semen from popular bullstheincreased.
and using The simplest
sperm to inseminate theirway
owntomares.
meet However,
this demand was to
our story “stretch”
starts each history,
with recorded
ejaculate fartherwhere facts fewer
by using are available
spermtoper
document noteworthy
insemination, achievements.
providing that thisConsequently,
could be the story is related
chronologically.
accomplished without Much
sacrificing of the development
fertility. of coworkers
Salisbury and AI occurredpublished
before the several
1980s when electronic networks
classic
becameetavailable,
papers (see Salisbury al., 1978;so Foote,
1998) clearly Thethe
supporting developments that
concept that made
only AI the most important
a few
million sperm per insemination were required. In conducting these experiments Salisbury was
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criticized by some who
recent. declared thattales
Undocumented “dilution”
exist ofof semen
Arabs was like
obtaining “watering
sperm the milk.”
Consequently, Foote andthe
and using Bratton
sperm (1950) introduced
to inseminate the word
their own mares.“extender” because
However, our the yolk-
where
citrate-antibiotic facts enhanced
medium are available
andto extended
documentthe
noteworthy achievements.
usefulness of semen. Consequently,
This word hasthe story is related
chronologically.
“stuck.” We considered Much
using the of the
word development
“suspender” as of AI occurred
a snappy term,before
also.the
The1980s when electronic
net result of networks
became
these experiments was available,
that semen so extension
earlier references areincreased
could be included. The developments
at least that made
25-fold. Sperm AI the most important
numbers
per insemination with liquid semen were reduced from more than 100 × 106 sperm per
Hamza Khalid
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insemination torecent.
4 × 106 sperm per insemination
Undocumented tales exist of (see
ArabsSalisbury
obtainingetsperm
al., 1978; Foote,mares
from mated 1998). Along to rival groups
belonging
with hard workand
in the laboratory,
using the sperm Salisbury’s
to inseminategraduate
their ownstudents remember
mares. However, relaxing
our overwith
story starts gourmet
recorded history,
where
food in his home. Thefacts are available
yolk-based to document
extender noteworthy
was improved withachievements. Consequently,
Cornell University the story is related
Extender
(CUE, Foote etchronologically. Much
al., 1960), which of thein
resulted development
the highestoffertility
AI occurred before
achieved inthe
AI1980s when electronic
on hundreds of networks
became available,
thousands of inseminations so earlier
(Salisbury et references
al., 1978; are included.
Foote, 1998).The developments
Shannon visitedthat madein
Cornell AIthe
the most important
late 1950s and modified the extender (Shannon et al., 1984) for use with liquid semen in the
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intensive breeding season
recent. in New Zealand.
Undocumented Caproic
tales exist acid
of Arabs and catalase
obtaining sperm were included
from mated with
mares 5% eggto rival groups
belonging
yolk by volumeand
to form
using “Caprogen,” an effective
the sperm to inseminate extender
their for preserving
own mares. bull
However, our sperm
story startsatwith
the recorded history,
where
moderate ambient facts are available
temperatures of NewtoZealand,
documentwith
noteworthy
as few achievements. Consequently,
as 2 × 106 sperm the story is related
per insemination.
chronologically.
Several researchers Much
(see Salisbury etof
al.,the1978;
development of AI occurred
Foote, 1998) beforethat
had reported thethe
1980s when of
volume electronic
egg networks
became
yolk used originally available,
could so earlier
be greatly references
reduced, are included.
particularly The developments
at ambient thatand
temperatures, made AI the most important
that
catalase might be beneficial at room temperature. Milk also was widely used. Following the
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report by Michajilov
recent.(1950), Almquist
Undocumented and
tales coworkers
exist of Arabs (Thacker and Almquist,
obtaining sperm 1953;
from mated O’Dell
mares and to rival groups
belonging
Almquist, 1957;and
Almquist
using theand Wickersham,
sperm 1962)
to inseminate their published
own mares.aHowever,
series of our
papers
storyonstarts
skimwith
milk and history,
recorded
where factsthe
whole milk, establishing areoptimal
availableprocedures
to document
fornoteworthy achievements.
detoxification Consequently,
of milk and addition ofthe story is related
chronologically.
glycerol for freezing semen. The Much of the development
milk-glycerol ofcontinues
extender AI occurred
tobefore theby
be used 1980s
manywhen
AI electronic networks
organizations. became available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
Bull Sexual Behavior, Intensity of Semen Collection, and Sire Power
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To meet the high demand
recent. for semen tales
Undocumented fromexist
selected bulls,
of Arabs harvesting
obtaining thefrom
sperm maximal
mated number of
sperm per bull was the other
and using approach
the sperm to increasing
to inseminate the number
their own of inseminations
mares. However, possible
our story starts withper
recorded history,
whereon
bull. Early research facts are available
sexual to document
preparation noteworthy
and intensity achievements.
of semen collectionConsequently,
was initiated the
by story is related
chronologically.
Bratton and colleagues (CollinsMuch
et al.,of1951;
the development of Foote,
Bratton and AI occurred
1954;before
Hafs the 1980s
et al., when
1959) electronic networks
and
became available,
Almquist and colleagues so earlier
(Hale and references
Almquist, 1960;are included.
Amann, The Almquist,
1970; developments that1982).
1973, made AI the most important
The
extensive studies by Almquist and associates included beef bulls as well as dairy bulls
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
(Almquist, 1973). These
recent. collective studies
Undocumented resulted
tales exist in recognizing
of Arabs the from
obtaining sperm importance of evaluating
mated mares belonging to rival groups
the sexual responses of individual
and using bulls
the sperm to and applying
inseminate stimuli
their own along
mares. with our
However, an optimal frequency
story starts of history,
with recorded
about six semenwhere facts areper
collections available
week. to document
The noteworthy
result was a spermachievements.
output of 30 Consequently, the story
to 40 × 109 sperm per is related
chronologically.
week per sire. With Much ofcollection
a 50-wk-per-year the development of AI
schedule andoccurred before
10 × 106 the per
sperm 1980s when electronic networks
insemination
became
dose, these sperm available,
numbers so earlier
translate into references are included.
200,000 doses of semenThe
fordevelopments
inseminationthat made
each AI the most important
year.
Large differences occurred in sperm output of bulls when semen was collected under comparable
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
conditions. Methods
recent.were developedtales
Undocumented to evaluate both the
exist of Arabs qualitysperm
obtaining and quantity of mares belonging to rival groups
from mated
spermatogenesis
andinusing
bullsthe
(Foote,
sperm1969; Amann,their
to inseminate 1970).
ownThese
mares.studies revealed
However, thatstarts
our story the differences
in sperm outputwhere
were facts are due
largely available to document
to testicular size.noteworthy
Testis sizeachievements. Consequently,
was easily measured and wasthe story is related
chronologically.
highly inherited, Much et
h2 = 0.67 (Coulter of al.,
the 1976).
development of AI occurred
So, attention before
to testis size the
was1980s when electronic
important in networks
became available,
selection and evaluation of sires.soExtensive
earlier references
studies are
wereincluded. The developments
conducted that made AI the most important
on nutrition, performance,
and aging of bulls (see Foote, 1998). Rapid growth was important in minimizing the time
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
required for young bulls
recent. to reach puberty
Undocumented and be
tales exist testedobtaining
of Arabs for AI. Unfortunately, these
sperm from mated databelonging
mares are to rival groups
largely unknown
andbecause they
using the were
sperm published in
to inseminate bulletin
their form However,
own mares. (Bratton et
oural., 1959,
story 1961),
where paper
although one classic facts are available
appeared intoa document noteworthy1982).
journal (Almquist, achievements.
AlmquistConsequently,
always keptthe
an story
openis related
chronologically.
mind about what Much At
might be possible. of the
onedevelopment of AI occurred
scientific meeting before
he handed outthe 1980s
note when
pads lesselectronic
than 1 networks
became inches
inch wide and several available,
longso to
earlier references
remind peopleare
notincluded. The developmentsBratton
to be “narrow-minded.” that made AIathe most important
was
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
perfectionist and did not
recent. publish results
Undocumented talesuntil
existthe experiments
of Arabs were
obtaining completed,
sperm even
from mated if they
mares took to rival groups
belonging
10 yr. Tenure then was translated
and using the sperm as 10 yr.
to inseminate their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Frozen Semen
becamewere
While the geneticists available,
makingso earlier referenceson
breakthroughs aresire
included. The an
selection, developments
astoundingthat made AI the most important
achievement
was reported from England (Polge et al., 1949), the successful freezing of chicken sperm by
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
including glycerol. Glycerol
recent. soon was
Undocumented found
tales existtoofbe useful
Arabs for bullsperm
obtaining sperm. Many
from researchers
mated had to rival groups
mares belonging
tried to freeze bull
and semen (I sperm
using the had even tried ethylene
to inseminate glycerol
their own unsuccessfully
mares. in thestarts
However, our story late with
1940s to
recorded history,
store bull spermwhere facts are
at −10°C) butavailable to document
had failed. A bit of noteworthy
serendipityachievements.
played a roleConsequently, the story is related
in the discovery
chronologically.
(Polge, 1968). The research had Much of theondevelopment
focused of as
using sugars AI cryoprotectants,
occurred before the
but1980s
they when electronic
did not lead networks
becameHowever,
to successful results. available,Polge
so earlier references
relates that heare included.
returned Thelater
6 mo developments that and
to try again, maderesults
AI the most important
were promising, presumably with the same bottle of fructose stock solution. Why success now?
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
What was in therecent.
bottle? Chemical analysis
Undocumented showed
tales exist thatobtaining
of Arabs the bottlesperm
contained no sugar,
from mated maresbut rather to rival groups
belonging
glycerol and protein in proportions
and using the sperm tocomprising Meyers
inseminate their ownalbumin used forour
mares. However, histology. Apparently,
there had been where factsinarelabeling
a mistake available to document
when reagentsnoteworthy achievements.
were stored. Consequently,
Horace Wolpole coined the
the story is related
chronologically.
word serendipity, noting that itMuch of the accidental
combined development of AI occurred
discovery before theBoth
with sagacity. 1980s when electronic
aspects were networks
displayed here.became available,the

Unfortunately, so dictionaries
earlier references areinclude
do not included.sagacity
The developments
in definingthat made AI the most important
serendipity.
The basic medium used by Polge was the original yolk-citrate extender (Salisbury et al., 1941)
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
plus glycerol. Almquist and coworkers
recent. Undocumented (O’Dell
tales exist ofand Almquist,
Arabs obtaining1957)
spermdeveloped
from matedwhole
maresmilk-
glycerol as a good
and medium
using the to cryopreserve
sperm bulltheir
to inseminate sperm.
ownTris-buffered eggour
mares. However, yolk-glycerol alsorecorded history,
story starts with
where
provided excellent facts are available
protection for spermtoeither
document noteworthy
frozen achievements.
or unfrozen (Davis et Consequently, the story is related
al., 1963; Foote,
chronologically.
1998). This soon became the mostMuchcommonly
of the development of AI worldwide
used medium occurred before the 1980s when electronic
for cryopreservation of networks
bull sperm and became available,

sperm from so earlier
several other references are included.
species (Iritani, 1980).The developments that made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
Packaging frozen semen
recent. for use withtales
Undocumented solid carbon
exist dioxide
of Arabs (Dry sperm
obtaining Ice) orfrom
liquid nitrogen
mated mareswas a
problem. Glassand
ampules often
using the broke
sperm during freezing
to inseminate or thawing.
their own Cassou our
mares. However, (1964)
storymodified
starts withthe
recorded history,
where
system developed by facts are available
Sørensen (1940),towith
document noteworthy
a method achievements.
for sealing Consequently,
plastic straws and a gunthe
forstory is related
chronologically.
insemination (Pickett Much of1974).
and Berndtson, the development
Originallyof0.5-mL
AI occurred before
capacity the 1980s
straws were when
used,electronic
but networks
0.25-mL strawsbecame available,

are popular so earlier
because theyreferences arestorage
require less included. The developments
space. thatchange
Another major made AI
in the most important
storage occurred in the 1950s with the shift from solid carbon dioxide storage at −79°C to liquid
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
nitrogen at −196°C.
recent.Researchers hadtales
Undocumented demonstrated thatobtaining
exist of Arabs sperm survival at −196°C
sperm from was virtually
infinite, whereas biologic
and changes
using the sperm tooccurred with
inseminate storage
their at −79°C.
own mares. Also,our
However, storage
story with
starts solid
carbon dioxide where facts
was not are available
convenient, andto frequent
documentresupply
noteworthy
wasachievements. Consequently,
necessary. Liquid nitrogenthe story is related
storage
chronologically.
also was a problem, Much of the
because insulation development
of the tanks wasofinefficient.
AI occurredFrequent
before therefilling
1980s when
was electronic networks
became
required to maintain available,
a safe so earlierofreferences
temperature are included.
about −196°C. The developments
Manufacturers of tanksthat
weremade
not AI the most important
interested in improving tanks until J. Rockefeller Prentice, owner of American Breeders Service,
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
privately provided a substantial
recent. sum tales
Undocumented of money,
exist ofwhich
Arabs convinced Lindefrom
obtaining sperm Division
mated of the belonging
mares Americanto rival groups
Cyanamid Company thatthe
and using there wastoainseminate
sperm market fortheir
liquid
ownnitrogen containers
mares. However, ourwith
storyimproved
insulation. The where facts are
successful available to document
cryopreservation noteworthy
of sperm achievements.
and development Consequently,
of efficient liquidthe story is related
chronologically.
nitrogen containers provided theMuch of the development
foundation upon whichof today’s
AI occurred before
entire the 1980s when
cryopreservation electronic networks
industry
is built. Frozen became available,
semen is so earlier
less fertile references
than fresh semenare(Shannon
included. The
and developments that made
Vishwana (1995), AI the most important
as many
semen additives to improve fertility of frozen semen have been tested with minimal success
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
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Introduction
(Foote, 1999). However, a recent report
recent. Undocumented tales(Amann et al.,obtaining
exist of Arabs 1999) provided preliminary
sperm from support
mated mares for a to rival groups
belonging
peptide that increased fertility
and using when
the sperm added to frozenthawed
to inseminate semen.
their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Detection of Estrus, Synchronization, and Timing Insemination
became
Obviously, success available,
in the so earlier references
field depended are included.
on the proper detectionThe
of developments that made AI the most important
estrus and skillful
insemination. The classic rule referred to as the A.M. to P.M. and P.M. to A.M. system for
Hamza Khalid
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insemination was established
recent. by Trimberger
Undocumented tales exist(1948). It obtaining
of Arabs was based on observation,
sperm palpation
from mated mares of to rival groups
belonging
the ovaries, andand
breeding data.
using the This
sperm to rule established
inseminate thatmares.
their own for best fertilityour
However, cows first
story seen
starts in estrus
where
in the A.M. should befacts are available
inseminated to document
during noteworthy
the afternoon of theachievements. Consequently,
same day. Cows first seen the
in story is related
chronologically.
estrus in the P.M. Much of thebefore
should be inseminated development of AI
noon the occurred
next before the 1980s
day. Trimberger was awhen
keenelectronic networks
became
observer and was available,
one of the mostsosuccessful
earlier references
coachesareofincluded. The developments
intercollegiate that
dairy cattle made AI the most important
judging
teams. Accurate detection of estrus is a problem on many farms (Foote, 1975). Intensive research
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
to regulate the time ofUndocumented
recent. estrus and ovulation in the
tales exist cow has
of Arabs been ongoing
obtaining formated
sperm from aboutmares
50 yrbelonging
(Ulberg to rival groups
et al., 1951; Hansel and Trimberger,
and using 1952). Fertility
the sperm to inseminate wasmares.
their own very low in early
However, ourstudies on estrus
synchronizationwhere factsand
(Hansel are Convey,
available 1983).
to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
Sexing Sperm became available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
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One of the mostrecent.
dramatic technical advances
Undocumented tales existin
ofrecent years is the
Arabs obtaining sexing
sperm fromofmated
sperm by DNA
quantification using flowthe
and using cytometry instrumentation
sperm to inseminate developed
their own at Livermore
mares. However, Laboratories
(Gledhill, 1985)where facts are available
and improved to document
since (Johnson and noteworthy achievements.
Seidel, 1999). The time Consequently, the story
currently required to is related
sort the billionschronologically. Much of limits
of sperm per ejaculate the development
extensive of AI occurredapplication,
commercial before the 1980s when
but the electronic networks
machines
are getting faster.
Freeze-Dried Sperm
Hamza Khalid
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Successful freeze-drying of bull sperm
recent. Undocumented was
tales erroneously
exist reportedsperm
of Arabs obtaining by Meryman in mares
from mated 1960 (see
Graham et al., 1974 for references).
and using the sperm to Attempts
inseminateby many
their ownresearchers to repeat
mares. However, the research
where
produced negative facts are
results. availableGraham
However, to document
et al.noteworthy achievements.
(1974) produced Consequently,
one pregnancy. Hadthe story is related
microinjection chronologically.
techniques beenMuch of thethen,
available development
Grahamofwould
AI occurred before
have been at the 1980s
work when
at his electronic
usual 5 networks
a.m. start of thebecame available,

day looking for so earlierway
another references
to useare
AI.included.
With theThe developmentstechnique,
microinjection that made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
preservation of recent.
the integrity of the DNA
Undocumented tales of freeze-dried
exist sperm was
of Arabs obtaining demonstrated
sperm recently
(Wakayama andand
Yanagimachi, 1998).
using the sperm to inseminate their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Development and UseMuch
chronologically. of AI indevelopment
of the Species Other Than
of AI occurred Dairy
before Cattle
the 1980s when electronic networks
Beef Cattle
Hamza Khalid
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Beef cattle greatly outnumber
recent. dairy cattle
Undocumented in the
tales exist of United States. The
Arabs obtaining technology
sperm ofmares
from mated semenbelonging to rival groups
handling and insemination
and using theof beeftocows
sperm is similar
inseminate theirtoown
thatmares.
used for dairy cows,
However, butstarts
our story beef with
cowsrecorded
are history,
not managed aswhere facts are available
conveniently to document
for AI. Many noteworthy
cows are achievements.
on extensive Consequently,
ranges where detectionthe
of story is related
chronologically.
estrus and rounding up animalsMuch of thefor
in estrus development of AI
insemination occurred
is not before the 1980s
cost-effective. when the
Therefore, electronic networks
became
proportion of beef available,
cattle bred bysoAIearlier
is lowreferences are included.
(Foote, 1981; Dziuk The
and developments that Where
Bellows, 1983). made AIsmall
the most important
groups of beef cows are kept in close confinement, estrous cycleregulating agents can be used to
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
synchronize therecent.
time of inseminationtales
Undocumented for exist
at least one insemination.
of Arabs In crossbreeding
obtaining sperm programs,
AI has the advantage because
and using semen
the sperm can inexpensively
to inseminate their own replace maintaining
mares. However, bulls starts
our story of separate
breeds. where facts are available to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
Sheep and Goats
Hamza Khalid
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including Pakistan
Introduction
The early development of AI in sheep
recent. Undocumented on exist
tales a major scaleobtaining
of Arabs began insperm
Russia (Milovanov,
from 1938,
mated mares 1964;to rival groups
belonging
Maule, 1962), where thethe
and using collective
sperm tofarms provided
inseminate their an
ownideal arrangement
mares. for story
However, our establishing AIrecorded history,
starts with
where
programs. China alsofacts are available
has extensive to document
sheep noteworthy
AI programs. achievements.
Artificial Consequently,
insemination spread tothe story is related
central
Europe and alsochronologically. Much of
was widely applied the development
commercially of AI occurred
in France before
and Brazil the 1980s1945;
(Anderson, when Maule,
electronic networks
became
1962; Foote, 1999). available,
The so earlier
techniques references
for semen are included.
collection The developments
and artificial thatinmade
insemination AIand
sheep the most important
goats have been described in detail (Evans and Maxwell, 1987). Semen quality and breeding
Hamza Khalid
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efficiency are affected by season. Both
recent. Undocumented rams
tales existand bucksobtaining
of Arabs can be trained to serve
sperm from themares
mated artificial
vagina. However,
andfor obtaining
using semen
the sperm from a large
to inseminate number
their own of rams
mares. in the
However, ourfield,
where
electroejaculation is afacts are procedure,
useful available to pioneered
document noteworthy achievements.
by Gunn (1936) Consequently,
and applied the story is related
to many species
chronologically.
(Dziuk et al., 1954). Much of theMuch of the
early development
research of AI occurred
in the Western worldbefore the 1980sfor
on extenders when electronic networks
sperm,
became
freezing of semen, andavailable, so earlier
AI techniques wasreferences are included.
done by Emmens andThe developments
Blackshaw, that made
followed by AI the most important
Salamon and Maxwell in Australia, and Dauzier, Colas, and Cortell in France (Corteel, 1981;
Hamza Khalid
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Salamon and Maxwell, 1995a,b; Maxwell
recent. Undocumented et al.,
tales exist 1999).obtaining
of Arabs Buck sperm
spermcryopreservation
from mated maresisbelonging
more to rival groups
successful thanand
the using
cryopreservation of ram sperm.
the sperm to inseminate their The
own techniques and media
mares. However, forstarts
our story freezing
withsemen
recorded history,
where
such as with egg facts are available
yolk-trisglycerol weretomodified
document(Corteel,
1981; Consequently,
Salamon and Maxwell, the story is related
1995a;
chronologically.
Maxwell and Watson, Much of
1996; Amoah andtheGelaye,
development
1997)offrom
AI occurred before
procedures the 1980sfor
developed when
bullelectronic networks
sperm (Davis etbecame available,
al., 1963). so earlier references
Frozen-thawed are included.
semen results The developments
in satisfactory fertility inthat made
goats AI the most important
provided
that the sperm are deposited deep into or through the cervix. In the ewe this is difficult.
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
Therefore, insemination into the uterus
recent. Undocumented taleswith
existthe
of aid of obtaining
Arabs a laparoscope
spermhas been
from necessary
mated to
achieve high fertility.
and usingRecently, Maxwell
the sperm et al. their
to inseminate (1999) used
own intracervical
mares. insemination
However, our story starts with recorded history,
successfully bywhere
addingfacts are available
seminal plasmatotodocument noteworthy
cryopreserved ram achievements.
sperm before Consequently,
it was used forthe story is related
chronologically.
insemination. Because Much of the
of the difficulty development ofgeneral
of insemination, AI occurred before theand
management 1980s
lowwhen electronic
value per networks
became available,
animal, AI, particularly of sheep,soisearlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
not widespread.
Poultry
Hamza Khalid
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Artificial insemination has been widely
recent. Undocumented talesapplied
exist ofto poultry.
Arabs Semen
obtaining collection,
sperm processing,
from mated and AI to rival groups
mares belonging
have been reviewed by Sexton
and using (1979)
the sperm and Laketheir
to inseminate (1986)
ownand more
mares. recently
However, bystory
our Donoghue andrecorded history,
starts with
Wishart (2000).where factsin
Pioneers arethe
available
poultrytofield
document
were noteworthy
Burrows andachievements. Consequently,
Quinn (1937), the story is related
who developed
chronologically.
the method of abdominal Much
massage of pressure
and the development of AI
to collect occurred
semen. Withbefore the 1980s
the ease when electronic networks
of collecting
poultry semen, became available,
and proximity ofsohens
earlier
on references are included.
large breeding Theisdevelopments
farms, AI that made
used extensively with AI the most important
freshly collected semen. It is used 100% for turkey breeding because mating is difficult. Freshly
Hamza Khalid
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collected chicken semen
recent. was among tales
Undocumented the first
existtype of semen
of Arabs to besperm
obtaining frozen (Shaffner
from et al.,belonging
mated mares 1941; to rival groups
Polge et al., 1949). However,
and using cryopreserved
the sperm poultry
to inseminate sperm
their own are However,
mares. less fertileour
and freezing
story poultry
where facts are
sperm still is experimental available
(Gill et al., to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
1999).
Horses became available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
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Research on AIrecent.
of horses started in Russia
Undocumented in 1899
tales exist (Ivanow,
of Arabs 1907;
obtaining Ivanoff,
sperm 1922),mares
from mated stimulated
particularly by and
the military’s needtoforinseminate
using the sperm horses. Ishikawa
their owninitiated similar studies
mares. However, instarts
our story Japanwith
in 1912
recorded history,
where facts1962).
(Sato, 1916; Nishikawa, are available
The bookto document noteworthy
by Nishikawa achievements.
provides Consequently,
a fascinating account ofthe
thestory is related
chronologically.
extensive, detailed studies by aMuch
greatof the development
researcher of AI and
and teacher occurred before the 1980s
an extraordinary when electronic networks
gentleman.
After visiting inbecame available,
our home in theso1960s
earlierhereferences areheincluded.
wrote that couldn’tThe developments
wait that him
for me to visit madeinAI the most important
Japan where he could “hospitalize” me. I was treated royally. McKenzie et al. (1939) and
Hamza Khalid
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Berliner (1942)recent.
initiated studies on the
Undocumented collection,
tales processing,
exist of Arabs obtainingand insemination
sperm from matedofmares
stallion and to rival groups
belonging
jack semen in the
andUnited States.
using the spermThe earliest collections
to inseminate of semen
their own mares. were obtained
However, our story by placing
starts a
where factsbag
rubber semen collection arein
the vagina noteworthy
of a mare in estrus.achievements.
In the 1930s Consequently, the story is related
and 1940s, several
chronologically.
types of artificial vaginas wereMuch of the (Anderson,
developed development1945;
of AI occurred beforePerry,
Maule, 1962; the 1980s when
1968; electronic networks
Davies
became
Morel, 1999) and they available,
since have sobeen
earlier referencesAare
modified. included.
smaller, The developments
lighter that made AI
version was developed bythe most important
Nishikawa (see Davies Morel, 1999). Semen evaluation is performed similarly to the evaluation
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
of bull semen. Military studs provided
recent. Undocumented a convenient
tales source
exist of Arabs of stallions
obtaining (Anderson,
sperm from 1945;
mated mares Maule, to rival groups
belonging
1962), but afterand
World
usingWar II many
the sperm of these were
to inseminate theireliminated
own mares.because theour
However, horse
storypopulation had
where facts
declined. In addition, are available
the restrictive to document
regulations onnoteworthy
the use of achievements.
AI by several Consequently,
equine breed the story is related
chronologically.
organizations inhibited researchMuch
and of
thethe development
application of of
AI.AIChina
occurred
wasbefore the 1980s
the major when
country electronic networks
using
became
equine AI during available,
this period. so earliermade
Advances references are included. The
in cryopreserving developments
bovine that madeinterest
sperm stimulated AI the most important
in cryopreservation of equine semen. Research results are summarized in several congresses and
Hamza Khalid
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Introduction
symposia (Nishikawa, 1964, 1972; Bonadonna
recent. Undocumented tales exist ofand Succi,
Arabs 1976;sperm
obtaining Sharpfrom
and mated
Bazer,mares
1995)belonging
and by to rival groups
Davies Morel (1999). Although
and using methods
the sperm have been
to inseminate devised
their own to However,
mares. freeze stallion sperm,
our story startsmost
withequine
recorded history,
AI is done withwhere facts
cooled, are available
extended semen to used
document noteworthy
within achievements.
48 h of collection Consequently,
during the spring the story is related
chronologically.
breeding season. The breeding Much ofmay
season the development
be advancedofby
AIfall
occurred before the 1980s when electronic networks
lighting.
Other Domestic Mammals
Hamza Khalid
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Although the dog wasUndocumented
recent. the first animal in which
tales exist ofAI wasobtaining
Arabs documented,
spermAI hasmated
from only been
maresused in to rival groups
belonging
special cases, such as forthe
and using breeding
sperm toguide dogs or
inseminate forown
their overcoming special our
mares. However, problems. Many
story starts withbreed
recorded history,
where
organizations do facts are puppies
not register availableproduced
to document
by noteworthy achievements.
AI. Cryopreservation of Consequently,
dog sperm is the story is related
chronologically.
successful, using modificationsMuch
of theofyolk-tris
the development of AI occurred
and yolk-lactose beforedeveloped
extenders the 1980s when
for electronic networks
cryopreserving became available,
bull sperm (Foote,so 1990).
Rabbits have The developments
been extensively used as athat madefor
model AI the most important
large animals and humans (Foote, 1998; Foote and Carney, 2000). All the reproductive
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
techniques employed
recent. with farm animals
Undocumented talescan
existbeofperformed with the
Arabs obtaining low-cost
sperm rabbit
from mated model,
mares and to rival groups
belonging
certain placental
andmembrane characteristics
using the sperm make
to inseminate them
their ownespecially relevantour
mares. However, forstory
studies
startsofwith
human
recorded history,
where
teratology (Foote andfacts are available
Carney, 2000). to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
AI in Pakistan
Artificial insemination in buffalos:
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Livestock, a major component
recent. of agriculture
Undocumented tales existsector, contributes
of Arabs 55.1 percent
obtaining sperm to agriculture
from mated valueto rival groups
mares belonging
added and 11.5and
percent to national
using the GDP. Almost
sperm to inseminate their 35-40 million
own mares. of rural
However, ourpopulation
story starts is engaged
with livestock where facts
and its are available
related to document
activities. Rapid noteworthy
increase inachievements. Consequently,
human population the story
and less milkis related
production are chronologically.
among the main Much of the
issues development
faced of AIConsequently,
by Pakistan. occurred beforePakistan
the 1980shas
when
to electronic
import networks
became
dry milk and other available,
related so earlier
products, references
which are included.
is seriously The developments
affecting the economythat
of made AI the most important
the country.
Therefore, it is need of the hour to improve the genetic potential of the existing dairy animals in
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
order to meet recent.
future Undocumented
food demands.tales
At exist
present, Pakistan
of Arabs has sperm
obtaining 31.7 from
million buffalo
mated marespopulation
which contributes
and68%
usingof
thetotal milk
sperm produced in
to inseminate theown
their country.
mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Artificial insemination with frozen semen is the most viable biotechnology to increase milk
production of buffalo population. Frozen semen helps to improve genetics, preserve endangered
species and easy import of genetic material. In Pakistan, rate of natural breeding in buffalo is
very high as compared to artificial insemination due to easy availability of buffalo bulls in
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
neighbourhood,recent.
un-availability of pedigreed
Undocumented tales exist bulls andobtaining
of Arabs poor conception rate
sperm from withmares
mated frozen semen.to rival groups
belonging
Low conception
andrate in the
using Nili-Ravi
sperm tobuffalo withtheir
inseminate frozen semen However,
own mares. may be due to higher
our story acrosomal
where
damage, reduced facts
sperm are available
motility to document
and more noteworthy
alterations achievements.
in sperm Consequently,
membrane integrity duringthesemen
story is related
chronologically.
cryopreservation as extenders Much of the
used for development
buffalo semen of AI occurred before
cryopreservation arethenot
compatible with networks
buffalo semen. became available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
It is believed that 50%Undocumented
recent. sperm livability
talesisexist
dropped during
of Arabs semensperm
obtaining cryopreservation due to
from mated mares osmoticto rival groups
belonging
stress, oxidativeand
stress
usingand
thecold-shock. Semen extenders
sperm to inseminate used for
their own mares. buffaloour
However, semen
story cryopreservation
where facts
ignore the osmolality are available
requirements oftobuffalo
document noteworthy
semen. achievements.
Preservation Consequently,
of buffalo semen inthe story
such anis related
extender may chronologically. Much oftothe
expose spermatozoa development
osmotic stress.of Thus,
AI occurred
alongbefore
withthe 1980s
other when electronic
semen quality networks
became
parameters, osmotic available,
pressure of so earlier
semen references
diluents canare included.
play The
key role developments
during that made AI the most important
semen cryopreservation.
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Oxidants level recent.
is another factor that tales
Undocumented can exist
affectofsemen quality. Asperm
Arabs obtaining lower oxidants
from concentration
mated mares belongingisto rival groups
advantageous for spermatozoa
and using the spermphysiological functions.
to inseminate their Addition
own mares. ofour
However, antioxidants to semen
where
reduces oxidative facts
stress andareimproves
post noteworthy
thaw semen achievements.
quality. It is need ofConsequently, the story is related
the hour to minimize
sperm damageschronologically. Much of the development
during cryopreservation of AI
by developing a occurred
suitable before
sementhe 1980s when
extender for electronic
buffalo networks
became available,
semen cryopreservation. Keepingso earlier
in viewreferences are included.
the above The developments
mentioned that made
issues, a study AI the most important
to evaluate
efficacy of different semen extenders, osmotic pressures and antioxidants on post thaw semen
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
quality and pregnancy rates was conducted.
recent. Undocumented This
tales exist of study
Arabs also supported
obtaining sperm from earlier findings
mated mares of theto rival groups
belonging
researchers thatandconsideration oftosemen
using the sperm extender
inseminate used
their own along
mares. with its
However, ourosmotic pressure
story starts and history,
with recorded
where facts
inclusion of butylated are available
hydroxyl toluenetoimproves
documentpost
thaw semen quality. Consequently, the story is related
Artificial Insemination in Goats:
Likewise in developed countries, artificial
animal biotechnology applied toinsemination
date include (AI) can be
improved used to
methods improve
of male the genetic
management and semen
potential of goats in Pakistan. This study was aimed to optimize the AI technique by using
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
frozen-thawed recent.
spermatozoa in Beetal
Undocumented andexist
tales Jattal goats.obtaining
of Arabs During sperm
the breeding months
from mated ofbelonging
mares 2015-17,to rival groups
Beetal (n=23) and
and Jattal (n=54)
using the goats
sperm were involved
to inseminate in the
their own study.
mares. An apronized
However, our storybuck
startswas
withused as history,
recorded
a teaser for the where factsof
detection arestanding
availableheat
to document
in goats noteworthy
twice dailyachievements.
at dawn and Consequently, the story
dusk and cervical AIsis related
were performedchronologically. Much ofspermatozoa
with frozen-thawed the development
at of AI occurred before
approximately 12 hrsthepost-standing
heat. networks
Pregnancy wasbecame available,
confirmed so earlier
through references are
transabdominal included. The developments
ultrasonography thatpost
at 50-55 days made AIChi-
AI. the most important
square test of independence was used to compare the estrus response and pregnancy rate between
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Beetal and Jattal goats.
recent. The results tales
Undocumented revealed
exist that the estrus
of Arabs response
obtaining did not
sperm from differ
mated mares(Pbelonging
> 0.5) into rival groups
Beetal (14/23; and
60%) andthe
using Jattal
sperm(29/54; 53%) goats.
to inseminate Themares.
their own pregnancy rateour
However, also didstarts
story not differ (P > history,
with recorded
where50%)
0.5) in Beetal (7/14; facts are
andavailable to document
Jattal goats (10/29; noteworthy achievements.
34%); however it tendedConsequently, theBeetal
to be higher in story is related
chronologically.
goats. The average litter size Much of the goats
in Beetal development of AIwith
was 1.33 occurred
total before
numberthe of
1980s
kidswhen
bornelectronic
were networks
became
twelve and male available,
to female ratio so
wasearlier
2:1. references
Whereas, are included.
in Jattal Thethe
goats, developments thatsize
average litter made AI 1.25
was the most important
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
with total number kids
recent. born were six
Undocumented and
tales male
exist to female
of Arabs ratiosperm
obtaining was 1:2.
fromItmated
is concluded that AIto rival groups
mares belonging
with frozen-thawed spermatozoa
and using the spermcan be used intheir
to inseminate local goats.
own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Livestock is the most important sub-sector of agriculture in almost all SAARC countries.
Livestock not only meets the domestic needs of high quality human foods but livestock products
also contribute significantly towards export earnings of the respective countries. Furthermore, a
large population of the region is wholly or partially dependent on livestock for their livelihood.
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Goats contribute to theUndocumented
recent. livelihoods oftales
millions ofArabs
exist of rural obtaining
poor in South
spermAsia
fromwhere
mated 29%
maresofbelonging
the to rival groups
world’s goat population
and using is
theconcentrated. The goat
sperm to inseminate theirpopulation
own mares.inHowever,
Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
where facts
Bhutan, India, Nepal are available
and Chapter to document
9 Artificial noteworthy
Insemination inachievements. Consequently,
Goat 178 Pakistan the story is related
is 7.2, 25.11,
chronologically.
0.06, 140, 9.2 and 64.9 million,Much of the development
respectively (FAO STAT,of AI2014).
occurred before is
Pakistan thethe
1980s when
second electronic networks
largest
goat producing became
countryavailable, so earlier
in the SAARC references
region after are included.
India (FAO The developments
STAT, 2014) withthat
36made
goat AI the most important
breeds. Artificial insemination (AI) has been effectively used in goats for genetic improvement,
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
controlled breeding,
recent.introduction
Undocumentedof new
tales breeds
exist of and conservation
Arabs of indigenous
obtaining sperm from matedbreeds. Likewiseto rival groups
mares belonging
in developed countries,
and usingAI
thecan be to
sperm used to improve
inseminate theirthe
owngenetic
mares. potential
However,ofourlow producing
story starts withgoat
recorded history,
where
breeds in Pakistan andfacts areSAARC
other availablecountries.
to document
In noteworthy
a previous achievements.
well organizedConsequently, the story is related
study, pregnancy
chronologically.
rates of about 45% were achievedMuch
in of the development
goats inseminatedofwith
AI occurred before the
frozen-thawed 1980s when(Batista
spermatozoa electronic networks
became
et al., 2009). More available,
recently, so earlier
a small scaledreferences
study onare
AIincluded. The developments
with frozen-thawed that madeinAI the most important
spermatozoa
Indian goats reports a pregnancy rate of 44-64% (Kharche et al., 2013). From Pakistan, the only
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
published data on AI in
recent. goats is of chilled
Undocumented semen
tales exist (Mehmood
of Arabs et al.,
obtaining sperm2011;
fromAndrabi et al.,belonging
mated mares 2015). to rival groups
Therefore, the present study
and using was conducted
the sperm to optimize
to inseminate their own the AI However,
mares. techniqueour
by story
usingstarts
frozen-thawed
spermatozoa inwhere
Beetalfacts
andare available
Jattal goats.to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
References: became available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Almquist, J. O.recent.
1973. Undocumented
Effects of sexual preparation
tales on obtaining
exist of Arabs sperm output,
spermsemen characteristics
from mated and to rival groups
mares belonging
sexual activity of
andbeef bulls
using with atocomparison
the sperm to dairy
inseminate their ownbulls.
mares.J.However,
Anim. Sci.
our36:331–336.
Almquist, J. O. 1982. Effect of long term ejaculation at high frequency on output of sperm,
sexual behavior,became
and fertility of Holstein bulls: Relation of reproductive capacity to high nutrient
available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
allowance. J. Dairy Sci.
animal 65:814–823.
biotechnology applied to date include improved methods of male management and semen
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Almquist, J. O., P. J. Undocumented
recent. Glantz, and H.tales
E. Shaffer.
exist of 1949. The effectsperm
Arabs obtaining of a from
combination of penicillin
and streptomycin
andupon
usingthe
thelivability and bacterial
sperm to inseminate theircontent of bovine
own mares. semen.
However, J. Dairy
our story Sci.
starts 32:183–
190. where facts are available to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
Davis, I. S., R. became
W. Bratton, and R. H. Foote. 1963. Livability of bovine spermatozoa at 5, −25,
available, so earlier references are included. The developments that made AI the most important
and −85°C in tris-buffered and citratebuffered
animal biotechnology yolk-glycerol
applied to date extenders.
include improved J. Dairy
methods Sci.
of male 46:333–336.
management and semen
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Dziuk, P. J., and R. A.Undocumented
recent. Bellows. 1983. Management
tales of obtaining
exist of Arabs reproduction
spermoffrom
beefmated
cattle,mares
sheep and
pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 57(Suppl.
and using 2):355–379.
the sperm to inseminate their own mares. However, our story starts with recorded history,
Evans, G., and W. M. C. Maxwell. 1987. Salamon’s Artificial Insemination of Sheep and Goats.
Butterworths, Sydney.
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Gill, S. P., R. H.recent.
Hammerstedt, and R.
Undocumented P. exist
tales Amann. 1999.obtaining
of Arabs Poultry sperm
artificial
frominsemination:
Procedures, current statustheand
and using future
sperm needs. In:their
to inseminate Proc.own
Annu. Mtg.
mares. Soc. Theriogenology,
However, our story starts with recorded history,
Nashville, TN. where facts are available to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
pp. 353–362.
Graham, E. F. 1978. Fundamentals of the preservation of spermatozoa. In: The Integrity of
Frozen Spermatozoa.
animal Proc. Conf. Natl.
biotechnology Acad.
applied Sci.,include
to date Washington, DC.
improved pp 4–44.
methods of male management and semen
Hamza Khalid
2016-ag-7138
Section E1

including Pakistan
Introduction
Andrabi, S.M.H., Anwar,
recent. M., and Mehmood,
Undocumented tales exist A. (2015).
of Arabs Efficacy
obtaining of shortterm
sperm estrus
synchronizationand
protocols
using theand timed
sperm artificial insemination
to inseminate in subtropical
their own mares. goats.
However, our storyJournal of recorded history,
starts with
where
Animal and Plant facts are
Science, available
25(1), to document noteworthy achievements. Consequently, the story is related
298-300.
Holtz, W., Sohnrey, B., Gerland, M., and Driancourt, M.A. (2008). Ovsynch synchronization and
fixed-time insemination in goats. Theriogenology,
animal biotechnology 69(7),improved
applied to date include 785-792.methods of male management and semen

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Hamza Khalid

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Jersey, modeledbecame available,

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

displayed here.became available,the

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

bull sperm and became available,

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0.25-mL strawsbecame available,

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Development of artificial insemination technique in world

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a.m. start of thebecame available,

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world

Development of artificial insemination technique in world